Conclusion. Connecting-Separating Rivers of South America ‘This book emerged from a previous one, entitled Bridging the Island, wl explored the makings and re-makings of Brezl’s national identity in a Latin American context, The island metaphor was bottowed from the opening paragraphs of Eduardo Prado’s nationalist treatise, A ilusio Americana, published in 1893 as a reaction to the Americanism of the recently founded First Republic, “Looking toward the rising su—with its population cen- ters located much closer to Europe than to other American countries, and separated from them by differences of origin and language—neither the physical nor the spiritual Brazil forms a system with these nations.” Thus proclaimed the monarchist intellectual reinforcing his material and ethnie argument with a geographical-geological metaphor: “Geologists say that the River Plate and the Amazon were once two long, connected seas, Braz fan immense island, was then a continent in its own right [, . .] the Brazil ian massif has profound roots and eternal foundations that are uniquely its ‘own, This is why the voleanic eruptions of the other system do not reach the Brazilian shores.”* ‘While Prado's polemical book has gone down in history as an anti-Yankee treatise, the above statement, very bold and isolationist, leaves no doubt as to the L.uso-Hispanic, or Latin American context of his discussion. For him, rivees were desirable boundaries to be maintained: racial, culearal, and historical boundaries between his Portuguese-speaking nation and the sur rounding Spanish-speaking nations, Notwithstanding, as desicable as they might have been, he himself had crossed these tangible and imaginary river: ine barriers during his 1882 journey to Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile, the experiences of which he took care to narrate to Brazilian readers through the pages of the popular Gaceta de Noticias. Apparently, separating and. connecting flows—both material and human—were not mutually exclusive even in the case of this conservative nationalist let alone in the thinking of modern-minded political and intellectual leaders who consciously promoted regional integration from the time of the War of the Triple Alliance onward, One of the first, Brazilian statesman and poet Francisco Otaviano, who went to the River Plate, saw in this “majestic” waterway that “happily” united the waters of distant rivers, a divine signal that “South Americans ought to live united, if they aspire to be giants.” His vision was partiallyConclusion 187 realized some four decades later when Antonio Rodriguez del Busto traveled in the opposite direction to present his plan—with which this book begins— to connect the navigable tributaries of the Amazon and the River Plate. One of seventy-four Argentine delegates to the Third Latin American Scientific Congress held in Rio de Janeiro in 1905, his journey and never-completed project symbolize the high level of tcansnational connectedness that had been achieved by then in the southwestern Atlantic. In reality, this region-building process relied much more on maritime transportation and terrestrial wired networks than on fluvial systems. The vision of connecting rivers remained a metaphor for a dynamic that was essentially cozstal and urban, intimately linked to the advent of material modernization and its geographic spread. Many individuals and institutions pazticipated in it, both intentionally and unintentionally. There were the daily newspapers: from the Argentine-Brazilian O Americano of the times of the caudillos, through Otaviano’s ideological A reforma of the early 1870s, to Quintino Bocaitiva’s O Pais, and Mitee's La Nacidn of the times of mod- emnization, with their international correspondents and extensive telegrams sections, Then there were also the literary-academic journals, from the Que- sadas’ Nueva Revista de Buenos Aires, to Zeballos's Revista de Derecho Historia y Letras, to Rio Branco’s Revista Americana, with theit transna- tional agendas, themes, authorship and readership. Finally, complementing the newspapers and the revistas, were the illusteated magazines such as Rio de Janeiro’s O Malho, and Buenos Aires’s Caras y Caretas, which spread similar messages through their numerous cartoons and photographs reach- ing a mass audience, both literate and illiterate, And of course there were the persons behind these enterprises, some of ther mentioned here by name, others who remain anonymous: statesmen, diplomats, journalists, and translators, professions and activities that were almost always hyphenated. Finally, no less important: the ever-growing urban reading public, which ‘was eager for international news. All took part in the construction of South ‘American linguistic, societal, ideational, and political spaces that came into being, crossing and esisscrossing the boundaries of the region's nation- states, shaping the latter as much as the latter shaped them. “These spaces were concretized in various cultural-political projects, ‘events, and practices such as the ABC league; the Latin American scientific, medical, and juridical congresses with thei intimate links to foreign policys the ceciprocal presidential visits of 1899-1900, and Rui Barbosa’s represen- tation of the Latin American nations at the Hague in 19075 individual trav- els, banquets, receptions, and other gatherings, formal and informal; and countless oral and written conversations in which Brazilians and Argentines exchanged ideas in Portuguese and in Spanish with and without translation, “Taken together these were tangible manifestations of an evolving creole consciousness that was, co a large extent, exclusive, with a substantial dose of colonialist and imperialist attitudes towards non-white South American countries and populations. After all, it was propelled by the “miraculous” transformation of the Argentines into “the Yankees of the south,” of their158. Conclusion country into “the United States of the South,” and of their capital city into the “Paris of South America.” More precisely, the momentum behind this regional consciousness was the emergence of a so-perceived “neo-Latin” power under the equator, combining European and North American quali- tics and representing an alternative model of South American modernity, ‘Underlying this entire process was the basic racial notion, dominant among the letrados, that the whiter, the better. The general ideal of whitening as a vital component of modernity had different ideological and practical mani- festations in Brazil and in Argentina, due to the different impact of immi- gration on the composition of their societies, as well as to distinct historical legacies: slavery and monarchy here, the age of caudillos there, For these reasons, Brazilian travelers and the Rio de Janeiro press celebrated Argen- tine progeess to a degree not equaled by the other side. This imbalance was crucial because it encouraged Brazilians to break out of their traditional isolationism vis-a-vis their neighbors. In Luso-America, republicanism and the pursuit of modemity often went hand in hand with Brazilian-Argentine rapprochement. At the same time, Brazilians’ view of Argentina was not identical to their view of Europe or the United States. Nor was the Argen+ tine view of Brazil exactly like the Western view of it. In the final analysis, the interrelations between Europeanized Spanish-speaking and Portuguese- speaking Americans—which are the main focus of this book—were much mote equal, close, even intimate, than their interrelations with the north Atlantic centers because of equal power, common enemies from the outside and inside, shared interests, culture, and histories. ‘Their ancestors had come from the margins of the West; from the Iberian Peninsula, then mixed with Indians and Afticans, then liberated themselves from Iberian rule, yet not from Iberian backwardness or from the prob- lematic inheritance of racial miscegenation and of non-white populations, Now, when the nineteenth century was nearing its end), with gauchos, cau- dillos, Indians, and slaves having been left behind, and with an Anglo-Saxon cultural-milicary chreat looming in the north, it was time for the “paleo~ westerners”? of Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro to move ahead and build a modern present out of their shared past—separately, as individual nation- states, and together, uniting forces as South Americans and Latin Ameri- cans, Out of their manifold transnational entanglements something new: was being formed, something that lacked clear boundaries, like the River Plate and the Amazon as described in Serzedelo Correia’s speech before the Argentine Congress, like rivers that constantly flow into the Atlantic Ocean and into each other, merging Ianguages, creating and recreating regional destinies. 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