2006 analyzed by high speed amino acid analyzer model 835.
The results were discussed in order to
The Relation between Biological Consequences and Temperature on Some
Non-Mammalian Species
The number of reports on the effects of temperature is still increasing because of the
temperature is one of the most encountered stressful factors in the environment, thus it deemed
important to survey the literatures for effects of temperature on the biological consequences. The
objective of this review was to establish the thermoregulatory response and adaptation of some non-
mammalian species during temperature. Although, there was relative scarcity of information on the
relation between oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes during temperature, this review great
interest to elicit this relation in non-mammalian species. Here, this review suggests that, the increase
in the oxidative stress due to temperature may be a reason for such decrease and exhaustion of
antioxidant enzymes and a sequence of cellular injury or death, because of increased endogenous
production of the free radicals. However, there was exception in this hypothesis because this
argument is still ambiguous because of the difficulties of the direct observation of the active oxygen
species in the biological systems due to their short lifetime. Taken together, because of one of the
most important functions of heat shock protein is to protect the organisms from the deleterious
effects of temperature, thus, it can be hypothesized that the formation of heat shock protein and
antioxidant enzymes may be related to the changes in the levels of free radicals in non-mammalian
species during temperature.
Reference: ., R. A. (2006). The Relation between Biological Consequences and Temperature on
Some Non-Mammalian Species. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(2), 136-149.
doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.136.149.https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9
.Date Accessed 26, January 2019.
Nutritive Evaluation of Edible Trash Fish. HI: Medicinal and Commercial
Use of Lipids of Trash Fish
The trash fish has great economic importance with reference to lipids. The total lipids
was extracted by soxhelet extraction method and is further analyzed for cholesterol phospholipid and
glyceride. Recent research shows the utilization of lipids (fatty acids) obtained from trash in different
medicinal and commercial purposes. Results were explained in relation with utilization of trash fish
oil, which caught during fishing. It was observed that lipids contain vitamin A. C D and E which
depend upon the fish species. Fatty acids from the fish also used in manufacturing of soap,
fungicides and insecticides. Pharmaceuticals for coronary diseases and heat resistant paints. This
investigation may be beneficial in utilization of trash.
Reference: ., R. T., ., R. A., ., T. S., & ., Y. A. (2006). Nutritive Evaluation of Edible Trash Fish. III:
Medicinal and Commercial Use of Lipids of Trash Fish. International Journal of Zoological
Research,2(2),123-128.doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.123.128.
https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January
2019.
Nutritive Evaluation of Edible Trash Fish: II Use of Trash Protein in Cereal
Food Diet
The essential and non essential amino acid has been estimated to determine the
quality of protein of ediable fishes from trash fish collected from Karachi fish harbor. The crude
protein was analyzed by standard method. The amino acid contents from protein hydrolyze were
evaluate the protein value of the ediable species present in trash and its utilization as a food of
poultry, supplement of cereal food because of nutritional point of view, man cannot survive on a
bread diet alone. It was suggested that the variations in values of protein contents of edible fishes of
trash may be due to difference in species, size, age, physiological state, time and region of catch.
Reference: ., R. T., & ., R. A. (2006). Nutritive Evaluation of Edible Trash Fish: II Use of Trash
Protein in Cereal Food Diet. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(2), 110-115.
doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.110.115. https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-
9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January 2019.
Paleobiogeography of the Siwalik Ruminants
During the Miocene, the Indian plates moved closer to Eurasia causing the further
elevation of the Alps, Himalayas and other mountain belts. The Neogene terrestrial rocks generally
the Siwaliks, form the Sub-Himalayas. Early pecarons in Africa, Pakistan and India are poorly
known. Ruminant fossils are numerous in the Siwaliks. The cervoid are found in Eurasia and
presumably evolved there but some fragmentary fossils are found in Bugti hills and two specimens
are collected from the Chinji Formation. Tragulids are found in the Lower Miocene of Egypt, East
Africa and Nambia and Giraffoids evolved in Africa. The Bovid (Eotragus) appeared in Europe and
the same time in the lower Siwalik of Pakistan. Changes in global climate had a direct impact on the
distribution of species. The global climate also permitted Asian animals to disperse into Europe.
Faunal exchange between Europe and the Siwaliks occurred through SE Europe and Anatolia. While
extensive landmasses were slowly being formed out of a number of smaller fragments, sea level
changes connected and disconnected these areas and allowed for, or inhibited faunal exchange.
The effects of the sea level changes were strongest during the Early Miocene, whereas from the
Middle Miocene onward, the land sea distribution seems to have been less affected and less
important in controlling the geographical distribution of mammals.
Reference: ., M. A., & ., M. U. (2006). Paleobiogeography of the Siwalik Ruminants. International
Journal of Zoological Research,2(2), 100-109. doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.100.109.
https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January
2019.
First Record on Larval Development of the Cirripedian Parasite
Loxothy/acus texanus (Cirripedia-Rhizocephala) Under Laboratory
Conditions in Mexico
Crabs with mature parasites were put on individual aquariums of 20 L of capacity and
with an initial salinity of 100/00. Salinity was gradually increased 1%0 until it reached a point in which
parasites expeled their eggs or larvae. Larvae at different developmental stages obtained from each
sample were preserved in 70 and ethanol to be studied afterwards. From 20 crabs employed, only
14 of them produced eggs and other 6 died after a few days at the aquariums. The mature externas
expelled from 8000 to 160000 clustered eggs. After 24 h from the beginning of cellular division,
larvae hatch. This larvae are called nauplius 1. This stage lasted 24 h, after which all larvae entered
an excitation period, where they rapidly moved, to then pass a new molt process resulting in a new
larval stage, nauplius 2. Elevating salinity a unity, externas started to expel eggs, nauplis larvae 1
hatched from them, but they only survived less than 24 h. As salinity increased, nauplius larvae lived
longer, even to realized a molt. At a 15 Woo salinity, larvae reached cypris stage with no problem,
but with a salinity higher than 25 Woo, larvae died after a few hours of hatching. We can conclude
that: the rhizocephalan Loxothy/acus texanus has two nauplius stages, the nauplius and cypris
larvae presented similar morphological characteristics to related species of rhizocephalans and a
salinity interval from 15 to 20%o report the same result.
Reference: ., H. V., ., F. A., & ., J. F. (2006). First Record on Larval Development of the Cirripedian
Parasite Loxothylacus texanus (Cirripedia-Rhizocephala) Under Laboratory Conditions in
México. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(1), 91-99. doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.91.99.
https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January
2019.
Nesting Habitats and Nesting Success of Hill Mynahs Gracile religion in
Thailand
Nesting habitats of Hill Mynah Gracula religiosa were studied in order to gain a
perspective of habitat features which were favoured by natural selection. A total of 76 nest trees and
310 neighbour trees of northern Hill Mynah (G. r. intermedia) and 25 nest trees and 136 neighbour
trees of southern Hill Mynah (G. r. religiosa) were studied in eight provinces of Thailand between 6°
and 20°N from 1991 to 1999. Nest characteristics including nest height, nest size, nest depth, cavity
entrance, angle of nest cavity and cavity entrance were recorded. The characters of nest trees,
including condition types, the height, canopy and trunk were studied. Habitat characteristics were
measured within a square plot of 20x20 m around nest trees. Number and the characters of
neighbour trees around each nest tree, distance from nest trees to the nearest neighbour trees were
recorded. The results showed that Hill Mynah nest trees were taller, bigger and had thicker canopies
than their neighbour trees. Their nests were higher and farther from the tree boles in dense
canopies. Nest trees were live and solitary in the areas with foliage cover. Habitats of successful
nests were different from unsuccessful ones in the term of higher first branches, bigger canopies,
more surrounding trees and farther from neighbour trees. Although the natural selection successfully
shapes the form of Hill Mynah nesting habitats to avoid natural predators and unfavourable climates,
heavy human interference is the major cause of nesting failure in this species.
Reference: ., M. A. (2006). Nesting Habitats and Nesting Success of Hill Mynahs Gracula religiosa in
Thailand. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(1), 84-90. doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.84.90.
https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January
2019.
The Seasonal Effects of Linda intestinalis L. (Cestodes: Pseudophllidae)
on Alburnus album us (Cyprinidae)
In this study seasonal effect of Ligu/a intestinalis of plerocercoids in Alburnus
alburnus (bleak) have been investigated. Out of 244 A. alburnus examined and 40 specimens were
found to be heavily infected with parasites mentioned above (16%). The highest infection rate has
been found in July and August (36 and 44%). In this study among the all fish species A. alburnus
was only infected fish by this parasite in Enne Darn Lake. According to ages and seasonally the ratio
of infection were calculated.
Reference: ., M. K. (2006). The Seasonal Effects of Ligula intestinalis L. (Cestodes: Pseudophllidae)
on Alburnus alburnus (Cyprinidae). International Journal of Zoological Research,2(1), 73-76.
doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.73.76. https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9 .Date
Accessed 26, January 2019.
Ultrastructure of Sperm Head Differentiation in the Lizard, Acanthodadylus
boskinus (Squamata, Reptilia)
The aim of the present study was to describe the sperm head differentiation in the
lizard Acanthodacty/us boskinus at the ultrastructural level. For this purpose, five adult male lizards
were collected during April and May, 2004 from the desert at the north-east area of Riyadh city,
Saudi Arabia. Testes of the lizards were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Thorough
observation of the ultrastructural differentiation events of the sperm head has led to a concept of four
sequential morphogenetic phases; Golgi phase, cap phase, nuclear elongation and chromatin
condensation phase and maturation phase. The Golgi phase is initiated by the proliferation of Golgi
complexes in the early spermatids to generate numerous microvesicles and the phase is terminated
by the formation of a voluminous acrosomal vesicle. Flattening of the developed acrosomal vesicle
over the anterior nuclear portion to form a cap associated with dissolution of the acrosomal granule
are the features of the cap phase. Subsequent elongation of the spermatid nucleus accompanied
with nuclear chromatin condensation are the features of the following phase. The final maturation
phase is characterized by complete chromatin condensation and disappearance of the microtubule
manchette. The general features of the differentiation process, which accord with the common
criteria of other reptiles, as well as the existing differences are discussed.
Reference: ., O. A. (2006). Ultrastructure of Sperm Head Differentiation in the Lizard,
Acanthodactylus boskinus (Squamata, Reptilia). International Journal of Zoological Research,2(1),
60-72. doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.60.72. https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-
9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January 2019.
The Relation between Biological Consequences and High Temperature in
Mammals
Because of the temperature is one of the most encountered stressful factors in the
environment, it was deemed important to survey the literature for reports on high temperatures or
hyperthermia exposure durations at which biological effects occur. Since that time, several method
of heating the entire body have evolved, including the artificial induction of fever, the wrapping of an
anesthetized patient in plastic and dipping them in hot wax and heating the blood supply. The aim of
this review was to determine the changes in tissue temperature and the duration of this effect. In
general, the higher the temperature or the longer the hyperthermia, the greater the chance for
observing a perturbation to the biological effects. It appears reasonably well established that, short
exposure to sharply-elevated temperatures result in a protective effect against further thermal insult;
the generation of heat shock proteins by cells coincides with the onset of such "thermal protection". It
can be concluded that, thermal damage increases as the time at an elevated temperature increases.
Reference: ., R. A. (2006). The Relation between Biological Consequences and High Temperature in
Mammals. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(1), 48-59. doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.48.59.
https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January
2019.
Morphologic and Morphometric Analysis and Growth Rings Identification
of Otoliths: Sagitta, Asteriscus and Lapillus of Caranx caballus (Pisces:
Carangidae) in the Coast of Colima, Mexico
This study is a description and morphometric analysis of the otoliths sagittae, asterisci
and lapilli of the green jack Caranx caballus (Gunther, 1869) in the tropical Mexican Pacific. The
relationship among length, width and weight of the sagittae is expressed by the following equations:
y = 0.9350.832 (rostrum-antirostrum), y = 0.272x1.139 (rostrum-width) andy = 0.00007x2.524
(rostrum-weight). In the case of the asterisci: y = 1.6230.81 (length-width) and y = 0.0005x1-657
(length-weight). For the lapilli y = 1.0610-874 (length-width) and y = 0.0003x2.796 (length-weight).
The growth of these otoliths was also related to the length of the fish. The average length was
calculated for each of the four growth rings identified in the sagittae and the asterisci; the results are:
1 = 16.82 cm, 2 = 27.78 cm, 3 = 34.66 cm and 4 = 40.27 cm.
Reference: ., M. G., ., E. E., ., A. G., ., E. C., & ., M. P. (2006). Morphologic and Morphometric
Analysis and Growth Rings Identification of Otoliths: Sagitta, Asteriscus and Lapillus of Caranx
caballus (Pisces: Carangidae) in the Coast of Colima, Mexico. International Journal of Zoological
Research,2(1), 34-47. doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.34.47. https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-
9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January 2019.
Biology and Feeding Potential of Coccinella septumpunctata on Mustard
Aphid, Lipaphis etysimi
Different developmental stages of Coccinella septumpunctata was observed that the
egg, larval, pre-pupal and adult stages occupied more duration in first generation as compared to
second, total larval period 16±1.73 days and pupal period, 7.5±0.87 days was more in first
generation in contrast to second 13.5±0.87 days and 6.5±0.87 days, respectively. However, similar
was the trend with respect to longevity of males and females.Adult stage of Coccinella
septumpunctata consumed more aphids in both generations as compared to larval. Nevertheless,
when a comparison was made, between larval instars, it was observed that older larvae consume
more number of aphids/day than younger ones.
Reference: ., R. K., ., B. H., ., S. A., & ., M. A. (2006). Biology and Feeding Potential of Coccinella
septumpunctata on Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi. International Journal of Zoological
Research,2(1), 30-33. doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.30.33. https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-
9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January 2019.
The Camel Tick, Hyalomma (Hyalomma)dromedard Koch, 1844 (Ixodoidea:
Ixodidae): Description of the Egg and Redescription of the Larva by
Scanning Electron Microscopy
The present study describes the egg of Hyalomma (H.) dromedarii for the first time
and adds more features to the larva using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to extend
our knowledge on these acarine stages to be useful for further taxonomical or control studies. With
the purpose of presenting exact description of acarine eggs, it is preferable to examine them both
with and without SEM processing. SEM processing caused partial removal of the chorion which
makes the egg shell clear and easily observed. The study revealed rough surface of egg shell which
was surrounded by the chorion. The egg shell was perforated particularly at poles. The chorion
appeared as a finely perforated cloth. Different forms of bumps were noticed between egg shell and
chorion. Length, width, 11w ratio and pore diameter of the egg were measured. SEM investigation of
the larva revealed smooth scutum with slight irregular ornamentation and horizontally folded
extensible cuticle with vertical ridges. At least 2 types of cuticular openings were noticed on the
extensible cuticle of the idiosoma. The first type was represented by 1 pair on dorsal side and 2 pairs
on ventral one. It was surrounded with thick integumental ring and guarded with 2 internal lips. The
second type was numerous, slit-like and without rings or lips. Dorsolateral plate of the hypostome
carried numerous oval, tile-like and elevated denticles while ventral one carried 4 rows of posteriorly
directed retrograde conical denticles. Mouth enclosed 2 cheliceral digits, each terminated with 3
lobes. Each lobe is supported with 2 or 3 conical denticles which were externally directed to the
posterior. Haller's organ on the tarsus of the first pair of legs consisted of anterior pit and posterior
capsule. The pit contained 6 conical sensillae while the capsule opening had extensively branched
margin. Measurements of the whole body, idiosoma, scutum, eye, capitulum, hypostome, palp,
cuticular pores, legs and Haller's organ sensillae of the larva are also presented.
Reference: ., A. A. (2006). The Camel Tick, Hyalomma (Hyalomma) dromedarii Koch, 1844
(Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): Description of the Egg and Redescription of the Larva by Scanning Electron
Microscopy. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(1), 14-29. doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.14.29.
https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January
2019.
The Spiny Rat Mite Echino/aelaps echidninus (Berlese, 1887)
(Dermanyssoidea: Laelapidae): Redescription of the Female with
Emphasis on its Gnathosoma, Sense Organs, Peritreme and Pulvilli
The present Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) study includes redescription of
female Echinolaelaps echidninus with emphasis on its gnathosoma, sense organs, peritreme and
pulvilli which were rarely described in superfamily Dermanyssoidea. Chaetotaxy of dorsal shield
revealed 40 pairs of setae, 22 on prosoma and 18 on opisthosoma. Epigynial plate carried 5 pairs of
setae. Gnathosoma consisted of long basis capituli carrying median hypostome and 2 lateral
pedipalps. Hypostome had dorsal labrum covered with finger-like processes, 2 lateral 3-segmented
chelicerae and ventral labium carrying 4 lobulated plates. Function of labrum processes might be
chemosensory while labium lobules might be mechanical, preventing solid material from entering the
oral cavity. Palpal and foreleg tarsal organs comprised 10 and 16 sensillae, respectively. Sensillae of
palpal organ were mostly chemoreceptors while those of tarsal organ were probably
mechanoreceptors. Peritremal pit contained 4 rows of hand-like papillae and 5 concentric rows of
minute papillae. Each pulvillus terminated with 2 medioventral claws. Pulvillus I had terminal
integumental folds while each pulvillus II-IV had 2 lateral comb-like plates. Each plate carried 8-10
processes.
Reference: ., A. A. (2006). The Spiny Rat Mite Echinolaelaps echidninus (Berlese, 1887)
(Dermanyssoidea: Laelapidae): Redescription of the Female with Emphasis on its Gnathosoma,
Sense Organs, Peritreme and Pulvilli. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(1), 1-13.
doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.1.13. https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-9778&issueno=9 .Date
Accessed 26, January 2019.
Toxic Effects of Two Insecticides on Brown Plant Hopper, Nilaparvata lugens
and its Predators Micraspis discolor and Lycosa pseudoannulata
T h e e xp er i m en t w as c on d uc t e d i n th e ne t ho us e an d l a bo r a t o r y t o
d et e r m i n e th e effectiveness of two insecticides viz., Cymbush (Cypermethrin) and Brifer
(Carbofuran) on brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens and the toxic action of these
insecticides to the predators lady bird beetle, Micraspis discolor and wolf spider, Lycosa
pseudoannulata. Effectiveness of the insecticides was assessed on the basis of percentage
of corrected mortality of brown plant hopper, lady bird beetle and wolf spider under
laboratory condition at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment. Cymbush 10EC @ 0.05 kg a.i. ha -
1
. caused 100% mortality of insect populations at different time intervals. All the doses of
Brifer
5G caused a good mortality of N lugens at different time intervals and was effective at
higher dose. Cymbush 10EC @ 0.04 kg a. i. ha -1 . and Brifer 5G © 0.5 kg a.i. ha -1. were
found very effective against N. lugens. The effectiveness of Cymbush 10EC decreased and
Brifer SG increased with increasing time interval. Cymbush 10EC @ 0.05 kg a.i. ha - 1 . was
highly toxic and 0.01 kg a.i. ha - 1 . was less toxic to both the predators. Brifer 5G © 0.5 kg
a.i. ha -1 . was least toxic to the predators. Between the two predators L. pseudoannulata was
more susceptible to the insecticides than H. discolor.

Reference: ., T. B., ., M. R., ., M. K., ., M. A., & ., M. J. (2006). Toxic Effects of Two Insecticides on
Brown Plant Hopper, Nilaparvata lugens and its Predators Micraspis discolor and Lycosa
pseudoannulata. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(2), 192-203.
doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.192.203. https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-
9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January 2019.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on Male Echino/aelaps

echidninus (Berlese, 1887) (Dermanyssoidea: Laelapidae) with Emphasis
on its Gnathosoma, Palpal Organ and Pulvilli

The present Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) study includes morphological

observations on male Echinolaelaps echidninus with particular attention to the undescribed
details of its gnathosoma, palpal organ and pulvilli that have rarely described in males of
superfamily Dermanyssoidea. The holoventral plate had 23 setae, including 5 pairs in
sternogenital region, 5 pairs in preanal region and 3 anal setae. The peritreme extended
anteriorly behind coxa 2 from an oval pit situated ventro-laterally between coxae 3 and 4.
Gnathosoma consisted of long basis capituli carrying median hypostome and 2 lateral pedipalps.
Hypostome had median labium terminated with 2 lobulated plates, cheliceral digits forming
pincers-like claw and 2 pointed corniculi. Each pedipalp terminated with tarsus that carried 9
sensillae forming the palpal organ. Small conical sensillae assumed to be chemoreceptors while
long broad ones were probably mechanoreceptors. Pulvillis 1 had smooth surface and
terminated with 2 small claws and integumental folds. Pulvilli 2-4 had smooth dorsal surface,
ventral longitudinal ridges and 2 lateral plates, each with minute processes.

Reference: ., A. A. (2006). Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on Male Echinolaelaps

echidninus (Berlese, 1887) (Dermanyssoidea: Laelapidae) with Emphasis on its Gnathosoma, Palpal
Organ and Pulvilli. International Journal of Zoological Research,2(3), 204-212.
doi:10.3923/ijzr.2006.204.212. https://scialert.net/archivedetails.php?issn=1811-
9778&issueno=9 .Date Accessed 26, January 2019.