BIOCHEMISTRY (* = waley sa ppt) * glucose – only sugar/carbohydrate utilized by

human body

1 INTRODUCTION
Exemptions in organic compounds
(contains carbon but inorganic)
* body – 70-90% of water, 10-30% of
biomolecules & other inorganic substances
* H2O is needed to form a molecule
* organelles – made up of macromolecules

 CO, CO2, CO3, CN-, NaHCO3 * urea – waste toxic in the body & removed
through urine
Biomolecules
* insulin – w/ approx. 51 amino acids
 All living organisms have & use these
 Necessary, can obtain energy * Peptides
 Each process has specific reactions
 Amino acid + amino acid = peptide
(digestion – hydrolysis)
 A.a. + a.a. + a.a. = dipeptide
 Protein & Nucleic acids – play role in life
processes  4 = tripeptide
 TYPES  5 = tetrapeptide
o Protein  >10 = oligopeptide
o Carbohydrates  Many many more = polypeptide
o Lipids * cholesterol – unsaponifiable (fail to form
o Nucleic acids soaps)
Prokaryote

 Greek – before the nucleus

2 WATER

 Single-celled
* 2 major substances:
 Bacteria & cynobacteria
 SOLID – organic, biomolecules
Eukaryote
 WATER – inorganic
 Greek – true nucleus
Nanometer (nm)
 Well defined nucleus
 Can be single celled (yeasts, paramecium) or  Covalent bond = 0.095 nm
multicellular (animals, plants)  Van der waals radius of O = 0.14 nm
 Van der waals radius of H = 0.12 nm
* energy – stored in ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) Properties of Water
*ewan ko ano ba to i 4got  Water is polar
o Glycolysis  Water forms H bond
o Kreb  Water can ionize into hydrogen & hydroxide
o Electron transport  Water can act both as acid & base
o Gluconeogenesis * most of organic cpds. – non-polar
o Beta
* H2O – inorganic, polar, forms H bond Water can ionize into Hydroxide (HO-) &
Hydrogen (H+)
* electronegativity – measure the force of
atom’s attraction H2O ⇋ HO- + H+

* F – most electronegative * ⇋ - reversible reaction

Solvent Properties of H2O * high hydrogen ion conc. – acidic

 HYDROPHILIC – water-loving * high hydroxide conc. – basic

o Polar covalent cpds. & ketones
Water can act both as acid & base
o Sugars
o Ionic cpds.  AMPHOTERIC – act as a & b
o Amino acids - Act as buffer (can resist drastic change in
 HYDROPHOBIC – water-fearing pH)
o Non polar covalent cpds. (hydrocarbons) - Amino acids:
o Fatty acids, cholesterol (amino – basic)
 AMPHIPATHIC – both (acid – carboxylic acids)
o Interaction bet. nonpolar mol. Is weak  ACID – proton donor
(van der waals)  BASE – proton acceptor
o Micelle formation – spherical
* H – 0n, 1p, 1e; in H+ e is lost only proton is left
arrangement of organic mol. In water sol.
- hydrophobic parts are buried in sphere HA ⇋ H+ + A-
- hydrophilic parts are in surface of sphere
- forming depends on attraction in dipoles Ex. HCl ⇋ H+ + Cl-

* SHAPES Formula for Strength of Acid

 LINEAR – zero dipole moment, polar b. Ka=¿ ¿

cancelled o Ka – strength of acid
 BENT – dipole moment, polar b. not o [H+][A-] – conc. Of product
cancelled
o [HA] – conc. Of reactant
 TETRAHEDRAL – mostly polar b. cancelled
HCl + H2O → H3O + Cl
Types of Interaction
o H2O - base, accepts p
 IONIC – held together by + & - ions
o HCl - acid, donates p
 ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION – ions interact w/
molecules w/ dipoles (hemoglobin) NH3 + H2O ⇋ NH4+ + OH-
 VAN DER WAALS FORCE – do not involve
electrostatic interaction o H2O –acid, donates p
- attraction in non-polar o NH3 –base, accepts p
 DIPOLE-DIPOLE – bet. dipoles (1 nega, 1 posi
charge)
- polar molecule
 HYDROGEN BONDING – bet. H & F/N/O
Dissociation of Water * when dissolved in water, a.a. accepts proton
from H2O / COOH
Ka=¿ ¿
Ex.:
 H2O = 55.5 M (molar concentration)
 H2O & NH3
Ka× 55.5=¿
o O e.n. in H2O – 3.44
 Kw = ion product constant of H2O o N e.n. in NH3 – 3.04
o O has higher e.n., it will release H atom
Kw=¿ easier
Kw=1.0 ×10−14 - constant o H2O will be OH-, H+ will be attracted to
N bc it has lone pair & will become
Formula in Acidity
NH4
pH=−log10 ¿  H2O & CH3COOH
o They have both electronegativity but
 pH = 7 – neutral CH3COOH has 2 O atoms; it will
 pH < 7 – acid donate e
 pH > 7 – base
Zwitterions
*some molecules of H2O partially hydrolizes so
in a glass of water there is H2O, OH-, and H+ not  molecules have both + & - charge
only H2O.  Net charge = 0
 Always mixed in water
Henderson-Hasselbalch
a.a. are soluble in water
 to connect Ka to pH of solution w/ a & b
 Bc of dipole-dipole attraction or hydrogen
*hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-), hydrogen
bonding
phosphate – examples of buffers
a.a. can form in optical isomers
pH of blood – 7.35 - 7.45 (slightly neutral)
 D – dextro-rotatory

3 AMINO ACIDS & PEPTIDES

 L – levo-rotatory
 (only glycine cannot form isomers among the
20 a.a.)
 α-amino acid has amino grp attached to C
adjacent to carboxyl grp.
 α-carbon bound to side chain
 R gives identity to a.a.

Properties of Amino Acids

 A.a. can act both as acid & base

 A.a. exist in zwitterion form
 A.a. are soluble in H2O
 A.a. can form optical isomers

* higher electronegativity – H will release