BIOSTATISTICS Levels of Measurement

 NOMINAL SCALE
1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS o Assigns names/labels
o Qualitative
Statistics o Name, nationality, regions

 Branch of science & applied math  ORDINAL SCALE

 Methods o Numbers/labels to observe
o COLLECTION OF DATA o Still qualitative but can be arranged
- Survey, questionnaire o Year level, job positions
o ORGANIZATION
- Tally  INTERVAL SCALE
o PRESENTATION o Quantitative
- Tabular, computation o Numeric, no zero point
o ANALYSIS o 0 still has a value
- Statistical tests o To reflect distance bet. rank
o INTERPRETATION OF DATA
o Temperature, scores
- Correlation, relationship

Major Areas of Statistics  RATIO SCALE

o Zero point as origin
 DESCRIPTIVE STATS o Height, weight, distance, temperature (K)
o Concerned w/ collection, description
o w/o drawing conclusions (central tendency Types of Data

 GROUPED D.
 INFERENTIAL STATS
o n ≥ 30
o Predictions/conclusions
 UNGROUPED D.
o Should know descriptive s. to understand
o n < 30
Variable
Summation Notation
 Diff values/labels
 ∑ - Greek letter, summation of
 Used for measurement n

 Types  ∑ xi - n: total observations (up to)

i=1
o QUALITATIVE
i=1: where to start
- Names, categories
Measures of Central Tendency (UNGROUPED)
o QUANTITATIVE
- Numeric  MEAN
- DISCRETE: countable o If not indicated, use the formula for
- CONTINUOUS: measurable sample
o Sample
o DEPENDENT

o INDEPENDENT
 n N

∑ xi ∑ ( xi−μ)2
x̄ = i=1 θ2= i=1
n N

o Population Computational:
N N N
2 2
∑ xi N ∑ xi −( ∑ xi)
θ2 = i=1 i=1
μ= i=1 2
N N
 MEDIAN
o Array is important (arrangement)  STANDARD DEVIATION
o Odd o Squareroot of variance
n+1
Md=x ( )
2

o Even

Md=x ( n2 +1 )+ x( n2 )
 MODE
o Most frequent
o None – no mode
o 1 – unimodal
o 2 – bimodal
o 3 – trimodal
o 4 or more – multimodal

Measures of Dispersion (UNGROUPED)

 VARIANCE
o Sample (bahala ka ano gusto mo)
Definitional:
n

∑ (xi−x̄ )2
s2= i=1
n−1

Computational:
n n
2
n ∑ xi 2−(∑ xi)
s2= i=1 i=1
n(n−1)

o Population (bahala ka rin)

Definitional: