GENDER & SOCIETY
terms
1
SOCIETY BEFORE GENDER & DEV’T
Gender
 Notion of distinction every person has indi.
Desires, thoughts, feelings regardless the
gender
 1940 – women took over the industries, M
were sent to WWII
 Oct. 24, 1945 – Geneva, Switzerland. UN
was created to prevent war
 1945 – plan for equality in M&W to
guarantee rights
 UN charter of 1945 – UDHR (universal
declaration of HR) in Dec 10, 1948
 Recognition of W equally
 “everyone is entitled to all rights”
Development Paradigms
 WID
o Women in Development
o Increase women’s political participation
o 1960 – W reproductive roles obtaining
access to food, nutrition, contraceptives &
health care
o Failed & unsustainable - only involved W
 WAD
o Women and Development
o Examine relationship bet. m&w
o W will improve in their position
o Failed – don’t know the goal
 GAD
o Gender and Development
o 1980
o Improve status of W
o Anchored on rights-based & people
centered dev’t
o Benefit the control of resources
o M&W work together presenting neutral
o 2 MAJOR FRAMEWORKS
GENDER ROLES:
- Social construction of identities
- Maleness/femaleness
SOCIAL RELATION ANALYSIS:
- Exposes social dimensions of
hierarchal power relations
- Determining influence of relation
position
o Aim: redefine traditional gender roles
expectation
2 SOCIETY
Origin
 15 cent. – French societe
 Societe – Latin societas (friendly
association)
- Socius (commpanion, comrade)
Primary Components
 CULTURE
o Set of patterns of human
o Activity w/in the grp.
o CULTURAL ELEMENTS – laws, dress, style
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE
o Organized set of social patterns of rships
o Both product of social interaction
o 3 levels
MACRO – legal systems, economies
MESO – medium systems, orgs, ethnic grp.
MICRO – family, individuals, rships
Meaning
 Grping of individuals to obtain common goal
 Common interest & distinctive culture
Nature
 S CONSISTS OF PEOPLE
 o Need to be in close contact
 MUTUAL AWARENESS & INTERACTION
o Continuous interaction
 S DEPENDS ON LIKENESS
o Who resemble one another
 S RESTS ON DIFFERENCES
o w/c makes pursue activities & paths
 COOPERATIONAL & DIVISION OF LABOR
o Assignment of common tasks
 S FUNCTIONS INTERDEPENDENTLY
o Interdependence of elements of S like
family
 S IS DYNAMIC
o S is not static
o Changeability is inherent in human
 S CONTROL
o Needed to control (formal/informal)
o NORMS – acceptable way of living
o SUMNER’S S NORMS
- FOLKWAYS
Minor everyday convo (etiquette)
- MORES
Larger societal level standards
- LAWS
Strongest set of norms
Formally codified, suctioned
Types
By Gerhard Lenski
 Hunters & gatherers
 Simple agricultural
 Advanced agricultural
 Industrial
Fundamental Theories of Sociology
SOCIOLOGY – study of human society
 STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST
o Assumes all part of social processes
work together to run whole S smoothly
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
o Social constriction / interpretative theory
o How people shared meanings on symbols
& events
 CONFLICT THEORY
o Conflict is inheritable in any grp.
o Inequality & injustice are source
(capitalism)
Gender & Society
 SEX
o Biological characteristics
o Genenrally permanent, universal
o Male/female
o PRIMARY SEX CHARAC.
- Parts of reproductive system
o SECONDARY SEX CHARAC.
- Devt. & changes in body
o SEX ROLES
- Can only be performed by only one of
the sexes
- F: child bearing, lactation, gestation
- M: ovum fertilization, spermatozoa
 GENDER
o Roles, attitude, values
o Assigned & influenced by S
3 GENDER
Meaning & Nature
 GENDER
o Socially-constructed notion of rships bet.
M&W
o Social classification based on one’s
identity, presentation, behavior, interaction
Sociology of Gender
  SEX Common Terminologies
o Biological traits
 HETERO/STRAIGHT
o M/F through genetics, genitals, physical
o Attracted to opp. S/G
 SOCIOLOGY
o Influence perception of mnity/fnity
 GAY
Gender & Sexuality o Same attraction in ref. to M

 SEXUALITY  LESBIAN
o Sexual attraction, practices, identity o Attracted to W
 G & SEXUALITY
o Not just personal identities  BISEXUAL
o Social identities w/c can be complicated o Attracted to both S/G
(LGBTQIA+)
 G IDENTITY Sexual Orientation
o Person’s internal experience & iden. Of G
 Capacity to profound emotional, affectional,
o May/may not correspond to sex
sexual attraction
assigned at birth
 Who do you want
Common Gender Definitions  FORMS OF S.O.
o HOMOSEXUAL
 TRANSGENDER - Emo, phy, sexu attracted to same G
o Non-traditional G behaviors
o Transman/transwoman o HETEROSEXUAL
o Consider themselves opp. To their sex - Emo, phy, sexu attracted to opp. G

 TRANSEXUAL o BISEXUAL
o Opp. Gender through physical - Emo, phy, sexu attracted to more
transformation than 1 G/S
o Sex change surgey/hormonal therapy
o PANSEXUAL
 INTERSEX - Emo, phy, sexu attracted to anyone
o Sex is not strictly M/F regardless the G
o 2 genitals in 1 - Focuses on personality than G
o Hemathodyte (M/F charac. In one)
o ASEXUAL
 CISGENDER - Not phy, sexu attracted but has
o G identity matches to sex assigned same emotional needs
o Heterosexual, straight Gender Expression

 GENDERQUEER  External manifestation what’s ur preference

o Non-binary  Name, clothing, voice, pronoun
o Queer – may not align to hetero/homo  MASCULINE – charac& qual associated to M
norms
 FEMININE - charac & qual associated to W
  Belief about the charac of M/F
 GENDER NEUTRAL – differ from associated  GENDER INEQUALITY
w/ M&W o Allowing people diff opportunities due to
Binary way: perceived differences
chairwoman/chairman – chairperson o Leads to discriminations by both sexes
o Leads to violence where W are usually
 ANDROGYNOUS – combination based on victims
what makes them happy  PH remains to be one of the most gender
Gender Socialization equal country
 Equal countries: Iceland, Norway, Sweden,
 Process of learning social expectations w/ Nicaragua
ones sex
SOGIE Bill
 Informed abt norms/attitudes
 Lifelong process, can affect from childhood  June 30, 2016
until adulthood  Prohibiting discrimination
 AGENTS OF G.S.
o PARENT/FAMILY
- 1st source of info
- May orient w/ diff expectations to S

o TEACHER/SCHOOL
- Model gender roles
- Sometimes stereotype M/F in diff
ways

o PEER
- Children tend to play w/ same G
where they learn what others
expect of them

o MEDIA
- Powerful, can reinforce G
stereotypes
- Info they convey abt roles

o CHURCH/RELIGION
- Powerful insti. That shapre G
identity through norms, doctrines,
religious acts
- Religion – important avenue of G
socialization

Gender Stereotypes

 Generally not positive nor negative