Pariah group

In group theory, the term pariah was introduced

by Robert Griess in Griess (1982) to refer to the
six sporadic simple groups which are not
subquotients of the monster group.

The twenty groups which are subquotients,

including the monster group itself, he dubbed the
happy family.

For example, the orders of J4 and the Lyons Group

Ly are divisible by 37. Since 37 does not divide the
order of the monster, these cannot be subquotients
of it; thus J4 and Ly are pariahs. Four other
sporadic groups were also shown to be pariahs by
Griess in 1982, and the Janko Group J1 was
shown to be the final pariah by Robert A. Wilson
in 1986. The complete list is shown below. Relationships among the sporadic simple groups. The
monster group M is at the top, and the groups which are
descended from it are the happy family.
The six which are not connected by an upward path to M
(white ellipses) are the pariahs.

List of pariah groups

Approx.
Group Size Factorized order
size

Lyons group, Ly 51 765 179 004 000 000 5 × 1016 28 · 37 · 56 · 7 · 11 · 31 · 37 · 67

O'Nan group, O'N 460 815 505 920 5 × 1011 29 · 34 · 5 · 73 · 11 · 19 · 31

Rudvalis group, Ru 145 926 144 000 1 × 1011 214 · 33 · 53 · 7 · 13 · 29

Janko group, J4 86 775 571 046 077 562 880 9 × 1019 221 · 33 · 5 · 7 · 113 · 23 · 29 · 31 · 37 · 43
Janko group, J3 50 232 960 5 × 107 27 · 35 · 5 · 17 · 19
Janko group, J1 175 560 2 × 105 23 · 3 · 5 · 7 · 11 · 19

References
Griess, Robert L. (February 1982), "The friendly giant" (https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstrea
m/handle/2027.42/46608/222_2005_Article_BF01389186.pdf) (PDF), Inventiones
Mathematicae, 69 (1): 1–102, doi:10.1007/BF01389186 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF013891
86), hdl:2027.42/46608 (https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F46608), ISSN 0020-9910 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/issn/0020-9910), MR 0671653 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=06
71653)
Robert A. Wilson (1986). Is J1 a subgroup of the monster? (https://londmathsoc.onlinelibrary.wil
ey.com/doi/epdf/10.1112/blms/18.4.349), Bull. London Math. Soc. 18, no. 4 (1986), 349-350
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