CBSE New Pattern ~ Mathematics XI (Term I) 91

06
Limits
Quick Revision
If x approches a i.e. x → a , then f ( x ) approaches l Limits of a Polynomial Function
i.e. f ( x ) → l , where l is a real number, then l is A function f is said to be a polynomial function if
called limit of the function f ( x ). In symbolic form, f ( x ) is zero function
it can be written as lim f ( x ) = l . or if f ( x ) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + … + an x n ,
x→a

Left Hand and Right Hand Limits where ai ’s are real number such that an ≠ 0.
If values of the function at the point which are very Then, limit of polynomial functions is
near to a on the left tends to a definite unique f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = lim [a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + an x n ]
number as x tends to a, then the unique number so x→a x→a
obtained is called the Left Hand Limit (LHL) of = a 0 + a1a + a 2a 2 + ... + an a n = f (a )
f ( x ) at x = a , we write it as
f (a − 0 ) = lim f ( x ) = lim f (a − h ) Limits of Rational Functions
x →a− h→0
Similarly, Right Hand Limit (RHL) is A function f is said to be a rational function, if
f (a + 0 ) = lim f ( x ) = lim f (a + h ) g (x )
f (x ) = , where g ( x ) and h ( x ) are polynomial
x →a+ h→0
h (x )
Existence of Limit functions such that h ( x ) ≠ 0.
If the right hand limit and left hand limit coincide lim g ( x )
g (x ) x → a g (a )
(i.e. same), then we say that limit exists and their Then, lim f ( x ) = lim = =
common value is called the limit of f ( x ) at x = a x→a x→a h( x ) lim h ( x ) h (a )
x→a
and denoted it by lim f ( x ).
x →a However, if h (a ) = 0, then there are two cases arise,
Algebra of Limits (i) g (a ) ≠ 0 (ii) g (a ) = 0.
Let f and g be two functions such that both In the first case, we say that the limit does not exist.
lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) exist, then In the second case, we can find limit.
x→a x→a
(i) lim [ f ( x ) ± g ( x )] = lim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x ) Limit of a rational function can be find with the help of
x→a x→a x→a following methods
(ii) lim kf ( x ) = k lim f ( x ) 1. Direct Substitution Method In this method,
x→a x→a
(iii) lim f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) × lim g ( x ) we substitute the point, to which the variable
x→a x→a x→a tends to in the given limit. If it give us a real
lim f ( x ) number, then the number so obtained is the
f (x ) x → a limit of the function and if it does not give us a
(iv) lim = , where lim g ( x ) ≠ 0
x→a g (x ) lim g ( x ) x→a real number, then use other methods.
x→a
 f (x ) Some Standard Limits
2. Factorisation Method Let lim reduces
x→a g (x ) xn − an sin x
0 (i) lim = na n − 1 (ii) lim =1
x→a x − a x→0
to the form , when we substitute x = a . Then, x
0
we factorise f ( x ) and g ( x ) and then cancel 1 – cos x tan x
(iii) lim =0 (iv) lim =1
out the common factor to evaluate the limit. x→ 0 x x→0 x
0
3. Rationalisation Method If we get form and ax −1 ex −1
0 (v) lim = loge a (vi) lim =1
x→0 x x→0 x
numerator or denominator or both have
radical sign, then we rationalise the numerator log (1 + x )
(vii) lim =1
or denominator or both by multiplying their x→0 x
0
conjugate to remove form and then find
0 log ( 1 − x )
(viii) lim =1
limit by direct substitution method. x→0 −x

Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 2+x + 2−x
5. The value of lim is
1. The value of lim ( 4x 3 − 2x 2 − x + 1) is x→ 0 2+x
x→ 3 equal to
equal to (a) 2 (b) 2
(a) 40 (b) 20 (c) 2 2 (d) 3
(c) 38 (d) 88 x −4
6. The value of lim is equal to
1 + x , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
x→1 3 − 13 − x
2. If f (x ) =  , then right
(a) 3 + 2 3 (b) 3 − 2 3
2 − x , if x > 1
2
(c) 2 + 3 (d) 2 − 3
hand limit of f (x ) at x = 1 is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2
( x − 1)( 2x − 3)
7. lim is equal to
(c) 3 (d) 4 x→1 2x 2 + x − 3 [NCERT Exemplar]
2x + 3, if x ≤ 2 1 −1
3. If f (x ) =  , then the left (a) (b)
x + 5, if x > 2
10 10
(c) 1 (d) None of these
hand limit of f (x ) at x = 2 is equal to
 4 x 2 − 1
(a) 6 (b) 7 8. The value of lim   is equal to
(c) 9 (d) 8 x → 1/ 2
 2x − 1 
| x − 3 | (a) 1 (b) 2
 , x≠3
4. If f (x ) =  x − 3 , then left (c) 3 (d) 4
 0, x=3 x3 −8
9. The value of lim is equal to
hand limit of f (x ) at x = 3 is equal to x→ 2 (x − 2)
(a) 1 (b) −1
(a) 10 (b) 11
(c) 2 (d) 0
(c) 12 (d) 13
  2 1  sin 7x
10. The value of lim  +  is 17. The value of lim is equal to
x → 1 1 − x 2 x − 1 x → 0 tan 5x

equal to 5 7
(a) (b)
1 1 7 5
(a) (b) 2 7
2 3 (c) (d)
1 7 2
(c) (d) 1 sin 4x
4 18. The value of lim is equal to
4x − 1
2 x→0 sin 2x
11. The value of lim is equal to (a) 1 (b) 2
x→
1 2x − 1
2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 1 (b) 2 tan x °
19. lim is equal to
(c) 3 (d) 4 x→ 0 x °
x (a) 1 (b) 3
12. The value of lim is equal to (c) 2 (d) −1
x→ 0 1+ x +1
1 − cos 4x
(a) 0 (b) 1 20. lim is equal to
x→ 0 x
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 0 (b) 1
 x 15 − 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
13. The value of lim  10  is equal to
x → 1 x
 − 1 sin x
21. lim is equal to
3 2 x → 0 x (1 + cos x )
(a) (b)
2 3 1
(a) 0 (b)
4 3 2
(c) (d)
3 4 (c) 1 (d) −1
x −2n n sin( 2 + x ) − sin( 2 − x )
14. If lim = 80, then n is equal to 22. lim is equal to p
x→ 0 x
x→ 2 x−2
cos q, where p and q are respectively
(a) 1 (b) 3
(a) 1 , 2 (b) 2, 1
(c) 5 (d) 7
(c) 1, 1 (d) 2, 2
( x + 2)1/ 3 − 21/ 3 tan x − sin x
15. The value of lim is 23. lim is equal to
x→ 0 x x→ 0 sin 3 x
equal to 1
1 1 (a) (b) 0
(a) (b) 2
3 (2) 3/2 3 (2)2 / 3 (c) 1 (d) Not defined
1 1
(c) (d) tan 2x − x
2 (3)2 / 3 3 3 24. lim is equal to
x→ 0 3x − sin x [NCERT Exemplar]
 1 + x − 1 1 −1 1
16. The value of lim   is equal (a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
x→ 0 x  2 2 4

tan 2x
to 25. The value of limπ is equal to
1 1 π
(a) (b) x→
2 x−
3 2 2
1 1 (a) 1 (b) 3
(c) (d)
4 5 (c) 4 (d) 2
 sec 2 x − 2 log e (1 + 2x )
26. lim is 35. lim is equal to
x → π /4 tan x − 1 [NCERT Exemplar]
x→ 0 x
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 3 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) 2
Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
cosec x − cot x
27. lim is equal to Directions (Q. Nos. 36-50) Each of these
x→ 0 x [NCERT Exemplar] questions contains two statements
−1 1 Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Each of the
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 1
2 2 questions has four alternative choices, any
x 2 cos x one of the which is the correct answer. You
28. lim is equal to have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and
x → 0 1 − cos x [NCERT Exemplar] (d) given below.
3
(a) 2 (b) (a) A is true, R is true; R is a correct
2 explanation of A.
−3
(c) (d) 1 (b) A is true, R is true; R is not a correct
2 explanation of A.
e 3x − 1 (c) A is true; R is false
29. lim is equal to (d) A is false; R is true.
x→ 0 x
(a) 1 (b) 2 ax 2 + bx + c
(c) 3 (d) 4 36. Assertion (A) lim is
cx 2 + bx + a
x →1
ex −e3 equal to 1, where a + b + c ≠ 0.
30. lim is equal to
x→ 3 x−3 1 1
+
(a) e (b) e2
Reason (R) lim x 2 is equal to 1 .
(c) e 3 (d) e 4 x → −2 x + 2 4
e sin x − 1 sin ax a
31. lim is equal to 37. Assertion (A) lim is equal to .
x→ 0 x x→0 bx b
(a) 1 (b) 2 sin x
(c) 3 (d) 4 Reason (R) lim = 1.
x→0 x
e x + e −x − 2 sin ax + bx
32. lim is equal to 38. Assertion (A) lim is equal
x→ 0 x2 x → 0 ax + sin bx
(a) 1 (b) 2 to −2.
(c) 3 (d) 4 Reason (R) lim (5x 3 + 5x + 1) is equal
x →1
3x − 2x to 11.
33. lim is equal to sin( π − x )
x→ 0 x 39. Assertion (A) lim is equal
3 2 x→π π(π − x )
(a) log
2
(b) log
3 to π.
1 1 cos x 1
(c) log (d) log Reason (R) lim is equal to .
2 3 x→0 π −x π
2x − 1 sin ax a
34. lim is equal to 40. Assertion (A) lim is equal to .
x→ 0 1 + x − 1 sin bx
x→0 b
(a) log2 (b) 2 log 2 sin x
(c) 3log 2 (d) 4 log 2 Reason (R) lim =1.
x→0 x
 cos 2x − 1 3x − 2x
41. Assertion (A) lim is equal 48. Assertion (A) lim is equal to
x→0 cos x − 1 x → 0 tan x
 3
to 4. log  .
 2
tan x
Reason (R) lim = 1. log (1 + x )
x→0 x
Reason (R) lim is equal to 2.
ax + x cos x x→0 tan x
42. Assertion (A) lim is equal x −1
x→0 b sin x 49. Assertion (A) lim is equal to 1.
a +1 x → 1 log e x
to .
b log (sin x + 1)
Reason (R) lim x sec x is equal to 1. Reason (R) lim is equal
x→0 x→0 x
e 3 + x − sin x − e 3 to 0.
43. Assertion (A) lim is
32 +x − 9
x→0 x 50. Assertion (A) lim is equal to
equal to e 3 + 1. x→0 x
tan 4x 9 log 2.
Reason (R) lim is equal to 2.
x → 0 sin 2x a sin x − 1
Reason (R) lim is equal to
e x − e −x x → 0 sin x
44. Assertion (A) lim is equal log a.
x→0 x
to 2.
Case Based MCQs
e x −1
Reason (R) lim = 1. 51. Raj was learning limit of a polynomial
x→0 x
function from his tutor Rajesh.
e tan x − 1 His tutor told that a function f is said to
45. Assertion (A) lim is equal
x→0 x be a polynomial function, if f (x ) is zero
to 1. function.
 e 4 x − 1
Reason (R) lim   is equal to 2.
x→0 x  Limit of a
e x
−e sin x Polynomial Function
46. Assertion (A) lim is equal
x→0 x − sin x
to −1.
 32 x − 23 x 
Reason (R) lim   is equal to
x→0 x 
9
log  .
8
e x −1
47. Assertion (A) lim is equal Now, let
x→0 1 − cos 2x
1 f (x ) = a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 + ... + an x n be a
to .
2 polynomial function, where ai′ s are real
x −1
2
numbers and an ≠ 0 .
Reason (R) lim is equal to 1.
x →1 x −1
 Then, limit of a polynomial function f (x ) However, if h (a ) = 0, then there are two
= lim f (x ) cases arise,
x→a
(i) g (a ) ≠ 0 (ii) g (a ) = 0.
= lim [a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 + ... + an x n ]
x→a In the first case, we say that the limit
= lim a 0 + lim a1 x + lim a 2 x 2 does not exist.
x→a x→a x→a
+ ... + lim an x n In the second case, we can find limit.
x→a
= a 0 + a1 lim x + a 2 lim x 2 Based on above information, answer the
x→a x→a following questions.
+ ... + an lim x n
x→a  x 10 + x 5 + 1
= a 0 + a1a + a 2 a 2 + ...+ an a n = f (a ) (i) lim   is equal to

x → −1 x −1 
Based on above information, answer the 1 −1
following questions. (a) (b)
2 2
(i) lim (1 + x + x 2 + ... x 9 ) is equal to (c) 2 (d)
3
x → −1
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (x −1) 2 + 3x 2
(c) 2 (d) 3 (ii) lim is equal to
(ii) lim [x 2 (x − 1)] is equal to
x → −1 (x 4 + 1) 2
x→ 5 7 6
(a) (b)
(a) 10 (b) 100 4 5
(c) 25 (d) 125 4 3
(c) (d)
(iii) lim (x 3 + x 2 + x − 1) is equal to 7 4
x→ 2  
x2 − 4
(a) 9 (b) 11 (iii) The value of lim  3  is
x → 2 x − 4x 2 + 4x
(c) 10 (d) 13  
(iv) lim (x 3 + x + 2) is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1
x → −3 (c) 2 (d) Does not exist
(a) 28 (b) −28 x 7 − 2x 5 + 1
(c) 30 (d) −15 (iv) lim is equal to
x→1x 3 − 3x 2 + 2
(v) lim (x − x ) is equal to
4 3
x→4 (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 192 (b) 180 (c) 2 (d) 3
(c) 50 (d) 165 1 + x 3 − 1− x 3
(v) lim is equal to
52. A function f is said to be a rational x→ 0 x2
g (x ) (a) 1 (b) 0
function, if f (x ) = , where g (x )
h (x ) (c) −1 (d) 2
and h (x ) are polynomial functions such 53. The great Swiss Mathematician
that h (x ) ≠ 0. Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) introduced
g (x ) the number e, whose value lies between
Then, lim f (x ) = lim
x→a x → a h (x ) 2 and 3. This number is useful in
defining exponential function.
lim g (x )
x→a g (a ) A function of the form of f (x ) = e x is
= =
lim h (x ) h (a ) called exponential function.
x→a
 The graph of the function is given below 54. To find the limits of trigonometric
Y functions, we use the following
f (x)=e x
theorems
Theorem 1 Let f and g be two real
X′ X
O
valued functions with the same domain
such that f (x ) ≤ g (x ) for all x in the
Y′ domain of definition. For some real
(i) Domain of f (x ) = ( −∞, ∞ ) number a, if both lim f (x ) and lim g (x )
x →a x →a
(ii) Range of f (x ) = (0, ∞ ) exist, then
To find the limit of a function involving lim f (x ) ≤ lim g (x ).
x →a x →a
exponential function, we use the This is shown in the figure
following theorem Y
e x −1
Theorem lim =1 y=g(x)
x→ 0 x
y=f(x)
Based on above information, answer the
following questions.
X
e x −e 4 O a
(i) lim is equal to
x→4 x−4 Theorem 2 (Sandwich theorem) Let
(a) e (b) e 2 f , g and h be real functions such that
(c) e 3 (d) e 4 f (x ) ≤ g (x ) ≤ h(x ) for all x in the
common domain of definition. For some
e kx − 1
(ii) lim is equal to real number a, if
x→ 0 x lim f (x ) = l = lim h(x ), then
k x →a x →a
(a) (b) k
2 lim g (x ) = l .
x →a
(c) − k (d) 1
This is shown in the figure
 e − x − 1
(iii) lim   is equal to
x→ 0 x 
(a) 1 (b) −1
(c) 0 (d) 2
 e 5x − e 4x 
(iv) lim   is equal to

x → 0 x 
(a) 1 (b) 2 Theorem 3 Three important limits are
(c) 3 (d) 4 sin x
(i) lim =1
 2e x − 3x − 2  x→ 0 x
(v) lim   is equal to 1 − cos x
x→ 0 x  (ii) lim =0
x→ 0 x
(a) −1 (b) 0
tan x
(c) 1 (d) 2 (iii) lim =1
x→ 0 x
 Based on above information, answer the (i) Domain of f (x ) = (0, ∞ ) or R +
following questions.
(ii) Range of f (x ) = ( −∞, ∞ ) or R
sin 3x
(i) lim is equal to To find the limit of functions involving
x → 0 5x
logarithmic function, we use the
1 2
(a) (b) following theorem
5 5
3 4 log e (1 + x )
(c) (d) Theorem lim =1
5 5 x→ 0 x
tan(θ − b ) Based on above information, answer the
(ii) lim is equal to
θ→b θ −b following questions.
(a) 0 (b) 1 log e (1 + 5x )
(i) lim is equal to
(c) 2 (d) 3 x→ 0 x
tan 2x − sin 2x (a) 5 (b) 4
(iii) lim 3
is equal to
x→ 0 x (c) 3 (d) 1
(a) 4 (b) 3 log e (1 + 6x ) − 5x 2
(c) 2 (d) 1
(ii) lim is equal to
x→ 0 x
2 sin x − sin 2x (a) 1 (b) 2
(iv) lim is equal to
x→ 0 x3 (c) 3 (d) 6
(a) 0 (b) 1 1+ x −1
(c) 2 (d) 3 (iii) lim is equal to
x→ 0 log(1 + x )
sin x − cos x
(v) lim is equal to 1
π π (a) 1 (b)
x→
4 x− 2
4 1 3
(c) (d)
(a) 2 (b) 3 3 2
(c) 1 (d) 3 log x − log 5
(iv) lim is equal to
55. The logarithmic function expressed as x→ 5 x −5
log e R + → R and given by log e x = y 1 3
(a) (b)
iff e y = x . 5 5
1 2
The graph of the function is given below (c) (d)
Y
4 3
log(5 + x ) − log(5 − x )
(v) lim is equal to
f (x)=loge x x→ 0 x
X′ X 1 2
O (1, 0) (a) (b)
5 5
3 4
(c) (d)
5 5
Y′
 ANSWERS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b)

Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (a) 41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (c)
46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (d)

Case Based MCQs

51. (i) - (a); (ii) - (b); (iii) - (d); (iv) - (b); (v) - (a) 52. (i) - (b); (ii) - (a); (iii) - (d); (iv) - (b); (v) - (b)
53. (i) - (d); (ii) - (b); (iii) - (b); (iv) - (a); (v) - (a) 54. (i) - (c); (ii) - (b); (iii) - (a); (iv) - (b); (v) - (a)
55. (i) - (a); (ii) - (d); (iii) - (b); (iv) - (a); (v) - (b)

SOLUTIONS
1. lim ( 4 x 3 − 2x 2 − x + 1) | x − 3 |
x ≠3
4. Given, f ( x ) =  x − 3
x→3 ,
= 4 lim x − 2 lim x − lim x + lim 1
3 2
 0, x =3
x→3 x→3 x→3 x→3
∴ Left hand limit at x = 3 is
= 4 ( 3) 3 − 2 ( 3) 2 − 3 + 1
| x − 3|
= 108 − 18 − 2 = 88 lim f ( x ) = lim ...(i)
x → 3− x → 3− x − 3
1 + x 2 , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2. We have, f ( x ) =  On putting x = 3 − h and changing the limit
2 − x , if x > 1
2
x → 3− by h → 0 in Eq. (i), we get
RHL = lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2 − x 2 ) | x − 3| | −h |
x →1+ x →1+
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim
x→ 3 −
x→3 − x −3 h → 0 −h
[Q f ( x ) = 2 − x 2 , if x > 1] h
⇒ lim f ( x ) = lim [ Q| x | = x ]
= lim [ 2 − (1 + h ) ] 2
x → 3− h → 0 ( −h )
h→ 0
= −1
[putting x = 1 + h and when x → 1+ ,
2+ x + 2− x 2+ 0 + 2− 0
then h → 0] 5. lim =
x→ 0 2+ x 2+ 0
= 2 −1 =1
2x + 3, if x ≤ 2 2+ 2 2 2
3. Given, f ( x ) =  = = = 2
x + 5, if x > 2 2 2
x −4 −3
LHL = lim f ( x ) = lim 2x + 3 6. lim =
x→2 −
x→2 − x→1 3 − 13 − x 3 − 12
[Q f ( x ) = 2x + 3, if x ≤ 2] −3 −3 ( 3 + 2 3 )
= =
= lim [ 2 ( 2 − h ) + 3] = 2 ( 2 − 0 ) + 3 3 − 2 3 ( 3 − 2 3 )( 3 + 2 3 )
h→ 0
−3 ( 3 + 2 3 )
[ putting x = 2 − h and when x → 2−, =
9 − 12
then h → 0 ]
−3 ( 3 + 2 3 )
= 4 + 3=7 = = 3+ 2 3
−3
 ( x − 1)( 2x − 3) 2 − (1 + x ) 0 
7. Given, lim = lim  0 form 
x→1 2x 2 + x − 3 x→1 1− x 2

( x − 1)( 2x − 3) 1− x 1 1
= lim = lim = lim = .
x →11− x2 x →11+ x 2
x→1 ( 2x + 3) ( x − 1)
1 0
( x − 1)( 2x − 3) 11. On putting x = , we get the form .
= lim 2 0
x → 1 ( 2x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 1)
So, let us first factorise it.
2x − 3 −1 −1 Consider,
= lim = =
x → 1 ( 2x + 3)( x + 1) 5 × 2 10 4x 2 − 1 ( 2x + 1) ( 2x − 1)
lim = lim
4 x2 − 1 1 2x − 1 1 ( 2x − 1)
x→ x→
8. Given, lim 2 2
x → 1 / 2 2x − 1
[using factorisation method]
( 2x ) 2 − (1) 2 = lim ( 2x + 1)
= lim
x → 1/2 2x − 1 x→
1
2
( 2x + 1) ( 2x − 1)
= lim  1
x → 1/2 ( 2x − 1) = 2  +1= 2
 2
= lim ( 2x + 1)
x → 1/2 x x 1 + x −1
12. lim = lim ×
1 x→0 1+ x +1 x→0 1+ x +1 1 + x −1
= 2 × + 1 =1 + 1 = 2
2 [multiplying numerator and denominator by
x3 −8 1 + x − x]
9. We have, L = lim .
x→ 2 x − 2
Let f ( x ) = x − 8 and g ( x ) = x − 2
3 x ( 1 + x − 1)
= lim [Q ( a + b ) ( a − b ) = a 2 − b 2 ]
x→0 (1 + x ) − (1) 2
Here, lim f ( x ) = lim x 3 − 8 = 23 − 8 = 0
x→ 2 x→ 2
x ( 1 + x − 1)
and lim g ( x ) = lim x − 2 = 2 − 2 = 0 = lim = lim ( 1 + x − 1)
x→ 2 x→ 2 x→0 x x→0

0 [ cancel out x from numerator and denominator ]

Thus, we get form.
0 = 1 + 0 −1 =1 −1 = 0 [put x = 0]
Now, factorise f ( x ) and g ( x ) such that ( x − 2) x 15 − 1  x 15 − 1 x 10 − 1 
is a common factor. 13. Given, lim = lim  ÷ 
x→1 x 10
− 1 x→1  x − 1 x −1 
Here, f ( x ) = x 3 − 8 = ( x 3 − 23 )
= ( x − 2) ( x 2 + 4 + 2x )  x 15 − 1   x 10 − 1 
= lim   ÷ lim  
and g(x) = x − 2 x→1
 x − 1  x→1  x − 1 
( x − 2) ( x 2 + 4 + 2x ) 3
∴ L = lim = 15(1)14 ÷ 10(1) 9 = 15 ÷ 10 =
x→2 ( x − 2) 2
On cancelling the common factor ( x − 2), x n − 2n
14. Given, lim = 80
we get x→2 x − 2
L = lim ( x 2 + 4 + 2x ) = ( 2) 2 + 4 + 2 ( 2)
x→2 ⇒ n ( 2)n − 1 = 80
= 4 + 4 + 4 = 12  xn − a n 
Q xlim = na n −1 
x3 −8  →a x −a

Hence, lim = 12
x→ 2 x − 2
⇒ n ( 2)n − 1 = 5 × 16
10. We have,
⇒ n × 2n − 1 = 5 × ( 2) 4
 2 1   2 1 
lim  +  = lim  −  ⇒ n × 2 n − 1 = 5 × ( 2) 5 − 1
x → 1 1 − x 2 x − 1 x → 1 1 − x 2 1 − x 
[ ∞ − ∞ form ] ∴ n=5
 ( x + 2)1 / 3 − 21 / 3 x x
15. Given, lim 2 sin cos
sin x 2 2
x→ 0 x 21. We have, lim = lim
x→ 0 x (1 + cos x ) x→ 0  x
( x + 2)1 / 3 − 21 / 3 x  2 cos 2 
= lim  2
x→ 0 ( x + 2) − 2 x
tan
1 2 =1
1 −1
1 = lim
= × 23 2 x→ 0 x 2
3 2
1 1 sin( 2 + x ) − sin( 2 − x )
= × ( 2) −2 / 3 = 22. We have, lim
3 3 ( 2) 2 / 3 x→ 0 x
(2 + x + 2 − x) (2 + x − 2 + x)
16. Put y = 1 + x , so that y → 1 as x → 0. 2 cos sin
= lim 2 2
1 + x −1 y −1 x→ 0 x
Then, lim = lim
x→ 0 x y →1 y − 1 2 cos 2 sin x
= lim
1 1 x→ 0 x
y 2 − 12  C+D C − D
= lim Q sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
y →1 y − 1  2 2 
1 2 −1 1
1 sin x  sin x 
=
(1) = = 2 cos 2 lim = 2 cos 2 Q lim = 1
2 2
x→ 0
x  x → 0 x 
 sin 7 x  sin 7 x Hence, p = 2 and q = 2
7x   tan x − sin x
sin 7 x  7 x  7 xlim →0 7x 23. We have, lim
17. lim = lim = x→ 0 sin 3 x
x→ 0 tan 5x x→ 0  tan 5x  5 lim tan 5x
5x    1 
 5x  x→ 0 5x sin x  − 1
 cos x 
7 1 7
=
× = = lim
5 1 5
x→ 0 sin 3 x
sin θ tan θ 1 − cos x
  = lim
lim = 1 and lim = 1 x→ 0 cos x sin 2 x
θ→ 0 θ θ→ 0 θ 
x
sin 4 x  sin 4 x 2x  2 sin 2
18. lim = lim ⋅ ⋅2 2 1
x→0 sin 2x x→ 0  4 x sin 2x  = lim =
x→ 0  x x  2
cos x  4 sin 2 ⋅ cos 2 
  sin 4 x   sin 2x   2 2
= 2 ⋅  lim  ÷ 
 x→ 0  4 x   2x  24. Given, lim
tan 2x − x
x → 0 3x − sin x
  sin 4 x   sin 2x 
= 2 ⋅  lim  ÷ lim   tan 2x 
 4 x→ 0  4 x  2 x→ 0  2x  x − 1
= lim  x 
[as x → 0, 4 x → 0 and 2x → 0]
x→0  sin x 
= 2 (1 ÷ 1) = 2 x 3 −
 x 
πx
tan tan 2x
tan x ° 180  π  lim 2 × −1
19. lim = lim = 1 Q 1° = rad  x→0 2 −1 1
x→ 0 x° x → 0 π x  180  = 2x = =
180 3 − lim
sin x 3 −1 2
x→0 x
1 − cos 4 x 2 sin 2 2x x
20. lim = lim × tan 2x
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x 25. Given, lim
π π
[Q1 − cos 2θ = 2 sin 2 θ] x→
2
x−
2 2
 sin 2x  π
= lim 2   × 4x Let x − = h ,
x→ 0  2x 
2
 sin x  π
= 2 ×1 × 0 = 0 Q lim = 1 when x → , then h → 0
 x→ 0 x  2
 π  e 3x − 1 e 3x − 1 3
tan 2  + h  29. lim = lim ×
2  x→ 0 x x→ 0 x 3
Therefore, given limit = lim
h→ 0 h [multiplying numerator and
tan ( π + 2h ) denominator by 3]
= lim
h→ 0 h e −1
3x
= 3 lim ...(i)
tan 2h x→ 0 3x
= lim [Q tan ( π + θ ) = tan θ ]
h→ 0 h Let h = 3x .
= lim
2 tan 2h Then, x → 0 ⇒ h → 0
h→ 0 2h Now, from Eq. (i), we get
 tan x  e 3 x −1 eh −1
= 2 ×1 = 2 Q xlim = 1 lim = 3 lim = 3 (1)
→0 x  x→ 0 x h→ 0 h
sec 2 x − 2  eθ −1 
26. Given, lim Q θlim = 1
x→ π /4 tan x − 1  →0 θ 
=3
1 + tan 2 x − 2
= lim e −e
x 3
x→ π /4 tan x − 1 30. We have, lim
x→3 x − 3
tan 2 x − 1
= lim On putting h = x − 3 we get
x → π / 4 tan x − 1
ex − e3 eh + 3 − e3
(tan x + 1)(tan x − 1) lim = lim
= lim x→3 x − 3 h→ 0 h
x→ π /4 (tan x − 1)
[Q x → 3 ⇒ h → 0 ]
= lim (tan x + 1)
x→ π /4 e he 3 − e 3 e h −1
= lim = e 3 lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
=2
θ
cosec x − cot x  e −1 
27. Given, lim = e 3 × 1 = e 3 Q lim = 1
x→0 x  θ→ 0 θ 
1 cos x
− e sin x − 1 e sin x − 1 sin x
= lim sin x sin x = lim 1 − cos x 31. lim = lim ×
x→0 x x→0 x sin x
x→0 x x → 0 x ⋅ sin x
x x [multiplying numerator and
2 sin 2 tan denominator by sin x]
= lim 2 = lim 2
x→0 x x x→0 x e sin x − 1 sin x 
x ⋅ 2 sin cos = lim  × 
2 2 x→0
 sin x x 
x
tan e sin x − 1 sin x
= lim 2 ⋅ 1 = 1 Q lim tan θ = 1 = lim × lim
2 2  θ → 0 θ  x → 0 sin x x→0 x
x→0 x
2 =1 ×1 =1
x 2 cos x x 2 cos x  eθ −1 sin θ 
28. Given, lim = lim Q θlim = 1 and lim = 1
x → 0 1 − cos x x→0
2 sin 2
x  →0 θ θ→ 0 θ 
2 e x + e −x − 2 e 2 x + 1 − 2e x
 2 x
32. lim = lim
Q1 − cos x = 2 sin 2 
2
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x 2e x
2
 e x − 1
 x
2
= lim  × e −x
  x→ 0  x 
 2
= 2 lim ⋅ limcos x  e x − 1
2
x→0 x x→0
sin 2 = lim  × lim e − x
2 x→ 0  x  x→ 0

= 2 ⋅1 = 2 = (1) 2 × e 0 = 1
  3x − 2x  a a  sin ax 
33. lim   = ×1 = Q xlim = 1
x→0  x  b b → 0 ax 
 3x − 1  2x − 1 Hence, Assertion and Reason both are true and
= lim   − lim   Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
x→0  x  x→0  x  sin ax + bx
38. Assertion lim
= log 3 − log 2 = log ( 3 / 2) x → 0 ax + sin bx

2x − 1 2x − 1 ( 1 + x + 1) Dividing each term by x, we get

34. lim = lim ×
x→ 0 1 + x − 1 x→ 0 1 + x − 1 ( 1 + x + 1) sin ax bx a sin ax
+ +b
= lim x x = lim ax
2x − 1
= lim × { 1 + x + 1} x → 0 ax sin bx x → 0 b sin bx
x→ 0 x + a +
x x bx
2x − 1 a ×1 + b a + b
= lim × lim ( 1 + x + 1)  sin x 
x→0 x x→0 = = = 1 Q lim = 1
a + b ×1 a + b  x→0 x 
= (log 2) 2 = 2 log 2
Reason lim ( 5x 3 + 5x + 1)
x→1
loge (1 + 2x ) 2
35. We have, lim ×
x→ 0 x 2 = 5 (1) 3 + 5 (1) + 1 = 5 + 5 + 1 = 11
[multiplying numerator and Hence, Assertion is false and Reason is true.
denominator by 2] sin( π − x )
loge (1 + 2x ) 39. Assertion Given, lim
= 2 lim x→π π (π − x)
x→ 0 2x
On putting h = 2x , we get Let π − x = h , As x → π, then h → 0

loge (1 + 2x ) loge (1 + h ) sin( π − x ) sin h

lim = 2 lim ∴ lim = lim
x→ 0 x h→ 0 h x→π π ( π − x ) h → 0 πh
[Q x → 0 ⇒ h → 0 ] = lim
1 sin h
×
 loge (1 + x )  h→ 0 π h
= 2 (1) Q lim = 1
 x → 0 x  1 1  sin h 
= × 1 = Q lim = 1
=2 π π  h→ 0 h 
ax 2 + bx + c cos x
36. Assertion Given, lim 2 Reason Given, lim
x → 1 cx + bx + a x→0 π − x

a × (1) 2 + b × 1 + c Put the limit directly, we get

=
c × (1) 2 + b × 1 + a cos 0 1
=
a +b +c π−0 π
= =1
c +b +a Hence, Assertion is false and Reason is true.
1 1 sin ax
+ 40. Assertion Given, lim
x → 0 sin bx
Reason lim x 2
x → −2 x + 2 Multiplying and dividing by ( ax ) and ( bx ),
(2 + x) 1 we get
= lim = lim sin ax bx ax
x → − 2 2x ( x + 2) x → − 2 2x
= lim × ×
x → 0 ax sin bx bx
1 1 a a
= =− =1 ×1 × =
2( − 2) 4 b b
Hence, Assertion is true and Reason is false.  sin ax bx 
Q xlim = lim = 1
sin ax ( a ) sin ax  →0 ax x → 0 sin bx 
37. Assertion Given, lim = lim
x→0 bx x→0 b ( ax ) Hence, Assertion and Reason both are true and
[dividing and multiplying by a] Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
 cos 2x − 1 tan 4 x 1 4x
41. Assertion Given, lim = lim × ×
x→0 cos x − 1 4x → 0
4x lim
sin 2x 2x
1 − cos 2x 2 sin 2 x 2 x → 0 2x
= lim = lim
x → 0 1 − cos x x→0 x = 1 ×1 × 2 = 2
2 sin 2
2 Hence, Assertion is false and Reason is true.
Q1 − cos 2x = 2 sin 2 x  e x − e −x
  44. Assertion Given, limit = lim
and 1 − cos x = 2 sin 2 x  x→0 x
 2  e 2 x −1
= lim
Multiplying and dividing by x 2 and then x → 0 xe x
4 e 2 x −1 2
multiplying by in the numerater. we get = lim × lim x
4 2x → 0 2x x→0e
x2
2 4× 2
sin x 4 =1× = 2
= lim × 1
x→0 x2 sin 2 x
2 Hence, Assertion and Reason both are true and
2 Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
 x 
 sin x 
2   e tan x − 1 tan x
= lim   × 2  ×4 45. Assertion Given limit = lim ⋅
x→0  x  x→ 0 tan x x
 sin x 
 2 = 1 ⋅1 = 1
=1 ×1 × 4 = 4  e 4 x − 1
Hence, Assertion and Reason both are true Reason Given limit = lim  
x→ 0  x 
and Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.  e 4 x − 1
ax + x cos x = lim 4   =4
42. Assertion Given, lim 4 x→ 0  4 x 
x→0 b sin x
Dividing each term by x, we get Hence, Assertion is true and Reason is false.
ax x cos x  e x − e sin x 
+ 46. Assertion Given limit = lim  
a + cos x
= lim x x = lim x→ 0  x − sin x 
x→0 b sin x x→0  sin x 
b 
x  x   e x − sin x − 1
= lim e sin x   = e sin 0 × 1 = 1
a + cos 0 a + 1  sin x  x→ 0  x − sin x 
= = Q xlim = 1
b ×1 b →0 x 
 32 x − 23 x 
Reason lim x sec x = 0 × sec 0 = 0 × 1 = 0 Reason Given limit = lim  
x→0 x→ 0  x 
Hence Assertion is true and Reason is false.  ( 32 x − 1) − ( 23 x − 1) 
e 3 + x − sin x − e 3 = lim  
43. Assertion Given, limit = lim x→ 0  x 
x→0 x
 32 x − 1  23 x − 1
e 3 ( e x − 1) sin x  = 2 ⋅ lim   − 3 ⋅ lim  
= lim  −  x→ 0  2x  x→ 0  3x 
x→0 x x 

= 2 log 3 − 3 log 2
= e 3 −1
tan 4 x = log 9 − log 8
Reason Given limit = lim  9
x→0 sin 2x = log  
 8
 tan 4 x   2x   4x 
= lim      Hence Assertion is false and Reason is true.
x → 0  4 x   sin 2x   2x 
 e x −1 a sin x − 1
47. Assertion Given, limit = lim Reason Given, limit = lim
x→ 0 1 − cos 2x x→ 0 sin x

e x −1 Let y = sin x
= lim
x→ 0
2 sin x 2 Then, y → 0 as x → 0
a sin x − 1 a y −1
1 e x −1 x ∴ lim = lim = log a
= lim × x→ 0 sin x y→0 y
2 x → 0 x sin x
1 1 Hence, Assertion is false and Reason is true.
= ×1 ×1 =
2 2 51. (i) Given, limit
( x 2 − 1) = lim (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6
Reason Given, limit = lim x → −1
x→1 ( x − 1) + x7 + x 8 + x 9 )
( x − 1) ( x + 1) = 1 − 1 + 1 −1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 0
= lim
x→1 ( x − 1)
(ii) Given, limit = lim [ x 2 ( x − 1)]
x→5
= lim( x + 1) = 2
x→1
= lim [ x 3 − x 2 ]
Hence Assertion is true and Reason is false. x→5

3x − 2x = lim x 3 − lim x 2
48. Assertion Given limit = lim x→5 x→5
x→ 0 tan x

( 3x − 1) − ( 2x − 1) x = ( 5) 3 − ( 5) 2
= lim ×
x→ 0 x tan x = 125 − 25 = 100
 3x − 1 2x − 1 x (iii) Given, limit = lim ( x 3 + x 2 + x − 1)
=  lim − lim  × lim x→2
 x→ 0 x x→ 0 x  x→ 0 tan x
= lim x 3 + lim x 2 + lim x + lim ( − 1)
x→2 x→2 x→2 x→2
= (log 3 − log 2) × 1
 3 = ( 2) 3 + ( 2) 2 + ( 2) − 1 = 8 + 4 + 2 − 1 = 13
= log  
 2 (iv) Given, limit = lim ( x 3 + x + 2)
x → −3
log (1 + x ) log (1 + x ) x
Reason lim = lim × = lim x 3 + lim x + lim 2
x→ 0 tan x x→ 0 x tan x x → −3 x → −3 x → −3
= 1 ×1 = 1
= ( −3) + ( − 3) + 2 = − 27 − 3 + 2
3
Hence Assertion is true and Reason is false.
x −1 = − 30 + 2 = − 28
49. Assertion Given limit = lim
x→1 loge x (v) Given, limit = lim ( x 4 − x 3 )
x→4
Put x = 1 + h as x → 1, h → 0 = lim x 4 − lim x 3 = ( 4 ) 4 − ( 4 ) 3
x→4 x→4
1 + h −1 1
∴ lim = =1 = 256 − 64 = 192
h→ 0 loge (1 + h ) log (1 + h )
lim x 10 + x 5 + 1 ( −1)10 + ( −1) 5 + 1
h→ 0 h 52. (i) lim =
log (sin x + 1) x→−1 x −1 −1 − 1
Reason Given, limit = lim
x→ 0 x 1 − 1 + 1 −1
= =
log (sin x + 1) sin x −2 2
= lim × =1
x→ 0 sin x x ( x − 1) 2 + 3x 2 ( −1 − 1) 2 + 3 ( − 1) 2
(ii) lim =
Hence Assertion is true and Reason is false. x→−1 ( x 4 + 1) 2 (( −1) 4 + 1) 2
2+ x
3 −9 ( − 2) 2 + 3 (1)
50. Assertion Given, limit = lim =
x→ 0 x (1 + 1) 2
32 ( 3x − 1) 4+3 7
= lim = 9 log 3 = =
x→ 0 x 22 4
 x2 − 4 1 + x3 − 1 − x3
(iii) Consider f ( x ) = (v) Given, lim
x − 4x 2 + 4x
3
x→0 x2
On putting x = 2, we get 1 + x3 − 1 − x3
4−4 0 = lim
f ( 2) = = x→0 x2
8 − 16 + 8 0
0 1 + x3 + 1 − x3
i.e. it is the form . ⋅
0 1 + x3 + 1 − x3
So, let us first factorise it. (1 + x 3 ) − (1 − x 3 )
= lim
x −4 2
x→0
x 2( 1 + x 3 + 1 − x 3 )
Consider, lim
x→2 x − 4x 2 + 4x
3
1 + x3 −1 + x3
( x + 2) ( x − 2) = lim
= lim x→0
x 2( 1 + x 3 + 1 − x 3 )
x→2 x ( x − 2) 2
2x 3
( x + 2) = lim
= lim x→0
x→2 x ( x − 2) x ( 1 + x3 + 1 − x3 )
2

2+ 2 4 2x
= = = lim
x→0
2 ( 2 − 2) 0 ( 1 + x + 1 − x3 )
3

which is not defined. =0

 x2 − 4  ex − e4
∴ lim  3  does not exist. 53. (i) We have, lim
x → 2 x − 4x 2 + 4x x→4 x −4
 
x 7 − 2x 5 + 1 0  Put, h = x − 4
(iv) Given, lim  0 form
x→1 x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 ex − e4 eh + 4 − e4
∴ lim = lim
x→4 x −4 h→ 0 h
x7 − x 5 − x 5 + 1
= lim
x→1 x 3 − x 2 − 2x 2 + 2 e he 4 − e 4
= lim
h→ 0 h
x 5 ( x 2 − 1) − 1( x 5 − 1)
= lim
x → 1 x 2 ( x − 1) − 2( x 2 − 1) e h −1
= e 4 lim
h→ 0 h
On dividing numerator and denominator
by ( x −1), then = e4 ×1 = e4
x ( x − 1) 1 ( x − 1)
5 2 5
e kx − 1
− (ii) We have, lim
( x − 1) ( x − 1) x→0 x
= lim
x → 1 x 2 ( x − 1) 2( x 2 − 1)
−  e kx − 1
( x − 1) ( x − 1) = lim   × (k )
kx → 0  kx 
 x 5 − 1
lim x 5 ( x + 1) − lim   = 1 × k = k [Q x → 0 ⇒ kx → 0 ]
x→1 x → 1  x −1 
=  e − x − 1
lim x 2 − lim 2 ( x + 1) (iii) We have, lim  
x → 0 x 
x→1 x→1

1 × 2 − 5 × (1) 2− 5
4 Put, − x = y, as x → 0 ⇒ y → 0
= =
1− 2× 2 1− 4  e − x − 1  e y − 1
 xn − a n  ∴ lim   = lim  
Q xlim = na n −1  x → 0 x  y → 0  −y 
→a x − a
 
 e y − 1
−3 = − lim   = −1
= =1 y → 0 y 
−3
  e 5x − e 4x  sin 2x (1 − cos 2x )
(iv) We have, lim   = lim
x → 0 x 
x→ 0 x 3 ⋅ cos 2x

( e 5 x − 1) − ( e 4 x − 1)  tan 2x 2 sin 2 x
= lim ⋅ lim
= lim   x→ 0 x x→ 0 x2
x→0 x
 
[by using product of limits and
 e 5 x − 1  e 4 x − 1
= 5 lim   − 4 lim   cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ]
5 x → 0  5x  4x → 0 4x  2
tan 2x  sin x 
[Q x → 0 ⇒ 5x → 0 and 4 x → 0 ] = 2 ⋅ lim × 2 lim  
x→ 0 2x x→ 0  x 
= ( 5 × 1) − ( 4 × 1)
= 2 (1) × 2 (1) 2
= 5 − 4 =1
 2e x − 3x − 2  sin x tan x 
Q xlim = lim = 1
(v) We have, lim   →0 x x→ 0 x 
x→0  x  =4
 2( e x − 1) − 3x  2 sin x − sin 2x
= lim   (iv) Given, lim
x→0 x  x→0 x3
 e x − 1 x 2 sin x − 2 sin x cos x
= 2 lim   − 3 lim = lim
x → 0 x  x→0 x x→0 x3
= 2 × 1 − 3 lim (1) [Q sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x ]
x→0
= 2 ×1 − 3 ×1 2 sin x (1 − cos x )
= lim
x→0 x3
= 2 − 3 = −1
sin 3x sin 3x sin x 1 − cos x 
54. (i) lim = lim = 2 lim ⋅ lim  
x→ 0 5x x→ 0 3 x→0 x x → 0  x2 
5x ×
3 1 − cos x  sin x 
3 sin 3x = 2 ⋅ 1 lim Q xlim = 1
= lim ⋅ x→0 x2 →0 x 
x→ 0 5 3x
3 sin 3x x
= ⋅ lim 2 sin 2
5 3 x→ 0 3x = 2 lim 2
[as x → 0, therefore 3x → 0] x→0 x2
4×
3 3  sin θ  4
= ×1 = Q θlim = 1
5 5 →0 θ  2 2
 x  x
tan ( θ − b ) 2⋅ 2  sin   sin 
(ii) We have, lim = lim  2  = lim 2 =1
θ→b θ −b 
4 x→0  x  x→0  x 
Put θ − b = h ⇒ θ = h + b  2   2 
Also, when θ → b, then h → b (v) Given,
tan( θ − b ) tan h  1 1 
∴ lim = lim =1 2  sin x ⋅ − cos x ⋅ 
h→b θ −b h→ 0 h  2 2
tan 2x − sin 2x lim
(iii) lim x→ π /4  π
x − 
x→ 0 x3  4
sin 2x
− sin 2x  π π
= lim cos 2x 2  sin x cos − cos x ⋅ sin 
 4 4
x→ 0 x3 = lim
sin 2x − sin 2x ⋅ cos 2x x→ π /4  π
= lim x − 
 4
x→ 0 x 3 ⋅ cos 2x
   π  1 1
2 sin  x −   = lim
 4  ( 1 + 0 + 1) x→ 0 log(1 + x )
= lim 
x
x→ π /4  π
x −  1 1
 4 = ×
1 + 1 lim log (1 + x )
[Q sin A cos B − cos A sin B = sin ( A − B )] x→ 0 x
 π 1 1
sin  x −  = ×1 =
 4 1+1 2
= 2 lim = 2
x− → 0 x − 
π π
  (iv) Put x − 5 = h and as x → 5, then h → 0
4
 4
 π  π sin x  log( h + 5) − log 5
∴ lim
Q x → 4 ⇒  x − 4  → 0 and xlim = 1 h→ 0 h
 →0 x 
loge (1 + 5x )  h
log 1 + 
55. (i) We have, lim  5 1
x→0 x = lim =
h h 5
loge (1 + 5x ) →0 ×5
= 5 lim = 5 ×1 = 5 5
5
5x → 0 5x
 m 
[Q x → 0 ⇒ 5x → 0 ] Q log m − log n = log n , 
loge (1 + 6 x ) − 5x 2  
 h
(ii) We have, lim
x→0 x h → 0 ⇒ → 0
 5 
loge (1 + 6 x )
= 6 lim − 5 lim x   x    x 
6x → 0 6x x→0 log 51 +   − log 51 −  
  5     5 
[Q x → 0 ⇒ 6 x → 0 ] (v) lim
x→ 0 x
= 6 × (1) − 5 × ( 0 ) = 6
1 + x −1   x    x 
(iii) lim log 5 + log 1 +   − log 5 + log 1 −  
log(1 + x )
= lim   
x→ 0 5 5 
x→ 0 x
On multiplying numerator and
denominator by 1 + x + 1, we get
 x  x
1 + x −1 1+ x +1 log 1 +  log 1 − 
lim × 1  5  5 1
x→ 0 log(1 + x )
= lim − lim ⋅
( 1 + x + 1) x x ( −5)
→0 5
x x
5 5
→0 −
1 + x −1 5 5
= lim
x→ 0 ( 1 + x + 1) log(1 + x )  x 
Q x → 0 ⇒ 5 → 0

x
= lim 1 1 2
x→ 0 ( 1 + x + 1) log(1 + x ) = × (1) + × (1) =
5 5 5