Exercise 1. Complete the text using the words from the box.

dependent pancreas increasing classified loss

resulting destruction adult produces resistance
due to affects incidence transfer target absence constitutes

Diabetes mellitus (1) _____ an estimated 20 million Americans, about 35 to 40 percent

of whom have not received a diagnosis. More than 9 percent of the (2) ____ population has
diabetes, and both the (3)_____ and prevalence are (4)____ every year.
The two main types of diabetes are (5)____ primarily on the basis of their underlying,
pathophysiology. Type 1diabetes, which (6) ____ 5 to 10 percent of all the cases in the United
States results from autoimmune (7) ____ of insulin–producing B-cells in the (8)____, leading to
total (9) ____ of insulin secretion. Insulin is used by the body to facilitate the (10)____ of
glucose from the bloodstream into the target tissues, such as muscle, where glucose is used for
energy . Because a person with type 1 diabetes no longer (11) ____ endogenous insulin, glucose
is unable to enter (12) ____ cells and remains in the bloodstream, (13) _____ in sustained
hyperglycemia. A patient with type 1 diabetes must take exogenous insulin to remain alive –
hence, the former name “ insulin-(14)____ diabetes “.
Type 2 diabetes, which constitutes 85 to 90 percent of all cases, results from insulin (15)
_____ rather than from total (16) ____ of insulin production. Patients with type 2 diabetes can
remain undiagnosed for years (17) ____ the absence of symptoms.
Exercise 2. Read the text and write if these statements are True or False:
Mastitis occurs in approximately 10 percent of U.S. mothers who are breastfeeding, and it can
lead to the cessation of breastfeeding. The risk of mastitis can be reduced by frequent, complete
emptying of the breast and by optimizing breastfeeding technique. Sore nipples can precipitate
mastitis. The diagnosis of mastitis is usually clinical, with patients presenting with focal
tenderness in one breast accompanied by fever and malaise. Treatment includes changing
breastfeeding technique, often with the assistance of a lactation consultant. In lactation mastitis,
antibiotics are not needed in the overwhelming majority of cases and should be used only for
bacterial infections. Continued breastfeeding should be encouraged in the presence of mastitis
and generally does not pose a risk to the infant. Breast abscess is the most common complication
of mastitis. It can be prevented by early treatment of mastitis and continued breastfeeding. Once
an abscess occurs, surgical drainage or needle aspiration is needed. Breastfeeding can usually
continue in the presence of a treated abscess.
1. Every fifth nursing mother is exposed to the breast infection. __________
2. Mastitis is problematic because it may result in the discontinuation of
breastfeeding. __________
3. Total emptying of the breast contributes to mastitis occurrence. __________
4. The presence of cracks or sores on the nipples reduces the likelihood of
infection. __________
5. Some women will require antibiotic treatment for infection which is usually
caused by bacteria. __________
6. Breastfeeding can continue during an episode of mastitis without worry of the
bacterial infection being transmitted to the infant. __________
7. Lactation mastitis usually affects only one breast and the symptoms such as
pain and high temperature can develop quickly. __________
8. Breast abscess commonly precedes mastitis. __________
Exercise 3. Complete the text using the words from the box.
research, chronic, diseases, size, level,
intermittent, severity, adults, contains, source, risk,
data, health-related, identify, prevention, records

Asthma is a complex (1) ______ disease with (2)_____ symptoms and varying degrees of
(3)_____ . This often makes it difficult to determine its prevalence in a population. Ideally,
asthma surveillance should (4)_______ disproportionately affected populations and guide
(5)______ and intervention efforts.
Surveillance data for chronic (6)______ are traditionally drawn from federally supported
health surveys that provide estimates of asthma prevalence at the national and state levels but not
at the local level, where many policy decisions are made. The Behavioral (7)______ Factor
Surveillance System (BRFSS) is the only source of (8) _____ on (9)______ behaviors and
outcomes for many states, and it is the principal (10)_______ of asthma prevalence data for
Wisconsin. The Wisconsin telephone-based BRFSS survey (11)_____ self-reported disease and
risk factor data for approximately 4,500 (12)_____ and 1,100 children annually. The BRFSS
sample depends on available federal funding and may vary widely from year to year. Although
data are provided at the country (13)______ , the sample (14)_____ is often too small to direct
estimation of disease prevalence at this geographical level.
Electronic health (15)______ are increasingly used in (16)______ to identify patients with
chronic diseases for surveillance and epidemiological studies.
Exercise 4. All the verbs in the box relate to medical matters. Use them to complete the
sentences. You may have to change the forms of the verbs to fit the grammar of the sentences.

amputate bite bruise burn control expel freeze heal hurt measure
overcome progress rebuild undergo visit

1. I am going to _________ my brother in hospital.

2. She ___________ her disabilities and now leads a normal life.
3. After the accident her pelvis was completely ___________.
4. She has ___________ several operations.
5. They ___________ my big toe to remove the nail.
6. She ___________ her knee on the corner of the table.
7. A thermometer ___________ temperature.
8. Air is ___________ from the lungs when a person breathes out.
9. His arm is ___________ so much he can't write.
10. A minor cut will ___________ faster if it is left without a bandage.
11. The girl ___________ her hand on a hot frying pan.
12. He ___________ his asthma with a bronchodilator.
13. The patient's leg needs to be ___________ below the knee.
14. She was ___________ by an insect.
15. The doctor asked how the patient was ___________ .

Grammar
Exercise 5. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model:
Model: I stuck a label on the bottle. — The label was stuck on the bottle.
1. A poisonous remedy may cause death.
2. This healing ointment relieves skin irritation.
3. Does the child take vitamins regularly?
4. That drug caused a severe skin irritation.
5. Did you buy the medicine dropper at the chemist‘s department?
6. The doctor administered laxatives to the patient.
7. Professor Burke will deliver a lecture in Histology tomorrow.
8. They will not sell antibiotics without a prescription.
9. The students are taking notes of the lecture in Anatomy now.
10. Is the doctor taking the patient’s blood pressure now?
11. The nurse was giving me the injection when my doctor came in.
12. The X-ray examination did not reveal lung troubles.
13. He rubbed in healing ointment to relieve pain.
14. The patient takes sedatives before going to bed.
15. The chemist was marking bottles with poisonous drugs.
16. The pharmacist is dispensing drugs in the laboratory.
17. Is the doctor checking the patient’s eyesight now?

Exercise 6. Use the verbs in brackets in the proper tense and voice:
1. Where are the patient’s cards? – They (to fill in). They (to bring) in 5 minutes.
2. Where can vitamins (to buy)? – They (to sell) at the chemist’s department.
3. The examination results (to send) as soon as they are ready.
4. A new polyclinic (to build) in our street when we moved in.
5. Penicillin (to discover) in 1928.
6. The doctor (to send) for when her condition became worse.
7. A sick man (to take) to hospital at night.
8. Painkillers (to administer) to relieve pain.
9. Medicine should (to keep) in a dry cool place.
10. Smoking (not to allow) at University.
11. How many patients (to see) yesterday?
12. Where are the guests? – They (to show) the laboratories of University.
13. The mother (to tell) not to worry about her sick boy. He (to examine) soon by the doctor.
14. What’s going on in the consulting room? – A patient (to question) now.
15. When I came back, the question still (to discuss).
16. Don’t worry. The boy (to take care of) if you come late.
17. The skin usually (to sponge) before giving injections.

Exercise 7. Change the sentences below from active to passive tense.

For example: Active: The GP referred the patient to a consultant.
Passive: The patient was referred to a consultant by the GP.
Remember that it is not always necessary to mention the subject in a passive sentence.
For example: Active: We have identified the cause of this outbreak of dysentery.
Passive: The cause of this outbreak of dysentery has been identified.

1. The nurse noticed a rise in the patient's pulse rate. Passive:

……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The consultant is allowing him to watch the operation. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. All chemists sell the tablets. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The doctor diagnosed appendicitis. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The paramedics comforted the injured person until the ambulance arrived. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. The midwife delivered the twins. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The gland was producing an excess of hormones. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. They looked after him very well in hospital. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. We examined the tissue under the microscope. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. The doctor gave me an unpleasant mixture to drink. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. You cannot take the lotion orally. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Toxic fumes poisoned the workers. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Doctors are predicting a rise in cases of whooping cough. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
14. The drug suppresses the body's natural instinct to reject the transplanted tissue. Passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 8. Put the verbs into correct tense forms:

1. The dressings (change) daily.
2. Barbiturates are drugs, which (to use) often in the treatment of emotional disorders.
3. Many herbs (to know) for their healing properties.
4. The medicine (to be) so effective that he was almost back to normal within a few days.
5. Acetaminophen (to come) as a tablet, chewable tablet, capsule, suspension or solution.
6. Tumors (show up) by a CT scan.
7. Patients (not keep) waiting for too long.
8. The patient’s heart rate and blood pressure (monitor) at all times.
9. Brain function (record) on this chart.
10. A person with hypothermia must not (warm up) too quickly.
11. Acetaminophen may also (to use) in combination with aspirin and caffeine to relieve the pain
associated with migraine headache.

Exercise 9. Change the sentences into Passive.

1. We tested her blood yesterday.
2. The tests indicated a dust allergy.
3. A heart attack killed Mr Chung.
4. The nurse did not understand the danger signs.
5. We sent sample tissue to the laboratory.
6. Paramedics gave the man CPR.
7. They closed A&E because of lack of money.
8. They recorded her heart rate at 18 bpm.
9. They had to cancel the operation.
10. They refused the men entry to the hospital.

Exercise 10. Complete the questions.

1. ________ you have a rash on your back?
2. ________ the headaches worse at night?
3. ________ I going to die?
4. ________you feeling better today?
 5. ________ the sleeping tablet work last night?
6. ________ your husband coming to take you home?
7. ________ you going home tomorrow?
8. ________ the consultant seen you yet?
9. ________ you move your fingers?
10. ________ your arm feel any better this morning?

Exercise 11. Complete the case history with the words below, using the Present or Past Passive
or Active forms of the verbs below. Some verbs can be used more than once.

give record take start see diagnose

(not) weigh show identify

Patient’s name Irene Garcia

History
This 60-year-old women with a three-year history of diabetes ________ (1) originally for
worsening shortness of breath and a bad cough. When she was 55, she ________ (2) with
chronic lung disease. According to records, Ms Garcia ________ (3) an oral glucose tolerance
test last year and diabetes ________ (4). Her diabetes is managed by diet and exercise and she
________ (5) no medication. Her blood glucose ________ (6) one month ago. It was 6.8%
(normal 4-6%).

Today’s date 7th April

The patient is admitted to Ward 7 for 72 hours of tests. Her glucose level ________ (7) but she
________ (8) at this time. Insulin levels ________ (9) by test to be very low and falling. Her
blood pressure ________(10) at 130/70, pulse 120, respriratory rate 24. A chest X-ray ________
(11) damage to her lungs. The patient ________ (12) on a new course of medication.