PharmaGo English Class

Word Forms Exercise

Link homework: https://forms.gle/GNLUwGTxsvpNQfDHA
Exercise 1: Read the following sentences carefully. Then indicate the word form of the bolded word(s),
choosing from v, n, adj, or adv.

1. Her lips are cracked as a result of the cold weather.

cracked _____

2. The rash on her skin is very itchy.

rash _____ itchy _____

3. Her scalp is dry, but her hair is oily.

dry _____ oily_____

4. She dried her skin completely, before she applied the ointment.

dried _____

S + V ngoại + O

S+V

I run around the lake

I run my own company. => My own company is run

S: pronoun, Noun, Gerund (Ving), (to V)

V: tense

V = to be (is/am/are/was/were) + adj/N (adj = phân từ 2 (Ved/cột 3)/ tính từ thường)

O: N/ pronoun

Adj + noun

Adv bổ nghĩa V, adj: This exam is extremely difficult.

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5. The scab did not heal well and now the area is scarred.

scab _____ scarred _____

(good)

S + be +

6. It was not a superficial wound, but a deep laceration.

wound _____ laceration _____

7. She lacerated her hand while opening the sharp lid of the cat food can.

lacerated _____

8. The wound was filled with pus.

wound _____ pus _____

9. Keep the sterile gauze on the laceration and be careful not to wound it again.

laceration _____ wound _____

10. Her fingernails left big scratch marks on her itchy skin.

scratch _____ itchy _____

11. The boil under her skin ruptured.

boil _____ ruptured _____

12. The new body lotion she rubbed on her skin irritated her skin.

irritated _____

13. If he doesn’t get treatment for his acne, his face is going to become pimply.

pimply _____

14. He scraped his already bruised knees after he fell off his bike again.

scraped _____ bruised _____

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15. When she is speaking in front of an audience, she becomes very nervous, and her hands become very
sweaty.

sweaty _____

Typical Medical Conditions and Patient Complaints

Exercise 2: The sentences below contain vocabulary that describes and explains typical medical conditions,
diseases, symptoms, and patient complaints that a pharmacist encounters. Read the sentences carefully. Then
indicate the word form of the bolded word(s), choosing from v, n, adj, or adv. Look up words you do not know in
your bilingual or first-language dictionary.

1. Children with lazy eyes may have permanent eye problems if they do not get treatment.

lazy eyes ____

2. The patient complained he was experiencing tinnitus, some hearing loss, and vertigo.

hearing loss ____ vertigo ____

3. After the mother picked up her child, who was crying inconsolably and tugging at her right ear, the mother
noticed the child had a fever. She knew right away that her child had an ear infection and called the doctor.

tugging _____ ear infection ____

4. If you experience itching, hearing loss, redness, swelling, pressure, or fluid in your ear, you should see your
doctor.

itching ____ hearing loss ____ swelling ____ pressure ____ fluid ____

5. Applying a warm compress to inflamed eyelids can help reduce the inflammation and help loosen the crust in
the eye.

inflamed ____ inflammation ____ crust _____

6. It is not uncommon for children to experience fluid and wax buildup in their ears.

fluid ____ wax ____

7. People with conjunctivitis should avoid spreading it to others and re-infecting themselves by washing their
hands often and by avoiding contact with their eyes such as rubbing and touching.

conjunctivitis ____

8. Pressure in your ear as a result of a hit to the ear, a loud noise, or traveling in an airplane can easily rupture
your eardrum.

pressure ____ rupture ____

9. The eyes of people with dry eye, which is caused by a lack of tears, can appear swollen and feel gritty.
 PharmaGo English Class

dry eye ____ tears ____ swollen ____ gritty ____

10. One way to prevent swimmer’s ear is to place drops of half alcohol and half white vinegar solution in your
ear.

swimmer’s ear ____

11. People with eye herpes, which is a viral infection that can cause scarring and inflammation of the cornea, will
experience tearing and swelling around the eye.

scarring ____ inflammation ____ tearing _____ swelling ____

12. If you are experiencing drainage from your ear, see a doctor as soon as you can.

drainage ____

13. If a person has a bloodshot eye, the whites of the eye are red.

bloodshot ____

14. People who are farsighted have difficulty seeing objects that are close but can see objects that are far away
or at a distance without difficulty.

farsighted ____

15. To prevent airplane ear, people should swallow and yawn frequently and wear ear plugs.

airplane ear _____ ear plugs _____

16. Working too long in front of the computer can cause eye strain and fatigue.

eye strain ____

17. A stye is an infection near the eyelash and forms into a red lump filled with pus that will eventually burst.

stye ____ lump ____ pus ____

18. It is not uncommon for people who are feeling faint, who have had too much alcohol, or who have had a
head injury to have double vision.

double vision _____

19. Swimmer’s ear is caused by a fungus and will cause the ear to itch, the skin inside the ear canal

to flake, and pus to discharge from the ear.

itch ____ flake ____ discharge _____

20. You should be tested for tinnitus if you hear ringing, buzzing, or hissing sounds.

tinnitus _____ ringing ____ buzzing ____ hissing ____

Exercise 3: Fill the blankets

 PharmaGo English Class

1. The pharmaceutical sciences may ………… (subdivide) into several specialties.

2. Most drugs interact with a part of the body to ………………. (alteration) an existing physiological or
biochemical process.
3. The ………………..… (successful) of a new drug depends on how close it comes to meeting these
objectives.
4. “Quality assurance” ĐBCL is a wide-ranging concept covering all matters that individually or
collectively ………………….. (influent) the quality of a product.
5. Indeed, the ………….… (great) physicians in Rome were nearly all Greek.
6. International ……………………. (cooperate) between pharmacist has a long history.
7. International congress continued to ………………… (hold) every few years in different countries, but
there was no formal mechanism for international contact.
8. The Papyrus Ebers is a ……………… (collect) of around 800 prescriptions.
9. In some countries, developments took place on a regional ………………….. (base).
10. Thanks to Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Emperor of Germany and King of Sicily, legal ………..…
(separate) of pharmacy from medicine in 1231 AD became ……………….… (official) recognized.
11. Life is the reflection of a series of continuous ……………… (biochemistry) processes.
12. Electrostatic bonding is much …………..… (commonly) than covalent bonding in drug receptor
interactions.
13. It is easy to see the importance of these…………………….……… interactions in the practice of
medicine. (Pharmacology)
14. . …………… in the effect of a drug are caused by differences in the absorption, transport,……….. ,
metabolism or excretion of one or both of the drugs compared with the expected behavior of
each drug when taken individually. (modify/ distribute)
15. . ……….. of drugs is the process through which the body converts drugs into forms that are more
or less or that are ……………… for the body to eliminate through the kidneys. (metabolize/ easy)

III. Translate the paragraph bellow into Vietnamese

Medication prescribing deficiencies are the most common cause of actual and potential adverse drug events.
Factors related to prescribing errors include: inadequate drug therapy knowledge; inadequate consideration of
patient characteristics; dose calculations; nomenclature; and dosage formulation. Detailed understanding of
these contributing factors is useful in designing and implementing improvements in the medication use system.
Medication dosage formulation is an important method of improving the utility of pharmacologic agents.
Common goals of medication dosage form design include: improving drug bioavailability; allowing
administration via alternative routes; providing “delayed” or “sustained” drug delivery; improving patient
convenience; facilitating use in different indications; facilitating use in special populations (such as pediatrics);
and facilitating final dose preparation processes.
 PharmaGo English Class

HOMEWORK 1

I. Identify the underlined parts that are not correct and correct them
1. Farmers around the world are finding it is difficult to grow sufficient supplies of food.
2. Drugs applying to the skin surface may be absorbed slowly into the systemic circulation.
3. An ideal drug is one that reaches its intending location in the right concentration at the right
time.
4. Many of the dosage form supplied routinely to patients on prescription are manufacturing and
packaged by the pharmaceutical industry.
5. Pharmacodynamics interactions related to the pharmacologic activity of the interacting drugs
are more frequent.
6. Most medicine is more dangerous injecting than when they are taken by mouth.
7. Most medicine is more dangerous injected than when they taking by mouth.
8. Never use a drugs prescribing for someone else just because the symptoms appear similar.
9. In some case, SARS progress to severe pneumonia leading to an insufficient amount of oxygen in
the patient’s blood.
10. When using correctly, lever reducers are safe for most people and cause few side effects.
11. Use only an antibiotic that is recommending for the infection you wish to treat.
12. The bacteria has became resistant to the antibiotic being used.
13. Babies giving antibiotics sometimes develop fungus infections of the mouth.
14. Curable effects of drugs come from their polarizing properties.
15. In china, the WHO says, up to fifty percent of the total medicine using is traditional medicine
from plants.
16. Drugs abuse has became one of America’s most serious social problems.
17. A drugs is any substances is used in diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
18. The license means that the new medicines or drugs protected for a period of 20 years.
 PharmaGo English Class

19. The bacteria has became resistant to the antibiotic being used.
20. Acute pharyngitis pain is most often caused by a viral injection for who antibiotics are
ineffective.

II. Fill the blanket

21. Some recent studies …………. that COVID-19 may be spread by people who are not showing
symptoms.
A. Suggested
B. Suggesting
C. Have suggested
D. Has suggested
22. Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds especially after you have
been in a public place, or after …………… your nose, coughing, or sneezing.
A. Blew
B. Blown
C. Blowing
D. Being blow
23. You must isolate yourself to stop the virus ………….. to other people.
A. Spreading
B. Spreads
C. Spread
D. To spread
24. COVID-19 is an ………., rapidly ……………. situation.
A. Emerging, evolving
B. Emerging, evolved
C. Emerged, evolved
D. Emerged, evolving
25. Many people, including most doctors and health workers, prescribe far more medicines than …..
A. Needed
B. Need
C. Needs
D. Are needed
26. Before (use) ……….. it, know its risks and the precautions you must take.
 PharmaGo English Class

27. Too much use of these antibiotics for babies has caused permanent (hear)………….. loss.
28. Give to babies only for life-(threaten) ………….. infections.
29. They should only be used when a specialist has prescribed them after (test)………… the blood. 
30. Body-(build)…………… and protective foods like beans, eggs, meat, fruit, vegetables, and whole
grains are rich in vitamins.
31. they should not do or eat when (take) …………… medicines.
32. With newborn children, be very careful when (use) ……………. medicines. 
33. Whenever possible look for medical help before (give) ……………… them any type of medicine. 
34. To be helpful, medicine (must, use) …………… correctly.
35. Use of injections should (limit) ………………. 
36. They do not need (treat) ………….. with penicillin or any other antibiotic.
37. We will focus on these (share) ………………. concepts to understand their applicability to all
aspects of pharmaceutical research and drug therapy
38. Reaches its (intend) …………….. location in the right concentration at the right time
39. The (document) …………….. act of proving that any procedure, process, equipment, material,
activity, or system actually leads to the expected results.

40. Few people would question the importance of educating pharmacy students in the
pharmaceutical sciences or the practice of patient-(center) ……………. care.

41. An (integrate) ………….. curriculum indicates that these educational experiences are vital to the
students learning.

42. Students have reported (increase) ………….. self-confidence, development of important people
skills

43. (Desire) ………… actions to adverse effects of drugs, chemistry is involved directly.

44. When (administer) …………….., the action of a drug inside our body depends on its binding to the
appropriate receptor

45. Another 50,000 (undernourish) ……................... people will suffer permanent mental or
physical injuries.
 PharmaGo English Class

46. A small increase in the serum concentration of drugs with these characteristics may produce
an (exaggerate) ……………….. pharmacologic response or toxicity.

47. The buccal route is useful for self-(administer) ……………. drugs.

48. In most (industrialize) ……………………. countries, health care coverage is broad.

(http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2.2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-
00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL3.25&d=HASH60ea3dc5f5e6807daf9cd0.13&gt=1)

GERUND & INFINITIVE

Supply the correct form of the given word

1. Most drugs interact with a part of the body to ………………. (alteration) an existing
physiological or biochemical process.
2. Galen introduced many previously unknown drugs, and was the first ……………….
(define) a drug as anything that acts on the body to bring about a change.
3. International congress continued to ………………. (hold) every few years in different
countries, but there was no formal mechanism for international contact.
4. To have a proper ………………. (understand) and ………………. (know) of these drugs
and their behavior, we have to learn chemistry.
5. A useful drug must have the necessary properties to ………………. (transport) from its
site of administration to its site of action.
6. It is easy ………………. (see) the importance of these ………………. (Pharmacology)
interactions in the practice of medicine.
7. The knowledge is tremendously increased in the last hundred years. It helped drug
substance ………………. (use) in medicine.

8. It is also possible for interactions ………………. (occur) outside an organism before

………………. (administer) of the drugs has take place.
9. Many people find it hard ………………. (swallow) a tablet or capsule
10. It is wiser ………………. (buy) more and better food
11. ………………. (use) these medicines to speed up child birth is very dangerous.
12. ………………. (buy) more and better food is wiser.
13. Patients who are being treated for certain diseases. They appear to be at an increased risk
of ………………. (experience) a drug interaction.
 PharmaGo English Class

14. Metabolism of drugs is the process through which the body converts drugs into forms that
are more or less or that are easier for the body ………………. (eliminate) through the
kidneys.

15. ………………. (inject) calcium into vein can be extremely dangerous.

16. Electrostatic bonding is much more common than covalent ………………. (bond) in
drug receptor interactions.
17. Minor respiratory infections can ………………. (treat) by ………………. (drink) lots of
liquids, ………………. (eat) good food, and ………………. (get) plenty of rest.
18. They appear to be at an increased risk of ………………. (experience) a drug interaction.
19. Scutellaria root, bitter in taste and cold in nature for ………………. (clear) heat and
dampness, is indicated for damp-heat syndrome.
20. A good policy presents approaches or strategies for ………………. (achieve) the goals of
the policy

21. People who specialize in medical pharmacology can work (work) as pharmacologist or
researchers for pharmacological companies.
22. Alone vera which is good for the skin can ………………. (help)minor burns, such as
sunburn.
23. A useful drug must ………………. (have) the necessary properties ……………….
(transport) from its site of administration to its site of action.
24. If the action of drug is reduced. It may ………………. (cease) to have any therapeutic
use because of under dosage.
25. “You should take more exercise, Mr. Robert,” the doctor said.
- The doctor advised................................................................................
26. Drugs from different plants are being studied ………………. (treat) cancer by
pharmacists and physicians.
27. Some drugs are able ………………. (reduce) or increase the metabolism of other drugs
by the liver or their elimination by the kidney.
28. The pharmaceutical sciences may ………………. (subdivide) into several specialties.
29. It may ………………. (be) a synthetic, semi-synthetic, or naturally (natural) occuring
compound or mixture of compounds.
30. If patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the effect of the other, it is
possible that an overdose may ………………. (occur).

31. Great care must ………………. (take) in the choice and use of antibiotics.
32. His principles for ………………. (prepare) examples and compounding medicines
remained dominant in the Western world for 1,500 years
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33. All the drugs for ………………. (relieve) exterior syndrome belong to pungent flavor.
34. The man's daughter is fond of ……………….. (dance)
35. The documented act of ………………. (prove) that any procedure, process,
equipment, material, activity, or system actually leads to the expected results.
36. The practitioners of ………………. (heal) at this time combined the roles of priest,
pharmacist and physician.

HOMEWORK 3

49. Aspirin is probably the most popular and widely used analgesic drug because of its structural
simplicity and low cost.
 Because aspirin …………………… …………… …………… ………… ……
………… ………… ………………………………………………………………
50. Because approximately one third off all food grown today is dependent upon these types of
compounds, it is easy to understand why so many people owe their lives and well-being.
 Because of ……………………………………………………… …............
51. Because cachets have large size, they should be immersed them in water for a few seconds.
 Because of ………………………………………………………………………………..
52. I coughed because the weather was bad.
 I coughed because of …………………………………..
53. Because cough is part of the body’s defence, medicines that stop or calm cough sometimes
do more harm than good.
 Because of ……………………………………………………………………………
54. Never use a drugs prescribed for someone else just because your symptoms appear similar.
 Never use a drugs prescribed for someone else just because of ………………………...
55. Aspirin should never be used for treating children because it can cause Reye syndrome in
children.
 Because of ……………………………………………………………………………….
56. Because vitamins are contained in a wide variety of foods, we seldom lack of most of them.
 Because of ………………………………………………………………………………..
57. Despite popular belief, most prescription drugs do not show a clinically relevant interaction.
 Although ………………………………………………………………………………
58. There are pharmacists and faculty members who will guide you and support your interests,
because they will have the same mission.
 PharmaGo English Class

 Because of ………………………………………………………………………..
59. However, without sulfuric acid, the phosphate rock is essentially useless to plant life,
because it is not very soluble in water.
 Because of ………………………………………………………………..
60. Due to (= because of) large inter and intra-patient variability in drug disposition,
pharmacokinetic interactions seldom produce serious clinical consequences.
 Because ………………………………………………………………………………
61. Patients being treated for certain diseases appear to be at an increased risk of experiencing a
drug interaction because of the drug therapy prescribed for their disorder.
 Because ……………………………………………………………………………..
62. Because of strong associations among oxidative stress, aging, and disease, there is increasing
interest in the biomolecular effects of herbs, which may be related to antioxidant action.
 Because ……………………………………………………………………………..
63. Chinese and Vietnamese traditional medicine are also referred to as Oriental medicine (Đông
y in Vietnamese) because of their close inter-relationship.
 Chinese and Vietnamese traditional medicine are also referred to as Oriental medicine
(Đông y in Vietnamese) because …………………………………………………….
64. The use of medicinal plants in VTM slightly differs from TCM owing to (=because of) the
use of different source of plants.
 Because …………………………………………………………………………………
65. The sulfa caused blood in urine for so long because the patient didn’t stop taking it.
 Because of not stopping taking the sulfa, patient got blood in urine for so long.
66. Although systemic absorption from such formulations is minimal, some drug inevitably
enters the blood stream with potentially undesirable effects.
 In spite ………………………………………………………………………..
67. Drugs administered into the rectum are absorbed mainly into the systemic circulation
although some entry into the hepatic portal circulation may occur.
 Despite …………………………………………………………………………………
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68. Although specific objectives differ according to the priorities set by the government, the
most common are to make essential drugs available and affordable to those who need them,
….
 In spite ………………………………………………………………………………….
69. In most industrialized countries, health care coverage is broad, and access to drugs per se is
not prominent issue although cost is likely to be a concern.
 Despite ……………………………………………………………………………….
70. These reactions are most commonly referred to as colorimetric reactions, although the name
is also incorrectly used for photometric and spectrophotometric determinations.
 These reactions are most commonly referred to as colorimetric reactions, in spite of
……………………………………………………………………………………………
71. Although considerable progress has been made towards identifying genes associated with
resistance, few studies have investigated the mechanisms regulating resistance.
 Despite ………………………………………………………………………………..
72. Although Fe is predominantly transported in the chelated form, a number of bacteria
transport free Fe2+ using the FeoB family of transporters.
 In spite …………………………………………………………………………
73. . Although the mechanism has not been determined, it is possible that PAN is cleaved to
yield phenylalanine.
 Despite …………………………………………………………………………………..
74. In fact, although there were five point mutations identified in Tn5A7 and Tn20A11
compared to Ab17978D, these mutations were not found in the more recently derived
transposon mutants.
 In fact, despite …………………………………………………………………………….
75.  Although the role for this protein has been demonstrated in systemic and gastrointestinal
infections, the role for this protein in bacterial pneumonia 141 has not been examined
previously.
 In spite ……………………………………………………………………………… ……
……………………………………………………………………………….
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76. Though people have known since the time of the Egyptians that certain foods cure certain
diseases, the first vitamin, vitamin A, was discovered in the early 20th century.
 In spite ………………………………………………………… ……… …… ……
…………… ……………………..

https://dokumen.tips/documents/pathogenesis-in-acinetobacter-mechanisms-of-antibiotic-
resistance-and-pathogenesis.html

1. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient which can not ………….. by humans due to loss of key
enzyme in biosynthetic pathway.
A. To be made B. Composed C. be synthesized D. be set up

2. The increased problem of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is linked to the introduction of

antibiotics to clinical or farming use, and treating human/animal pathogen with
antibiotics is expected to directly affect …………… to those antibiotics in these
pathogens.
A. The frequency of resistance C. the resistant frequency
B. The frequent of inactivate B. the frequent of absorb

3. If the effects of interaction are well-monitored they can often be allowed for, often simply
by adjusting the dose of interacting drugs.
What is the synonym of the bold word?
A. Modifying B. Reducing C. increasing D. replacing

4. Erythromycin causes serum lovastatin levels to rise because it inhibit its metabolism but
does not effect pravastatin levels because these two statins …….. in different way.
A. Change C. are metabolized
B. Are modifying D. are metabolic

5. Anthropogenic activity clearly results in the situation where the antibiotic compounds are
present practically everywhere in varying ………….and in some compartments of the
environment antibiotic concentration can even reach therapeutic level.
A. Concentrations B. metabolism C. absorb D. release
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6. The four processes involved when a drug is taken are ………….. , distribution,
metabolism, elimination or excretion.
A. Production B. concentration C. absorption D. motivation

7. Skin has numerous …………………. functions, the primary of which is to act as barrier
against external insults, including pathogens.
A. Harmless B. essential C. Challenging D. importance

8. From the molecular perspectives, cisplatin represents a perfect example of how a small
alternation in chemical structure can ……………………biological activity in target cell.
A. Significant impacts B. significantly affect

C. significantly effective D. significantly use

9. Antibiotics are compounds …………………….. by bacteria and fungi which are capable
of killing, or inhibiting, competing microbial species.
A. Produced B. increased C. filled D. reduced

HOMEWORK 5
VERB – SUBJECT AGREEMENT
1. The pharmaceutical sciences ……… (BE) a group of interdisciplinary areas of study.
2. The pharmaceutical sciences …………… (DEAL) the design, action delivery, disposition, and use of
drugs.
3. This field ………….. (DRAW) on many areas of the basic and applied sciences.
4. Pharmacokinetics ………… (BE) the study of factors that ………… (CONTROL) the concentration-time
relationship of drug at various sites in the body.
5. Boundaries between these specialty areas of pharmaceutical sciences ……………… (BEGIN) to blur
6. Any medicinal products for the prophylaxis or management of diseases that …………….. (BRING
ABOUT) the purpose of affecting body physiological function …………………… (REQUIRE) three
criterions.
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7. Most drugs ……………… (INTERACT) a part of the body to alter an existing physiological or
biochemical process.
8. Some therapies, such vaccines and gene therapies, ……………… (BE) not drugs in the traditional
sense.
9. All these goals cannot be achieved fully when developing a new drug but need …………………..
(CONSIDER & OPTIMIZE) during the research and development process.
10. The success of new drugs ………………. (DEPEND) on how close it …………… (COME) to meeting these
objectives.
11. The documented act of proving ……………… (LEAD) to the expected results.
12. The nature of the earliest medicines …………………….. (LOSE) in the remoteness of history.
13. Pharmacy, as an occupation in which individuals made a living from the sale and supply of
medicines, …………………….. (BE) amongst the oldest of professions
14. Chinese pharmacy ……………. (TRACE) its origins to the emperor Shen Nung in about 2000 BC.
15. International cooperation between pharmacists …………. (HAVE) a long history.
16. The art of medicine ……… (HAVE) three factors, the disease, the patient, and the physician
17. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a ……….. (CARE), compassionate, and
…………….. (CONFIDENT) manner.
18. There are those who would, and do, question why student pharmacists …………….. (PLACE) in the
community to learn in areas
19. An integrated curriculum ………………. (INDICATE) that these educational experiences ……………. (BE)
vital to the students learning.
20. As a pharmacist, you ……………….. (HAVE) a responsibility ………….. (improve) the health of a
community
21. Whatever we see, use or consume ……………… (BE) the gift of research in chemistry for thousands of
years
22. From the colouring of our clothes to the shapes of our personal computers (PC), all …………….
(POSSIBLE) due to chemistry.
23. Medicines or drugs that we ……………… (TAKE) for the treatment of various ailments …………… (BE)
chemicals either organic or inorganic
24. Chemistry, particularly physical properties of drugs, ………………… (IMPORTANT) to determine
storage conditions.
25. Most drugs ………….. (BE) organic molecules
26. The chemistry of drug molecules ……………….. (DICTATE) the choice of the appropriate route of
administration
27. When administered, the action of a drug inside our body ……………… (DEPEND) its binding to the
appropriate receptor
28. The chemical industry's primary products …………… (BE) fertilizers or chemicals
29. Some liquid drugs ……………. (BE) easily vaporized
30. The molecular size of drugs ……………. (VARY) from very small (lithium ion, MW 7) to very large
(Protein about MW 60,000)
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31. Rational design of drugs ……………. (IMPLY) the ability to predict the appropriate molecular
structure of a drug on the basis of information about its biologic receptor.
32. Or in certain specific situations drug may even ………………. (REACT WITH) (to experience a chemical
change when coming into contact with another substance ) itself
33. Whenever a patient ………… (RECEIVE) multiple drug therapy, the possibility of a drug-drug
interaction ………….. (EXIST).
34. As the number of drugs a patient …………….. (RECEIVE) increases, so does the potential for a drug
interaction.
35. Since the risk of experiencing a drug interaction …………… (INCREASE) with the number of drugs a
patient receives, severely ill or the elderly who ………….. (BE) taking multiple drugs may also be at
an increased risk for drug interactions.
36. The time of onset of drug interactions ……………. (VARY) considerably, ranging from seconds to
weeks
37. The details of herbal drug utilization in various Asian countries …………. (BE) different.
38. The use of medicinal plants in VTM slightly ………….. (DIFFER) from TCM owing to (=because of) the
use of different source of plants.
39. The imbalance directly ……………. (EFFECT) the circulation of the body's vital energy,
40. Curative effects of drugs …………. (COME) from their polarizing properties.

EXERCISE 2: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions
People have been donating blood since the early twentieth century to help accident victims and
patients undergoing surgical procedures. Usually a pint of whole blood is donated, and it is then
divided into platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells. People can donate blood (for red blood
cells) about once every two months.

Transfusing the blood from the donor to the recipient is straightforward. It involves taking the blood
from a donor’s arm vein by means of a hypodermic syringe. The blood flows through a plastic tube to a
collection bag or bottle that contains sodium citrate, which prevents the blood from clotting.

When the blood is given to a patient, a plastic tube and hypodermic needle are connected to the
recipient’s arm. The blood flows down from the container by gravity. This is a slow process and may
last as long as 2 hours to complete the infusion of blood into the recipient. The patient is protected
from being infected during the transfusion. Only sterile containers, tubing and needles are used, and
this helps ensure that transfused or stored blood is not exposed to disease- causing bacteria.

Negative reactions to transfusions are not unusual. The recipient may suffer an allergic reaction or be
sensitive to donor leukocytes. Some may suffer from an undetected red-cell incompatibility.
Unexplained reactions are also fairly common. Although they are rare, other causes of such negative
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reactions include contaminated blood, air bubbles in the blood, overloading of the circulatory system
through administration of excess blood, or sensitivity to donor plasma or platelets.

Today, hospitals and blood banks go to great lengths to screen all blood donors and their blood. All
donated blood is routinely and rigorously tested for diseases, such as RIV (which causes AIDS), hepatitis
B, and syphilis. When the recipient is a new born or an infant, the blood is usually irradiated to
eliminate harmful elements. Donated blood is washed, and the white blood cells and platelets are
removed.

Storing the blood sometimes requires a freezing process. To freeze the red blood cells, a glycerol
solution is added. To unfreeze, the glycerol is removed. The ability to store blood for long periods has
been a boon to human health.

Question 1: In line 2, the word “it” refers to .

A. accident victims
B. surgical procedures
C. a pint of whole blood
D. surgery patients

Question 2: According to the passage, how often can people donate blood for red blood cells?
A. Every four months
B. Every three months
C. Every two months
D. Every month

Question 3: The word “straightforward” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to?

A. truthful
B. complicated
C. demanding
D. difficult

Question 4: Which sentence in paragraph 2 explains how clotting is prevented in the blood
container?
A. The first sentence
B. The second sentence
C. The third sentence
D. None of the above

Question 5: All of the following are mentioned as potential negative reactions to transfusion
EXCEPT .
A. allergies
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B. red-cell incompatibility
C. air bubbles in the blood
D. sensitivity to donor leukocytes

Question 6: Look at the phrase “go to great lengths to screen” in paragraph 5, and choose the word
that has the same meaning .
A. Routinely
B. Rigorously
C. Irradiated
D. Removed

Question 7: Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about blood transfused to
infants and newborns?
A. It is as rigorously tested as blood for adults
B. It is treated with radiant energy
C. It is not treated differently from adults
D. It is not dangerous for children