ARTIFICIAL METHOD

AND
NATURAL METHOD

Benefits, risks, or possible

problems
 BEHAVIORAL/ NATURAL METHOD
 Natural Family Planning: techniques, including
checking body temperature or cervical mucus daily or
recording menstrual cycles on a calendar, to
determine the days when body is most fertile;
 typical use effectiveness: 81%
• Not effective against STD
BENEFITS • Requires strict record keeping
• No medical or • Illness or lack of sleep may affect
hormonal side effects body temperature
• Inexpensive • Vaginal infections may affect
• Accepted by most cervical mucus
religions • Requires abstinence from sexual
intercourse or alternative
contraception during fertile days
Fertility Awareness Methods
 Also called natural family planning, fertility
awareness means avoiding sex when the woman
is most fertile.
Pros:

 No drugs or devices, inexpensive.

 Religions and cultures that do not approve of other

methods of contraception permit the use of periodic
abstinence.
The basal body temperature method

 Normally, body temperature decreases slightly just

before ovulation and begins to rise for several days
afterward. The temperature remains slightly
elevated until menstruation begins.

This method may be unreliable because lack of sleep

and illness can change a woman’s body temperature
 The cervical mucus method
 Requires a woman to examine the mucus from her cervix
(opening of the uterus) to determine her fertile period.
 Just after the menstrual period, little or no mucus is
discharged for three to four days. Discharged mucus may be
thick, sticky, and yellow or white for two to three days and
becomes progressively clear, wet, slippery, and stretchy over a
period of eight to ten days, Ovulation occurs sometime in
the two days before or up to two days after the peak
day of this clear, wet, stretchy mucus.
 The consistency of cervical mucus can be affected by
medications such as antihistamines that change mucus
production throughout the body, and by spermicides, sexual
intercourse, vaginal infections, or the use of douches.
In the calendar charting method
Coitus interruptus

 (literally "interrupted sex"), also known as the

withdrawal method, is the practice of ending
sexual intercourse ("pulling out") before
ejaculation.

 Although concern has been raised about

the risk of pregnancy from sperm in pre-
ejaculate, several small studies have
failed to find any viable sperm in the
fluid.
 Sexual abstinence
Abstinence at a Glance

* A behavior that prevents pregnancy

* Prevents sexually transmitted infection
* Safe, easy, and convenient

HOW EFFECTIVE?
Used continuously, abstinence is 100 percent effective in
preventing pregnancy. It also prevents STDs.

Abstinence is one of the safest ways to prevent pregnancy — there

are no side effects.
 Barrier Method
 place a physical impediment to the
movement of sperm into the female
reproductive tract

Male condom, a latex or polyurethane

sheath placed over the penis
 Barrier Method
The Female condom has a flexible ring at each end —
one secures behind the pubic bone to hold the
condom in place, while the other ring stays outside
the vagina.

* A pouch inserted
into the vagina to
prevent pregnancy
 typical use effectiveness:
 84% (male) 79% (female)

 Benefits
 • Prevents STD
• Available over the counter
• Can be used with other methods to further
protect against pregnancy
 Risks
 • Possible allergies to latex or
spermicide
• May break during intercourse
Cervical barriers
 Cervical barriers
 Contraceptive sponge
How Does The Sponge Method
Work?

1. The nonoxynol 9 contained
in the sponge kills sperm
before they can reach the egg
2. The sponge blocks the cervix
opening to the uterus so the
sperm cannot enter
3. The sponge traps and
absorbs the sperm
 Diaphragm
 shallow latex cup with flexible rim inserted into
vagina over cervix to prevent sperm from
entering uterus
Benefits
…used with spermicide - typical use effectiveness:
82%
Risks
• Not effective against STD
• Needs to be fitted by a health care
professional
• Increased risk of bladder infection
• Possible allergies to latex or
spermicide
Diaphragm
  Cervical Cap: thimble-shaped latex cap
inserted into vagina over cervix to prevent
sperm from entering uterus; used with
spermicide; typical use effectiveness: 82%
Benefits
 Reusable
 Can stay in place for 48 hours,
inexpensive.

Risks
• Not effective against STD
• Needs to be fitted by a health care professional
• Difficult to fit women with an unusual cervix size
• Difficult for some women to insert
 Spermicides
 Chemicals in the form of foams, creams,
jellies, films, or suppositories that kills sperm
before they can enter the uterus
 Typical use effectiveness: 70%
Pros
• Can be used with other methods
to improve effectiveness
Risks
• Only partially effective against sexually
transmitted disease (STD)
• Possible allergies or irritation
 Intrauterine Device (IUD):
- Small, "T-shaped" device inserted into the
uterus to prevent pregnancy
- long lasting
- Must be inserted by a health care provider

Risks
• Not effective against STD
• May cause spotting between periods and longer,
heavier periods
• Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disorder
within first four months after insertion
• Rare risk of uterine perforation
Intrauterine Device (IUD):
 HORMONAL METHOD
Hormonal Methods
The Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill contains two hormones -
estrogen and progesterone … the hormones in the Pill stops the
ovaries from releasing eggs, -
Advantages:
Effective if taken properly (every day at roughly the same time)
Disadvantages:
- interferes with the females natural hormonal system
- if taken for long periods of time it can affect fertility
- it can take a long time for your natural cycle to re-
establish after coming off the pill
- nausea, bloating, spotting and breakthrough
bleeding, irritability, weight gain does not protect
against STD's
 Birth Control Pill: prescription drug containing
female hormones; one pill taken daily prevents
ovaries from releasing eggs and/or thickens cervical
mucus to prevent sperm from reaching egg; typical
use effectiveness: 94%
Benefits
• More regular periods
• No action required prior to sexual
intercourse
Risks
• Not effective against STD
• Rare but dangerous complications, including
blood clotting and hypertension, particularly in
women over 35 years who smoke
• Must be taken daily
 Birth Control Patch

 Women who have trouble remembering a daily pill

may consider the birth control patch. The (Ortho Evra)
patch is worn on the skin and changed only once a
week for three weeks with a fourth week that is patch-
free.

 Pros: More regular, lighter periods with less

cramping, no need to remember a daily pill.

 Cons: Cost ($15-$50 per month), may cause skin

irritation or other side effects similar to birth control
pills. Doesn't protect against STDs.
 Birth Control Shot

 The birth control shot, known as Depo-

Provera, is a hormonal injection that protects
against pregnancy for three months.
 Pros: Only injected four times per year,
highly effective.
 Cons: Cost (about $240 per year), may
cause spotting and other side effects. Doesn't
protect against STDs.
 Hormonal Implant (Implanon):
 A matchstick-sized rod that is placed
under the skin of the upper arm. It
releases the same hormone that's in the
birth control shot, but the implant
protects against pregnancy for 3 years.
The failure rate is less than 1%.

 Pros: Lasts three years, highly

effective.

 Cons: More expensive upfront ($400-

$800 for exam, implant, and insertion),
may cause side effects, including
irregular bleeding. Doesn't protect
against STDs.
 Surgical sterilization is available in the
form of tubal ligation for women and
vasectomy for men. In women, the process
may be referred to as "tying the tubes,"
but the fallopian tubes may be tied, cut,
clamped, or blocked. This serves to prevent
sperm from joining the unfertilized egg.
Sterilization should be considered
permanent.
 Tubal Ligation
 :surgical procedure to permanently block
woman's Fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from
reaching sperm; typical use effectiveness: 99%
Benefits
• Permanent protection from pregnancy
• No action required prior to sexual intercourse,
permits sexual spontaneity
Risks
• Not effective against STD
• Reactions to surgery may include infection, bleeding, injury
to intestine, reaction to anesthesia
• Increased chance of ectopic pregnancy
• Irreversible
Salpingectomy

Silicone rings

Clips

Electrocoagulation
or cauterization
 There are mainly four occlusion methods for tubal
ligation, typically carried out on the isthmic portion of the
fallopian tube, that is, the thin portion of the tube closest
to the uterus
Tubal Implants
 A newer procedure makes it possible to block
the fallopian tubes without surgery. Small
implants of metal or silicone are placed inside
each tube. Scar tissue eventually grows around
the implants and blocks the tubes.
 Pros: Permanent, no surgery, almost 100%
effective.

 Cons: Takes a few

months to become
effective. May raise the
risk of pelvic infections,
irreversible, expensive.
Vasectomy
 Vasectomy:
 surgical procedure to permanently block the
male's vas deferens to prevent sperm from
reaching eggs; typical use effectiveness: 99%
Benefits
• Permanent
protection from
pregnancy
Risks
• Not effective against STD
• Reactions to surgery may include
infection, blood clot near testes,
bruising, swelling, or tenderness of
scrotum
• Irreversible