1. What is an open circuited p-n junction?

If donor impurities are introduced into one side and acceptors into the other side of a
single crystal of a semi conductor a p-n junction is formed.
2. V-I characteristics?
It is a curve between voltage across the junction and the current through the circuit.
Normally the voltage is taken along the x-axis and current along y-axis.
3. LED ?
LED stands for light emitting diode, which can emit light when an electric current
passes through it. The wavelength of the light emitted depends on the bandgap of the
semiconductor material.
4. LCD ?
LCD stands for liquid crystal display is a flat panel display uses the light modulating
properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers.
5. Zener diode ?
A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow
backwards when a certain set reverse voltage.
6. Photo diode?
A photodiode is a semiconductor p-n junction device that converts light into an
electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in photodiode.
7. Varactor diode?
Varactor diode is a type of diode whose internal capacitance varies with respect to the
reverse voltage. It always works in reverse bias condition and is a voltage dependent
semi conductor device.
8. Tunnel diode?
A tunnel diode or esaki diode is a heavily doped p-n junction diode shows negative
resistance. When voltage value increases current flow decreases.
9. DIAC?
Diode for alternating current is a diode that conducts electrical current only after its
breakdown voltage has been reached momentarily.
10. TRIAC?
Triode for alternating current is a three terminal electronic component that conducts
current in either direction when triggered.
11. SCR?
 Silicon controlled rectifier is a four layer solid state current controlling device with
three terminals. They have anode and cathode terminals like a conventional diode and
a third controlled terminal is called as gate.
12. UJT?
A unijunction transistor is a three lead electronic semiconductor device with only one
junction that acts exclusively as electrically controlled switch.
13. HWR?
Half wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier transforms Ac voltage to Dc
voltage that allows only one half cycle of an Ac voltage waveform to pass while
blocking the other half cycle.
14. FWR?
Itr utilizes both halves of each cycle of the alternating current.
15. FILTERS?
Filter is an electronic device that removes the unwanted components of a signal.
16. RIPPLE FACTOR?
It is defined as the ratio of RMS value of the AC component in the output waveform
to the DC component in the output waveform.
17. INDUCTOR FILTER?
As an inductor allows dc and blocks ac a filter called series inductor filter can be
constructed by connecting the inductor in series, between the rectifier and the load.
18. CAPACITOR FILTER?
It is a filter circuit in which the first element is a capacitor connected in parallel with
the output of the rectifier in a linear power supply.
19. TRANSISTOR?
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power.
20. TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATIONS?
Common base : no current gain but voltage gain
Common collector(emitter follower): current gain but no voltage gain
Common emitter: current gain and voltage gain
21. FET?
Field effect transistor is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the
flow of current. It has three terminals: source, gate and drain.
22. JFET?
 These are three terminal semiconductor devices that can be used as electronically
controlled switches or resistor, or to build amplifiers.

23. MOSFET?
MOSFET is a three terminal device with gate, drain and source terminals. Current
conduction between source and drain is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate
terminal.
24. H PARAMETERS?
It is for characterising bipolar transistors. It is the ratio of output to input in the
common emitter configuration.
25. TWO PORT NETWORK?
A two port network is an electrical network or device with two pairs of terminals to
connect to external circuits.
26. LOGIC GATES AND OPERATIONS?
AND (A*B)
OR (A+B)
NOT(NOT A)
NAND( NOT(A*B))
NOR(NOT(A+B))
27. KMAP?
KARNAUGH MAP is a method of simplifying Boolean expressions without using
Boolean algebra theorems and equation manipulations.
28. DECODER?
Decoder is an electronic circuit with multiple input and output signals which converts
every unique combination of input states to a specific combination of input states to a
specific combination of output states.
29. ENCODER?
Encoder coverts the applied information signal into a coded digital bit stream.
30. MULTIPLEXERS?
A multiplexer is a circuit used to select and route any one of the several input signals
to a single output.
31. COMBINATIONAL CKTS?
Combinational circuits are defined as the time dependent circuits which depends only
on present inputs (memory less circuits)
32. SEQUENTIAL CKTS?
It depends upon both present and past values of input (memory system)
33. FLIPFLOPS?
Flipflop is a one bit storage device with edge triggering
34. LATCHES?
Latches are one bit storage devices with level triggering
35. REGISTERS?
A register is just a location in memory that allows write data or read data from
36. COUNTERS?
Counter is a sequential circuit used for counting pulses. They are two types: i)
asynchronous ii) ripple counters
37. ROM?
Read only memory is the permanent memory. No power interruption will erase the
data
38. RAM?
Random access memory is the temporary memory. Power interruption will erase the
data
39. PROM?
A programmable read only memory is a form of digital memory where the setting of
each bit is locked by a fuse or antifuse. It is one type of read only memory and
information cannot be changed once programmed.
40. EPROM?
The programmable read only memory that can be erased and reused.
41. EEPROM?
Electrically erasable programmable read only memory and is a type of data memory
device that uses an electronic device to erase or write digital data.
42. TIME SCALING?
If a constant is multiplied to the time axis then it is known as time scaling i.e, x(t) =
x(at)
43. TIME REVERSAL?
In time reversal replacing the expression for time with its negative in formulas or
equations so that they describe an event in which time runs backward or all the
motions are reversed.
44. UNIT STEP?
 Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as u(t) = {1 if t⩾0
0t<0.
It is used as best test signal. Area under unit step function is unity.
45. UNIT IMPULSE?
An ideal impulse function is a function that is zero everywhere but at the origin,
where it is infinitely high. However, the area of the impulse is finite. ... The unit
impulse has area=1.
46. Sinusoidal signal?
Sine Wave or Sinusoidal Wave Signal is a special type of signal. It is given by the
function. When Sine wave starts from zero and covers positive values, reaches zero;
and again covers negative values, reaches zero, it is said to have completed one cycle
or single cycle.
47. Exponential signal?
The “exponential” signal literally represents an exponentially increasing or falling
series.
48. Unit ramp?
Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as r(t) = {t t⩾0
0 t<0 }
∫u(t)=∫1=t=r(t) u(t)=dr(t)dt.
Area under unit ramp is unity.
49. CTFT?
The CTFT transforms a infinite-length continuous signal in the time domain into an
infinite-length continuous signal in the frequency domain.
50. LINEAR SYSTEM?
A linear system follows the laws of superposition. This law is necessary and sufficient
condition to prove the linearity of the system.

51. LTI?
a linear time-invariant system (or "LTI system") is a system that produces an output
signal from any input signal subject to the constraints of linearity and time-invariance
52. LTV?
A Linear, time-varying (LTV) system is a linear system whose impulse response
depends on the time at which the impulse has been applied. ... This is why
the system is called time-varying. The impulse response of a time-
varying system depends on the time at which the impulse has been applied.
53. ROC?
The range variation of σ for which the Laplace transform converges is called region of
convergence.
54. Z TRANSFORM?
Analysis of continuous time LTI systems can be done using z-transforms. It is a
powerful mathematical tool to convert differential equations into algebraic equations
55. SAMPLING AND QUANTISATION?
The process of converting continuous time into discrete time is called sampling.
The process of converting continuous amplitude into discrete amplitude is called
quantisation.
56. RANDOM EXPERIMENT?
It must in no way be affected by any previous outcome and cannot be predicted with
certainty. Examples of a Random experiment include: The tossing of a coin.
The experiment can yield two possible outcomes, heads or tails.
57. INDEPENDENT EVENTS?
 Independent events are those events whose occurrence is not dependent on any
other event. For example, if we flip a coin in the air and get the outcome as Head,
then again if we flip the coin but this time we get the outcome as Tail.
58. JOINT PROBABILITY?
Joint probability is a statistical measure that calculates the likelihood of two events
occurring together and at the same point in time. Joint probability is the probability of
event Y occurring at the same time that event X occurs.

59. CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY?

Conditional probability is defined as the likelihood of an event or outcome
occurring, based on the occurrence of a previous event or outcome.
60. BAY’S THEOREM?
Bayes' theorem is a way to figure out conditional probability. ... In a nutshell, it gives
you the actual probability of an event given information about tests. “Events” Are
different from “tests.” 
61. SAMPLE SPACE?
All the possible outcomes of an experiment. Example: choosing a card from a deck. There
are 52 cards in a deck (not including Jokers)

62. PDF?
 Probability density function (PDF) is a statistical expression that defines a probability
distribution (the likelihood of an outcome) for a discrete random variable (e.g., a stock
or ETF) as opposed to a continuous random variable.
63. PSD?
A Power Spectral Density (PSD) is the measure of signal's power content versus
frequency. A PSD is typically used to characterize broadband random signals
64. CROSS CORRELATION?
 cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the
displacement of one relative to the other.

65. AUTO CORRELATION?

Autocorrelation, also known as serial correlation, is the correlation of a signal with a
delayed copy of itself as a function of delay. Informally, it is the similarity between
observations as a function of the time lag between them.