Tourism sells a product that is not owned by anyone and is shared among many.

A huge part of
success in the tourism industry depends on the protection and preservation of our natural
resources and biodiversity. with sustainable tourism development, we want to encourage the
people, tourists, business owners to reduce the negative impacts of Tourism not just in the
environmental section but also economically. STD is beneficial for the local communities. by
applying 3 main principles of SD which are: environmental, economic, and socio-cultural we can
achieve this goal and grow economically and at the same time protect the biodiversity and
natural resources as they cannot be replaced and by misusing them, we are ruining the chance of
living for humans and wildlife and man-made heritages in the long-run. sustainability acts like
salvation to reduce the negative impacts of tourism, especially in mass tourism by shifting to an
alternative form as a niche such as Ecotourism which encourages tourists to travel to eco-friendly
destinations which in turn is beneficial for the destination in all 3 principals I mentioned here.

2.
In other words, it means that you should not overuse resources available today because nature
and the environment are not an inexhaustible resource, therefore it is necessary to protect
them for the future generations. Sustainability promotes social development, seeking cohesion
between communities and cultures to achieve satisfactory levels in quality of life, health and
education. It also focuses on equal economic growth that generates wealth for all without
harming the environment.

Development should not compromise the natural resources; therefore, they have to pay more
attention to them to not put future generations in danger.
Butler the author of very famous model ladder of sustainability defines sustainable tourism as to
develop and maintain in such manner at such scale to approach sustainable tourism. Because if
we pass the carrying capacity and if we apply a scale that particular region cannot afford and
handle it, we should limit the scale. It should be handled in such a manner and scale that it stays

Viable for infinite amount of time for future generations and does not alter or degrade the
environment.

Sustainable tourism development should benefit economy alongside social equity. Because the
destination belongs to everybody living there.

a. Recognizing
first, we have to recognize the issues, without recognition of problems and
issues we are not able to know what are we facing, what are challenges, what
are the deficiencies or what is a deficit. So, it is always important to recognize
the issues to face them correctly specially the environment related problems.
For example: we have to recognize we have a problem in waste management
first or are we managing our waste properly to not to affect the air, water,
landscape, health and the environment ion general. Without recognition we
cannot find solution to fix the issue. The main sector that can raise the issue
and hold the government responsible is the residents.
b. Reducing
Another measure to achieve sustainability. We have to reduce the usage of
energy and waste. These days hotels use technology to save energy and
water. For example, by using low-pressure sprinklers, LED lamps, etc.
But the point is in some places they are ignoring applying reducing.
So, the government have to apply laws and regulations by applying fines
and taxes to make the businesses follow the rules and reduce the damage.
And also, to motivate and encourage the establishments to recycle and
 reduce their waste. These needs creativity to come up with various types
of encouragement to hold establishments accountable.
c. Replacing
The equipment, supplies and processes that may be environmentally
unfriendly should be replaced. Nowadays we are doing this in so many
buildings and various places. Replacing process help to reduce CO2
production and reduces the carbon footprints. And also, nowadays one of
the factors behind this step is tourism industry itself, tourists are more eco
friendly and are going in the path of green operations so not only the
destination applies these steps but also the tourism market itself demands
it because of these kinds of tourists. Also, the role of the managers is very
important, when they are environmentally aware, they try to apply these
steps into their establishment. They evaluate their businesses and they
explore the degree of the environmentalism and educate their staff to be
sustainable.
d. Retraining
To train staff to educate them about the environmentalism and
sustainability. These subjects are not only for managers. Everyone she be
aware. These retraining happens every 3 months, first they gain the
knowledge then they gain an attitude and they behave according to that
attitude and it becomes an action. therefore, retraining is essential for
establishments and sustainability in general. This will have positive impact
to destination and community quality of life.
e. Rewarding
We should not underestimate the working staff. Some of them if they are
given opportunity and get the recognition, they can come up with
innovative ideas to practice sustainability better. To build network with
their communities. So the managements should give these opportunities to
their staff, reward the ones who make effort toward sustainability and the
implementation of it to encourage them to commit better in reducing,
reusing and recycling. It is very important.
Environmental auditing:

It is an assessment to realize how the businesses are affecting the environment. It is an approach
which is a management tool a policy that firms, and establishments, does not matter how big or
small apply in order to assess and examine and evaluate their environmental performance. If the
apply this then they can observe how they are affecting the environmental quality or moving
toward green agenda and if they are becoming green or not. They will learn where they are
failing, where they are behind in having right equipment, in relation to awareness and material
they use and their supply chain, their surrounding and community that they are in contact. And
then they can apply measures and policies to overcome and also eventually this process can help
them to move towards environmentalism which not only is economically beneficial for the
business but also has benefits in terms of attracting more tourists who are eco-friendly. And the
whole destination can improve environmentally and gain better quality in the long-run. The
entire firms are affected by environmental auditing in terms of awareness, applying and
management. Hotels and their staff and managers, airports, authorities, companies, firms etc.
hotels and other establishments can come together and create an environmental policy like hotels
in Greco and assess their performance. This process is done by environmental professionals in-
house or external called environmental auditors. When we have a knowledge, we have an
attitude and with right attitude we behave better therefore bringing awareness is vital.
Environmental auditing may be based on local, national or international environmental
standards, permits and concessions, internal management system specifications, corporate
standards, or guidelines of organizations such as World Bank.

Environmental auditing is a managerial tool, they can use it as policy to achieve environmental
quality. Management decides to assess of the organizations s environmental behavior and
performance. It has 3 steps: pre-auditing which the establishment goes under the process of
assessing and evaluating to see what are they using and how it effects the environment or if the
staff know about sustainability or not and if they need training. Then second step they start to
applying and after they apply the measure to recover the deficits then they evaluate their measure
to see if they achieved their goals or not which is post-audit step.
Free market economy: there are areas that market fails to recover for example when the
business is destructible towards beaches the market cannot stop it, authorities, government,
NGOs and environmentalists, scientists should stop it. Market does not have the ability to
prevent it. For example, Paris climate change program

Leakage and pre-leakage

Tourism growth can be damaged by economic leakage. There is a huge leakage of tourism
expenditure. The leakage of tourism expenditure from the destination to outside.

Pre-leakage factors is the amount of the expenditure that stays in the core tourism market
developed countries which is really high. The amount of leakage of the expenditure that stays
outside before tourist land in the destination or get on the plane.

a. When a hotel is polluting the beach and the sea, it generates

social cost. What does this mean?
By polluting the sea and the beach which are public goods and belong to everyone in the
community, the hotel effects the people negatively. it can affect the marine life, and aquatic
ecosystem and kill the fish, fishermen need to catch in order to provide for their family and
survive. So, the community close to the hotel will suffer economically in addition to the damage
done to their environment. Another impact of this pollution can be skin diseases, hospitalization
can be costly for that person that hotel does not pay for it. This will affect both tourists and
locals.

Therefore, sustainability offers a way to make the hotels to prevent and minimize the pollution.
Government has the power to pass the law and examine the hotels to prevent them from polluting
which is PPP. Therefore, hotel by polluting the sea and air and beach externalize the cost and
project it to the third party which is the locals and society and government can internalize this
cost to the hotel itself by PPP, polluters pay principle through taxation and penalties, fines. They
can even reward the hotels which apply environmental measures.

Malta barriers

 Economic priority over social and environmental (61%)

 Lack of accountability of politicians to implement (more talk than action)
(61%)
 Lack of coordination between Ministries and authorities- power struggles
(61%)
 Lack of integration into wider policy frameworks (39%)
 Private sector power- pressure on politicians for development (48%)
 Lack of stakeholder involvement/buy-in (39%)

Calvia barrier
 Economic priority (short term economic focus wins over long term social and
environmental concerns) (78%)
 Lack of accountability of politicians to implement (39%)
 Lack of coordination with other government parties (power struggle) (35%)
 Lack of integration with regional and national frameworks and policies (43%)
 Private sector power (17%)
 There was lack of overall stakeholder involvement/buy-in (52%)

Market failure:

Situation when market cannot do much. It cannot behave like humans. For example: mass
tourism can pollute the environment and market does not have the mechanism to prevent this
issue. Or if hotel employee is injured, market does not have the ability to assist that person. We
can apply principles of sustainability in areas that market fails. Governments set laws and
regulations such as insurance, taxation and tariffs to solve those failures.