Permatran-W Model 101K Manuscript

®
PERMATRAN-W
Model 101K
Operator’s Manual
Revision E
7500 Mendelssohn Avenue North

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55428 USA
Telephone 763-493-6370
E-mail Address: Permsupport@mocon.com
http://www.mocon.com
Part Number 143-126

Trademarks & Patents
MOCON and PERMATRAN-W are registered trademarks of Mocon, Inc.
For information on applicable patents see: www.mocon.com/patents.html

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual About This Manual
About This Manual

This manual explains how to set up and use your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K water vapor transmission
system.
Please use the following guide to get started with the system.
If you want to set up the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K:
1. Prepare your site:
See Appendix A ”Site Preparation Instructions” beginning on page A-1 and 3-1, “Setting Up”,
on page 3-1.
2. Install the PERMATRAN-W components.
See Chapter 3 “Setting Up” starting on page 3-1 and Chapter 4 “Module Preparation” starting
on page 4-1 in this manual.
3. Install the software:
See Appendix C “Software Installation” beginning on page C-1.
If you want some background on how the system works:
1. Get an overview of the system:
See Chapter 1, “Introduction”, beginning on page 1-1, “Testing Overview”, on page 1-3 and
Appendix F “Theory of Operation” beginning on page F-1.
2. Learn how the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K measures water vapor transmission.
See Appendix F, “Theory of Operation,” on page F-1 in this manual.
2. Learn about the software.
See Chapter 5 “Using the Computer” beginning on page 5-1.
If You Want To Get Started Measuring Water Vapor Transmission Rate:
See Chapter 6 “Before You Begin Testing” beginning on page 6-1, Chapter 8 “Testing Films,
on page 8-1.
If You Have Problems Operating the System:
1. If an error message appears on your computer screen see Chapter 10 “Error

Messages/Troubleshooting” beginning on page 10-1 in this manual.
2. If no error message appears but you have other problems see Chapter 10 “Error
Messages/Troubleshooting” beginning on page 10-1 in this manual.
SERVICE NOTE: Please do not hesitate to call MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-6370. We want you to
receive the best in product support services.
MOCON, Inc. Revision E iii

Safety Information PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Safety Information
Be sure to read and understand this section and all other applicable chapters of the Operator's Manual and all
on-product safety signs before setting up, operating, and maintaining this machine.
Safety signs appear in this manual and on the machine. All safety signs are identified by the words WARNING and
CAUTION. These words signify the following:
• WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious personal injury.
• CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in moderate
personal injury and/or possible damage to the machine and its components.
To avoid personal injury and equipment damage, observe the following precautions:
Installation Precautions
• The maximum input N2 pressure from the nitrogen tank should not exceed 50 psi, or damage may
occur to the instrument.
Operating Precautions
• To avoid plumbing contamination use only specified gas types at recommended operating pressures.
• The exhaust port barb caps must be removed whenever the system is hooked up and gas is flowing
into the system.
• Use only HPLC-grade water in the humidity generator.
• When not in use do not let the instrument sit with water in the reservoir.
• In the event an interruption in power or gas flow, to prevent condensation immediately remove the test
head from the instrument.
• Abrupt changes in temperature or gas flow may cause condensation to form in the instrument, refer to
“Appendix F” for information on safely reducing instrument temperature.
Maintenance and Service Precautions
WARNING! HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES ARE PRESENT INSIDE THIS INSTRUMENT. SERVICE

SHOULD BE PERFORMED BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.
AVERTISSMENT: CET INSTRUMENT PRESENTE DES NIVEAUX DANGEREUX DE TENSION.

L'ENTRETIEN DOIT ETRE EFFECTUE PAR UN PERSONNEL QUALIFIE
UNIQUEMENT.
WARNING! Protection may be impaired if this device is not used in the manner specified.
• Maintenance and service should be performed by qualified personnel only.
• Make sure the module is powered OFF and unplugged from the power source before removing rear
cover to perform any maintenance or service. Failure to do so can result in electrical shock, which can
cause injury or death.
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PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Table of Contents
Table of Contents
About This Manual .......................................................................................................................................... iii
Safety Information ........................................................................................................................................... iv
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1-1

Overview of the PERMATRAN-W Model 100K...................................................................................... 1-1
Features ................................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Components........................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Module ............................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Computer ......................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Printer............................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Testing Overview ................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Setting the Nitrogen Gas Flow ......................................................................................................... 1-3
Baseline Cell Calibration .................................................................................................................. 1-3
Conditioning the Sample .................................................................................................................. 1-3
Testing ............................................................................................................................................. 1-4
Generating a Report......................................................................................................................... 1-4
Calibrating to a Reference Film........................................................................................................ 1-4
The PERMATRAN-W Model 100K Test Cell ......................................................................................... 1-5
Chapter 2: Specifications ............................................................................................................................ 2-1

Physical Specifications (uncrated) ......................................................................................................... 2-1
Environmental Requirements................................................................................................................. 2-1
Electrical Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 2-2
Module Operational Capabilities ............................................................................................................ 2-2
Computer Specifications ........................................................................................................................ 2-2
Printer Specifications ............................................................................................................................. 2-2
Chapter 3: Setting Up ................................................................................................................................. 3-1

Unpacking the System ........................................................................................................................... 3-1
Installing the System Components......................................................................................................... 3-1
Rear Panel Parts and Controls .............................................................................................................. 3-2
Connecting the System Cables.............................................................................................................. 3-4
Nitrogen (Carrier Gas)............................................................................................................................ 3-5
Gas Supply Plumbing............................................................................................................................. 3-5
Connecting Gas Lines............................................................................................................................ 3-6
Leak-testing the Gas Connections ......................................................................................................... 3-7
Setting Identification Numbers ............................................................................................................... 3-7
Chapter 4: Module Preparation ................................................................................................................... 4-1

Setting Tank Pressure............................................................................................................................ 4-1
Setting System Pressure........................................................................................................................ 4-1
Front Panel Parts and Controls.............................................................................................................. 4-2
Mounting Films....................................................................................................................................... 4-4
Chapter 5: Using the Computer .................................................................................................................. 5-1

Software Features.................................................................................................................................. 5-1
Accessing the Program .......................................................................................................................... 5-1
The WinPerm Program .......................................................................................................................... 5-2
WinPerm Menu Functions...................................................................................................................... 5-2
Navigating the Software ......................................................................................................................... 5-3
Quick Start ............................................................................................................................................. 5-4
MOCON, Inc. Revision E v
Table of Contents PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Chapter 6: Before You Begin Testing ......................................................................................................... 6-1

Before You Test ..................................................................................................................................... 6-1
Temperature Control .............................................................................................................................. 6-1
Adding Water ......................................................................................................................................... 6-2
Testing Mixed Barriers ........................................................................................................................... 6-2
Developing a Temperature Profile ......................................................................................................... 6-3
Selecting Specific Test Methods for your Films ..................................................................................... 6-4
Adjusting the Examination Time....................................................................................................... 6-4
Using Convergence Testing ............................................................................................................. 6-4
Chapter 7: Calibrating Your System ........................................................................................................... 7-1

Performing a Film Calibration................................................................................................................. 7-1
Using Stored Calibrations ...................................................................................................................... 7-1
Cal C Requirements............................................................................................................................... 7-2
Preparing the Test Cell for a Cal C .................................................................................................. 7-2
Setting Nitrogen Flow Rates............................................................................................................. 7-4
Film Calibration Procedure..................................................................................................................... 7-5
Chapter 8: Testing Film Samples................................................................................................................ 8-1

Before You Test ..................................................................................................................................... 8-1
Testing Hints .......................................................................................................................................... 8-1
Sample Size - Test Cells........................................................................................................................ 8-3
Orienting the Sample ............................................................................................................................. 8-3
Preparing Film Samples for Testing....................................................................................................... 8-3
Installing the Sample.............................................................................................................................. 8-3
Conducting the Test ............................................................................................................................... 8-4
Chapter 9: Maintenance.............................................................................................................................. 9-1

Maintaining the Relative Humidity Sensor ............................................................................................. 9-1
Calibrating the Temperature, Flow and Barometric Pressure Sensors .................................................. 9-2
Temperature Sensor Calibration ...................................................................................................... 9-3
Mass Flow Sensor Calibration.......................................................................................................... 9-4
Barometric Pressure Sensor Calibration .......................................................................................... 9-5
Cleaning the PERMATRAN-W Model 100K Computer and Modules .................................................... 9-6
Resetting Time and Date ....................................................................................................................... 9-6
Changing the Standard Guard Film ....................................................................................................... 9-6
Changing Gas Tanks ............................................................................................................................. 9-6
Changing the Desiccant ......................................................................................................................... 9-7
System Shutdown .................................................................................................................................. 9-9
System Relocation, Storage or Repair................................................................................................... 9-9
System Recovery ................................................................................................................................. 9-10
Chapter 10: Error Messages/Troubleshooting .......................................................................................... 10-1

Troubleshooting the Computer and Monitor......................................................................................... 10-1
Troubleshooting the Printer.................................................................................................................. 10-1
Operational Troubleshooting................................................................................................................ 10-2
Other Software Errors .......................................................................................................................... 10-4
What to do when a Module is Disabled................................................................................................ 10-6
Automatic Recovery File/Restart.......................................................................................................... 10-6
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PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Table of Contents
Appendix A: Site Preparation Instructions .................................................................................................. A-1
Appendix B: Using a Strip Chart Recorder ................................................................................................. B-1

Using a Strip Chart Recorder ................................................................................................................. B-1
Report Format .................................................................................................................................. B-1
Obtaining a Recording ..................................................................................................................... B-1
Report Notations .............................................................................................................................. B-1
Converting Chart Recordings to WVTR ........................................................................................... B-2
Example of Converting Chart Recordings to WVTR ........................................................................ B-2
Appendix C: lnstalling the Software ............................................................................................................C-1
Appendix D: Spare Parts ............................................................................................................................D-1
Appendix E: Warranty and Service Policies................................................................................................ E-1
Appendix F: Theory of Operation ................................................................................................................ F-1

Computer Communications.................................................................................................................... F-1
How the Computer Identifies Modules ................................................................................................... F-1
The Water Vapor Sensor ....................................................................................................................... F-2
Calibration Theory.................................................................................................................................. F-2
Factors that Affect Water Vapor Transmission ...................................................................................... F-3
Relative Humidity ................................................................................................................................... F-3
Dalton's Law and the Ideal Gas Law...................................................................................................... F-4
How Much Water Can Air Hold? ............................................................................................................ F-4
Saturation Temperatures and Pressures for Water ............................................................................... F-5
Salt Solutions Used to Calibrate the RH Sensors .................................................................................. F-6
Wet Bulb/Dry Bulb RH Determination .................................................................................................... F-7
Lowering System RH Using the Psychrometric Chart.......................................................................... F-10
Appendix G: Conversion Factors ................................................................................................................G-1

Temperature Conversions......................................................................................................................G-1
Definitions for Water Vapor Transmission Rate .....................................................................................G-1
International Units of Measure for Water Vapor Permeation .................................................................G-1
Water Vapor Pressure Constants ..........................................................................................................G-3
Using the Permeation Conversion Tables..............................................................................................G-3
Permeation Rate Conversions ...............................................................................................................G-4
Permeance Conversions........................................................................................................................G-4
Permeability Conversions ......................................................................................................................G-5
Unit Definitions and Abbreviations .........................................................................................................G-6
SI Prefixes..............................................................................................................................................G-6
Unit Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................G-7
Unit Equivalencies..................................................................................................................................G-8
Appendix H: Plumbing and Electrical Diagrams..........................................................................................H-1
Glossary.....................................................................................................................................................GL-1
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Table of Contents PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Figures
Figure 1-1: PERMATRAN-W Model 101K .................................................................................................. 1-1
Figure 1-2: Inside of a Test Cell .................................................................................................................. 1-5
Figure 3-1: Rear Panel Parts and Controls ................................................................................................. 3-2
Figure 3-2: Gas Line Connections .............................................................................................................. 3-5
Figure 3-3: Setting Identification Numbers.................................................................................................. 3-8
Figure 4-1: Front Panel Parts and Controls ................................................................................................ 4-2
Figure 4-2: Mounting Film ........................................................................................................................... 4-5
Figure 6-1: Arrhenius Plot ........................................................................................................................... 6-3
Figure 7-1: Test Cell Assembly ................................................................................................................... 7-3
Figure 8-1: The Reservoir Dry Dialog ......................................................................................................... 8-2
Figure 9-1: The Desiccant Chamber ........................................................................................................... 9-8
Figure 11-2: User Advisory Message........................................................................................................ 9-10
Figure F-1: Psychrometric Chart ................................................................................................................. F-9
Figure H-1: Flow Diagram, PERMATRAN-W 101K ....................................................................................H-3
Figure H-2: Schematic, Pan Assembly .......................................................................................................H-5
Figure H-3: Electrical Diagram, PERMTRAN W 101K ................................................................................H-7
Tables
Table 3.1: Rear Panel Parts and Controls .................................................................................................. 3-3
Table 4.1: Front Panel Parts and Controls.................................................................................................. 4-3
Table F.1: Saturation Temperatures and Pressures for Water ................................................................... F-5
Table F.2: Salt Solution Humidity Standards in Percent RH ....................................................................... F-6
Table G.1: Factors for Converting Permeation Rates from one System of Units to Another ......................G-4
Table G.2: Factors for Converting Permeances from One System of Units to Another..............................G-4
Table G.3: Factors for Converting Permances from One System of Units to Another................................G-5
Table G.4: SI Prefixes .................................................................................................................................G-6
Table G.5: Unit Abbreviations .....................................................................................................................G-7
Table G.6: Unit Equivalencies...................................................................................................................G-10
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PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter provides a brief overview of the MOCON PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Water Vapor
Permeation Measurement System.
Read this chapter to get an overview of:
Functions and capabilities of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.
Features of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.
Major system components of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.
How the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K measures water vapor transmission rates.
What happens in the test cells during testing.
Overview of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K

The MOCON PERMATRAN-W Model 101K is designed to analyze and measure the water vapor
transmission rate of High Transmitter barrier materials. Typical barrier materials are non-wovens, surgical
dressings, polyester films and other flexible packaging materials. A typical PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
configuration is shown in Figure 1-1.
Figure 1-1: PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
Each PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system contains one printer, one computer, and up to 10 test modules.
Each module has six test cells, and can test up to six samples at a time. Test data from each cell can be
printed as a hard-copy report, which provides the water vapor transmission rate of the test material and
information about the test parameters.
MOCON, Inc. Revision E 1-1

Introduction PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Features
The MOCON PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Water Vapor Permeation Measurement System has many
features that make it very flexible and easy to use:
The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K's modular design allows you to configure a system that
suits your individual testing needs.
One PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system can have up to ten Modules connected to one
computer. The computer can perform simultaneous testing on all connected modules. This
lets you run up to sixty tests at the same time.
The flow compensation feature automatically compensates for changes in the flow of
nitrogen gas as well as changes in atmospheric pressure.
Components
The major components of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system are the module, Computer and printer.
Module
The Module contains the test cells in which the film samples are tested. The test module is connected to the
computer. Additional test modules can be connected in series to the previous module. A PERMATRAN-W
Model 101K system can contain a total of ten modules.
Computer
The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K uses a computer running the Microsoft Windows operating system to
control testing and to analyze data sent from the modules. The computer also configures reports, sends
reports to the printer and stores test results for future use.
The computer is used to set all test parameters and to start and stop testing. The computer also configures
reports, sends reports to the printer and stores test results for future use. It is advisable that the operator
becomes familiar with the Windows® operating system before operating the instrument.
Printer
If your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K came with a computer system, it includes an ink jet printer. The printer
is connected to the computer, and is used to print out test reports. Refer to the manual shipped with the
printer for specific operating instructions.
1-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

Testing Overview
The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K measures the water vapor transmission rate of low barrier materials. The
test cells are divided into two chambers. The lower chamber is filled with nitrogen and the upper chamber
with water vapor (test gas) at 100% RH.
A cell calibration, consisting of a measurement of the equilibrated water vapor transmission through a guard
film, is performed. The material to be tested is then mounted in a test cell and its transmission rate is
determined by measuring the reduction in the amount of water vapor present in the lower chamber.
Temperature is an important factor in determining accurate transmission rates. Most materials will be
exposed to a variety of temperatures and should be tested accordingly.
The basic process for testing consists of the following steps:
1. Setting the nitrogen gas flow
2. Achieving a baseline cell calibration
3. Testing
4. Generating a report
5. Setting the module to ByPass
Setting the Nitrogen Gas Flow
The flow of nitrogen (carrier gas) is adjusted to yield a nominal water vapor concentration of 60% RH
in each cell during Baseline Cell Calibration process. The RH% is monitored during the calibration
and flows are adjusted accordingly for each cell.
Baseline Cell Calibration
The measurement of water vapor transmission rate is dependent on the water vapor driving force. At
high transmission rates small changes in driving force have a large effect on the resulting
transmission rate. The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K compensates for variation in the driving force.
To perform this compensation regular individual cell calibration is necessary. This process measures
the transmission rate of the cell and passages connected to the sensor. This Baseline Cell
Calibration is referred to as a Cal C.
This baseline cell calibration is an essential operation for correct WVTR measurements. The
frequency of cell calibration is dependent on several factors. Cell calibration is required any time you
change test temperature or flow. It is also recommended that you check your calibration periodically
with a known reference material to verify the accuracy of your cell calibration.
Conditioning the Sample
Almost every material requires a period of time to acclimate to the environment of the test cell and
reach equilibrium. Most of the material tested on the model 101K reach equilibrium very quickly and
therefore do not require a separate conditioning period.

Testing
In the testing process, test gas (water vapor) is present in the upper half of the test cell while
nitrogen (carrier gas) is routed through the lower half of the test cell. The cell halves are separated
by a sample of the material to be tested. Water permeates the material and is picked up by the
nitrogen (carrier gas). The nitrogen then exits the cell and passes through the sensor.
The amount of water vapor is measured by the sensor, is used to determine the transmission rate.
The system provides for either a fixed number of test cycles or an automatic convergence process to
determine that the sample has reached equilibrium and the test is complete.
Generating a Report
When testing is complete, the cell is removed from the cell rotation and there is no further
transmission rate examination. You can request a report for any one cell at any time, until a new
sample is inserted. You can also save the report to a data file in pairs (time versus transmission
rate) for future reference. See the WinPerm help system for more information on generating reports.
NOTE: This manual contains information about testing that is more in-depth than outlined here.
Chapter 8 describes the procedures for testing films. Appendix F explains module and testing
theory of operation.
Calibrating to a Reference Film
The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K measures the transmission rate directly by virtue of the
parameters it measures and subsequent Cal Culations. However, the module can be calibrated so
the values determined by the module are adjusted to values that are based on a known reference
material. The calibrations can be saved in the module. If the calibration feature is used, all reported
measurements are adjusted until the calibration is cleared. See Chapter 7 “Performing a Film
Calibration” for information on calibrating the module to a known reference film.

The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Test Cell

Figure 1-2 shows a simplified view of the inside of a test cell.
The test cell is divided into two chambers by the cell guard barrier and the film sample. The edges of the
test cell are tightly sealed to prevent outside air from leaking into the cell.
Water vapor (in the form of humidified air) is continuously generated in the upper half of the test cell.
Nitrogen is continuously admitted to the lower half of the test cell. Before entering the module, the nitrogen
passes through an in-line molecular sieve desiccant (not shown). This helps ensure that the nitrogen gas
does not contain any water vapor that might affect transmission rate data.
As water vapor permeates the film sample, it is picked up by the nitrogen gas and carried through a sensor.
The sensor electronics generate a voltage that is directly proportional to the amount of water vapor passing
through the sensor.
The following test environment conditions are specified:
a. The test cell may be at ambient temperature or heated.
b. The computer is instructed to compensate for changes in nitrogen gas flow.
c. The computer is instructed to compensate for the barometric pressure.
Data from the sensor is transmitted to the computer, which calculates a final value describing the water
vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the tested material.
Figure 1-2: Inside of a Test Cell


PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Specifications
Chapter 2: Specifications
This chapter contains the specifications of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.
Read this chapter to for details about:
Physical specifications
Environmental requirements
Electrical requirements
Module operational capabilities
Computer and printer specifications
Physical Specifications (uncrated)

Module
HxWxD 12" x 12" x 26"

(30.4 cm x 30.4 cm x 66.0 cm)
Weight 63 pounds
(28.6 kg)
Environmental Requirements
Temperature
Ambient Operating range 22° C ± 2° C*
Ambient Storage range 10° C to 30° C
Humidity
Ambient Operating range 20% to 80% RH (non-condensing)
Ambient Storage range 5% to 85% RH (non-condensing)
* Must not vary by more than 1° C per hour

Specifications PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Electrical Requirements
Voltage 100 VAC ± 10%
120 VAC ± 10%
220 VAC ± 10%
240 VAC ± 10%
Frequency 50 Hz
60 Hz
Current Draw at 50 Hz 2.2 A nominal (100 VAC)

1.2 A nominal (120 VAC)
Current Draw at 60 Hz 2.3 A nominal (100 VAC)

Maximum power draw (module) 500 VA
Module Operational Capabilities
Heating Control 20° C to 50° C ± 0.5° C
Time to reach a heated temperature Less than two hours to reach 98% of a 50C setting
Cooling Control 20° C ± 0.5° C
Humidity Control 100% RH with distilled water
Test Range 500 to 100,000 gm/(m2-day)
Repeatability ±1%
Computer Specifications
For computer specifications, refer to the computer manual that was shipped with your system computer.
Printer Specifications
For printer specifications, refer to the printer manual that was shipped with your system printer.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Setting Up
Chapter 3: Setting Up
This chapter explains how to set up the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K components and get the system
ready to use.
Read this section to learn about:
Installing the system components.
Connecting system cables.
Attaching the desiccant chamber.
Connecting nitrogen gas lines to your module.
Assigning modules with identification numbers.
Unpacking the System

Each PERMATRAN-W Model 101K module is shipped in its own crate. The computer, monitor, and printer
are shipped together in one crate. To be sure you have everything you need, use the equipment checklist
shipped with your system.
If any components are missing or damaged, please call the MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-6370.
Read Appendix A “Site Preparation Instructions”, before installing any PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
components.
Installing the System Components

You must set up all components of your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system on a sturdy bench or table.
The work surface must be flat, clean, and free of excessive vibration. Make sure the testing environment
meets the requirements listed in Appendix A, “Site Preparation Instructions”.
Follow these steps to set up the computer, printer, and PERMATRAN-W Model 101K modules:
1. Set up the computer on your work surface. Follow the instructions in the computer manual to
connect the keyboard, monitor, and power cord to the CPU (main computer unit).
Do not plug the computer into a power supply until you have set up all PERMATRAN-W
Model 101K components.
2. Set the printer next to the computer. Read the manual that came with the printer for
installation procedures.
3. Set the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K modules on your work surface.

Setting Up PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Rear Panel Parts and Controls

Figure 3-1 and Table 3.1 show the rear panel parts and controls of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.
You should be familiar with the locations of these parts before connecting up your system.
Figure 3-1: Rear Panel Parts and Controls

Item
Name Description
Number
The 5 amp holder that protects the outlets (item number 5) from
1 Fuse Holder
overloading the system.
The connector that attaches the communications cable coming from the
2 RS-485 IN
computer (or the previous module in the chain) to the module.
3 N2 Inlet Port The fitting that connects the nitrogen supply. The maximum input is 50 psi.
The connector that attaches the communications cable going to the next
4 RS-485 OUT
module in the chain.
120 VAC Aux

The power outlet that provides auxiliary power (5 amps total) to the printer
5 Power
or strip chart recorder, whenever the module is plugged in.
(50/60 Hz)
6 Analog OUT The port that attaches the chart recorder signal cable to the module.
The fuse holder for two 5 amp fuses to protect module components from
7 Fuse Bank overheating. Also the selector where you set the position to the correct
source voltage before the module is powered on.
The switch that is used to turn module power on and off.

8 Power Switch I is ON;
О is OFF.
9 Power In The power inlet where the module power cord connects to.
Table 3.1: Rear Panel Parts and Controls

Connecting the System Cables

Follow these steps to install the cables connecting the module(s) to the computer and printer:
NOTE: Turn the power switches on all components OFF before connecting or disconnecting any
cables.
1. Connect the printer to the computer. See the instructions for connecting a printer in the
computer manual.
2. The computer is supplied with an optically isolated RS-485 converter. Each module comes
with its own RS-485 cable. Additional cables will be needed to daisy chain subsequent
modules.
a. Connect the RS-485 converter to the computer.
b. Connect the end of the RS-485 cable from the Converter to the IN connector on the
back of the module.
c. If you do not have any additional modules, skip to step 4. Otherwise, continue with
step 3.
3. If your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system contains any additional modules, daisy-chain
them to each other.
a. Use one RS-485 cable for each module to be connected.
b. Connect one end of the cable to the RS-485 IN connector on the back of the module
to be installed.
c. Connect the other end of the cable to the RS-485 OUT connector on the back of the
module to which you are connecting.
Warning! Check the voltage selector switches on all components to ensure they are
set for the correct voltage. If the voltage selector switches are set
incorrectly equipment damage will occur.
NOTE: If set up properly, the power outlets on the back of each module provide 120 VAC regardless
of the input voltage. Use these outlets to provide power to the monitor and printer.
4. Connect all system components to an appropriate power source.
a. Connect the computer and monitor power cables to an appropriate power source.
b. Connect the printer power cable to an appropriate power source.
c. If the converter has a power cable, connect it to an appropriate power source.
d. Connect the power cables of your modules to appropriate electrical outlets.

Nitrogen (Carrier Gas)

The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K requires a carrier gas of dry nitrogen. A precision two-stage nitrogen
regulator (provided in the optional regulator assembly) must be used. Under standard test conditions, a
standard “T” size cylinder may provide two to four weeks of operation depending of flow rate.
Gas Supply Plumbing

Each module requires a nitrogen supply (Carrier Gas). Refer to Figure 3-2 for a common system plumbing
diagram.
Figure 3-2: Gas Line Connections

Connecting Gas Lines

Each module has one gas inlet port for connecting a nitrogen supply (Carrier Gas). Refer to Figure 3-2 for
the gas line connection diagram.
Warning! The gases used in this system are under high pressure and will cause
personal injury if gas flow is not turned OFF before detaching the gas lines.
Use the copper tubing, ferrules and nuts from the Service Accessories and the regulator/tee assembly to
connect the nitrogen cylinder to the rear panel of the module.
1. Remove the coil of 1/8" copper tubing and the bag of swage-type ferrules and nuts from the
Service Accessories.
2. For each module, cut a short length of tubing to reach from the N2 fitting on the rear of the
module to the regulator/tee assembly.
3. Fit a nut and ferrule onto one end of the length of copper tubing. Lightly grease the ferrule
with high vacuum or silicon grease. Connect the nut and ferrule to the nitrogen inlet port
marked N2 on the back of the module. Hold the fitting in place with a wrench while tightening.
Make the connection finger tight plus about one and one-quarter turns with the wrench.
4. Fit a nut and ferrule on to the free end. Lightly grease the ferrule with high vacuum or silicon
grease. Connect the nut and ferrule to the fitting on the regulator/tee assembly. Hold the
fitting in place with a wrench while tightening. Make the connection finger tight, plus about
one and one-quarter turns with the wrench.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each module.
6. Cut lengths of copper tubing to connect the regulator/tee assemblies.
7. Using the technique described in steps 3 and 4 to connect the fitting on the nitrogen gas tank
to the cover end of the desiccant chamber. You may then connect the desiccant chamber to
the first regulator/tee assembly.
8. Connect all subsequent regulator/tee assemblies in the series.
9. Use a brass tube end-plug (P/N 025-382 in your Service Accessories) to seal off the last
regulator/tee assembly.
NOTE: Whenever a fresh tank of nitrogen gas is installed, air is admitted into the regulator body and
supply line. This air should be purged from the system to minimize background water vapor
before admitting the nitrogen gas into the sensor.
To purge the system, send nitrogen gas through the system for 30 to 45 minutes with the
sensor in Standby mode.

Leak-testing the Gas Connections

Leak-test all gas connections after you install nitrogen gas. To leak-test the connection, follow these steps:
1. At the points where each regulator attaches to a gas tank and where each gas line attaches
to a fitting, brush on or squirt on a soap and water solution. The presence of bubbles
indicates a leak.
2. Tighten and recheck any leaky fittings. The connections should be finger tight, plus about
one and one-quarter turns with a wrench.
Setting Identification Numbers

You must assign an identification number to each module in your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K setup.
Identification numbers are necessary because:
They allow the computer to send test instructions to the correct modules during testing.
They allow the computer to place test data in separate files for each test being run.
Refer to Figure 3-3 and follow these steps to assign an identification number to each module in your setup.
NOTE: Identification numbers will be set by the MOCON Technical Services Representative
installing your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K. If, in the future, you need to reset the numbers,
follow the procedure described here.
It is a good idea to identify your first module as #1. As you add modules, number them 2, 3, 4, etc. This
makes it easy for you to tell what number is assigned to each module in your setup.
Warning! Make sure the module is powered OFF and unplugged from the power source
before removing the upper rear housing. Failure to do so can result in electrical
shock, which can cause injury or death.
1. Remove the two screws at the front of the upper rear housing on the module.
2. Lift the upper rear housing. To do this, you must first push the back of the upper rear housing
forward while lifting the front. Next, gently push the upper rear housing toward the rear to
release the two plastic tabs inside the back. You may now continue lifting the upper rear
housing.
3. Locate the identification switch on the mother circuit board (See Figure 3-3).
4. Use a small screwdriver to set the switch at the desired identification number (1 to 10). (The
tenth module is numbered 0 in the software.)
5. Replace the upper rear housing on the module, securing it with the two screws.
5. A strip of plastic numbers is provided in your Service Accessories. If desired, peel off the
plastic number that corresponds to the identification number of the module and place it next
to the module designation letters. You will then be able to identify modules at a glance.

Figure 3-3: Setting Identification Numbers

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Module Preparation
Chapter 4: Module Preparation

This chapter explains how to prepare the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K module before testing.
Read this section to learn about:
Setting tank pressure
Setting system pressure
Mounting films.
Setting the nitrogen flow rates for cells A, B, C, D, E and F.
Setting Tank Pressure

Set the second stage regulator on the tank to 25 psi.
Setting System Pressure
Caution: The maximum input N2 pressure to the module should not exceed 50 psi. Input
pressure greater than 50 psi could damage the system.
NOTE: If you conduct a test when the nitrogen tank pressure is below 300 psi, the flow rates may be
inconsistent, and your transmission rate data may be inaccurate.
1. Ensure the regulator/tee assembly switch is in the closed position.
2. Ensure the nitrogen supply cylinder valve is open.
3. Adjust the regulator assembly pressure to read 15 psi.
NOTE: A convenient way to reset the system pressure, (and thus adjust the flows), when replacing
the tank(s) is to always adjust the pressure of the regulator on the tank to the exact same psi.
If you do this, the flow rates on active modules are returned to the exact flow that they were
reading before the tank was changed.

Module Preparation PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Front Panel Parts and Controls

Figure 4-1 and Table 4.1 shows the parts and controls of your module that you will need to familiarize
yourself with in order to mount your films and run a test.
Figure 4-1: Front Panel Parts and Controls

Item
Name Description
Number
The cover that protects the testing components from foreign

Not shown Hinged Cover matter, dust and environmental fluctuations. Lift the cover to
insert film samples or to make adjustments to the controls inside.
Test Cell U-shaped The u-shaped clamps along with the knob that secure the test
1
clamps & knob cells.
2 A - F Needle Valves Control the flow of nitrogen (carrier gas) to test cells A through F.
This LED is lighted when the module is heating or cooling the test
3 Temp LED
cells.
4 Standby LED This LED is lit when the module is in Standby.

The LEDs (lights) that indicate, when lit, which test cell is
5 A through F
connected to the sensor. A refers to cell A, B refers to cell B, etc.
The port for monitoring test cell temperature using the
6 Thermometer port
thermometer included in spare parts kit.
The chambers that are divided into two halves, separated by a

sample of the material to be tested. The lower half of the cell is
7 Test cells filled with nitrogen (carrier gas) and the upper with water vapor
(test gas). The lower half contains an exhaust to the sensor that
determines the rate of transmission.
Table 4.1: Front Panel Parts and Controls

Mounting Films
You are now ready to mount your films. Figure 4-2 shows where the film is mounted inside the cell head.
Read the following chapters six and seven for more information on preparing and testing film samples.
Read chapter eight for information on calibration and performing a Cal C. Follow the steps below to mount
your films.
1. Remove the test cell clamps by turning the clamping knob counterclockwise, unlatching the
test cell clamps and lowering them away from the head assembly so they rest on the
instrument case.
CAUTION: The guard film is subject to damage by skin oils. Always handle the guard film
with gloved hands. Disposable, powderless plastic clean room gloves are
recommended.
CAUTION: The guard film is subject to damage by sealing greases such as a silicone
vacuum grease or Apiezon T. MOCON recommends that no grease be used.
2. Remove the test cell head by gently lifting the head using the two handles attached to either
side of the head.
3. Install the film holder, film side up, into the test cell.
4. Place the head assembly onto the test cell.
5. Close and clamp the test cell head by latching the test cell clamps over the test cell knob and
turning the knob until snug.

Figure 4-2: Mounting Film


PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Using the Computer
Chapter 5: Using the Computer

This chapter discusses the software features of your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system. The computer
uses these parameters to control all tests. Details of how to operate the software can be found in the Help
section of the software.
Read this chapter to learn about:
The various features of the software.
Accessing the WinPerm program.
Menu functions and Tool Bar items used to access the various windows and features.
NOTE: See “Site Preparation Instructions” in Appendix A for computer requirements. Refer to
Appendix C ”Installing the Software” for instructions on installing the software on your
company computer.
Software Features
The WinPerm software provides:
• Module and test cell configuration.
• Entry and override of module test parameters.
• Automatic module and optional zeroing of test cells.
• Multiple test strategies.
• Real-time test progress monitoring with simultaneous display of module and individual cell
configuration information.
• Real-time graphical display of individual cell progress throughout the test period.
• Real-time tabular presentation of individual cell progress throughout the test period.
• Printed test result reports.
• Retention of setup and test data in computer disk files for later analysis or communication to
remote computer systems.
• Automatic checkpoint and restart capability.
• Operation using a mouse.
Accessing the Program

An icon with MOCON Permeability System will be displayed on the screen when the computer is powered-
up. Clicking on the icon will open the Permeability System (WinPerm) software program

Using the Computer PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
The WinPerm Program

You will use the program to accomplish all phases of testing, including entering test conditions
(parameters), monitoring tests, and printing reports. Once the parameters have been set, the computer
controls the components, gathers and logs data, and makes the data available to you in tables and charts.
The mouse is the principle device used to navigate throughout the program. There are only a few places
where users are required to enter information such as material description file names, etc. The function
keys and many other keys on the keyboard are not active with the WinPerm software.
WinPerm Menu Functions

When the software starts, the Home window will fill the screen; this window is always open when the
software is running. The Home window has a Function bar, a Tool Bar, and up to ten module status
symbols visible. Only the module status symbols for active modules will be colored; the other symbols will
be grayed out. Within the module status symbol there are symbols that represent each cell in the module.
Just below the cell status indicators there is clock that displays the remaining cell examination time. Below
the clock, and in the blue background field, the current transmission rate is displayed. For the first 30
seconds of a test, the current transmission rate reading will be N/A. This indicates that not enough data has
been collected from the sensor to generate a reading. The N/A automatically changes to the current
transmission rate when sufficient data has been collected. The Home window has seven Menu bar
functions that provide drop down items that allow you to access necessary windows that you will use to set
up and run tests. Also, many of the windows are directly accessible from the Tool Bar; in the listing below, a
window accessible form the tool bar is identified with (TB). The Home window can also be made the focus
from the Tool Bar. The Menu items and the windows accessible from them are:
1. File: This is a standard Windows function with these window or drop down menus available:
Open (TB)
Close
Save (TB)
Save As (TB)
Print (TB)
Print Screen (TB)
Print Setup
Exit
2. Setup: This is a custom function with these window or drop down menus available:
New Module Setup (TB)
New Method Setup (TB)
New Calibration (TB)
Load Calibration (TB)

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Using the Computer
3. Control: This is a custom function with these window or drop down menus available:
Control Tests (TB)
Advance Current Test
Pause
Abort Current Test
Quick Start (TB)
4. Status: This is a custom function with these windows or drop down menus available:
Cell Status (TB)
Module Status (TB)
5. Tools: This is a custom function with these windows or drop down menus available:
Diagnostics (TB)
Add Diagnostics User
Delete Diagnostics User
Change User Password
Display Event Log
6. Window: This is a standard Windows function

Cascade
Tile
Arrange Icons
Close All
7. Help: This is a standard Windows function

Help Topics (TB)
About the MOCON Permeability System... (TB)
You can have many windows open at one time; however, only one will be the focus. You can move between
windows at any time before, during or after testing by pointing the arrow and pressing the left mouse button.
The function keys on the keyboard are not functional. Also, there are only a few places where alpha-
numeric entries are permitted; these are always for test number, file names, method names, setup names,
material identification and the manual entry of numerical values. The up and left arrows move the module
select to the next lower module number. Likewise, the down and right arrows move the module selected to
the next higher module number.
NOTE: Remember these points while using your WinPerm software:
1. The modules communicate only with the computer, not with each other.
2. The operator, not the computer, controls the gas flow rate.
3. The computer monitors, but does not control, the relative humidity. This is manually set by
the operator.
4. You can move among windows, with the exception of Diagnostics, without disturbing testing.
Navigating the Software

See WinPerm Help section in the software for instructions on how to navigate the software.

Using the Computer PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Quick Start
The Quick Start window offers pre-defined test methods and module setups that allow untrained users to
start a test. Three of the quick start options will test to known test conditions as contained in ASTM, ISO,
and JIS standards. A pre-named customizable quick start method (CUSTOM QS) is also provided.
Additional customizable User Custom Quick Starts can be created to suit your specific testing requirements.
To utilize the Quick Start feature follow the steps below.
1. Open the Quick Start window by selecting the icon from the toolbar or using the Control menu.
2. Select the desired module using the Module Button Bar.
3. Select the cells or cell combination required using the Cell Control in the upper right corner of the
window.
4. Select the desired quick start method by highlighting it from the “Select Quick Start:” list.
5. Select the “Start Test” button to assign the quick start method and start the test or the “Assign Test”
button to assign the method without starting a test.
To create a “User Custom Quick Start “or configure the pre-named “CUSTOM QS” previously saved Module
Setup and Test Method files are required. The buttons and controls in the User Custom Quick Start frame
are used to create setup and modify custom quick start methods. The Add, Rename and Delete buttons are
used to add, rename or remove User Custom Quick Start entries from the quick start list. The Browse
buttons are used to assign Module Setup and Test Method files to user custom quick start methods or the
pre-name CUSTOM QS.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Before You Begin Testing
Chapter 6: Before You Begin Testing

This chapter details the parts and controls for the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.
Read this chapter to learn about:
$ Temperature Control
$ Adding Water
$ Selecting specific test parameters for your films
$ Developing a Temperature Profile
Before You Test

Prior to starting tests on the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K, be sure the system is properly configured and
software is installed. See Appendix A and Appendix C for more information. Read through Chapter 4,
“Module Preparation” for information about setting the system pressures and mounting films.
You must have performed a “Cell Calibration” (Cal C) so that the system reports an accurate transmission
rate for your material. You may also wish to perform a “Film Calibration” so your results can be compared to
a reference film. Calibration provides for accuracy in transmission values. Calibration is discussed in
Chapter 7.
Before beginning a test you should verify the water reservoir contains sufficient water to perform the test.
Refer to the section in this chapter “Adding Water” for information on filling the reservoir.
Temperature Control
Temperature is an important factor in determining accurate transmission rates. Most materials will be
exposed to a variety of temperatures and should be tested accordingly.
The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K can measure the transmission rate of flat film at temperatures from 22° C
to 50° C.

Before You Begin Testing PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Adding Water
To add water to your system, follow the instructions below:
CAUTION: Do not add water unless the flows have been set. If water is added to your system before
proper flow has been established, condensation may occur and cause damage to your
instrument.
Setting flows is discussed in Chapter 7, “Calibrating Your System”.
1. Place the module in Bypass.
2. Remove the top cell clamping assembly along with the RH generator cover.
3. Fill the six water wells with HPLC-grade water. Do not over fill. The water must not touch the
top clamping assembly when closed.
4. Replace the top head and top clamping assembly.
5. From Go-To, resume the testing.
Testing Mixed Barriers

Simultaneously testing barriers with divergent transmission rates is not recommended. You may not get
accurate transmission rate data for either sample if there is a large fluctuation of water vapor going to the
sensor when the module switches between cells during testing.
If, after loading samples, you find the difference in transmission rates is extreme, switch one or more of the
cells to Idle and proceed with testing the remaining ones.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Before You Begin Testing
Developing a Temperature Profile

You may want to determine the transmission pattern of a material at various temperatures. To develop a
reliable temperature profile, measure the material at two or more temperatures. Plot the values on semi-
logarithmic graph paper, with temperature along the x-axis and transmission rate value along the y-axis.
They will tend to fall along a straight line. See the chart below.
Figure 6-1: Arrhenius Plot
NOTE: This blank graph can be used to determine if a product’s Transmission Rate exhibits
standard Arrhenius behavior. The plot’s Y-axis is the log10 of the Transmission Rate and the
X-axis is the inverse Kelvin temperature. Note that the x-axis of this plot is marked in Celsius
degrees instead of inverse Kelvin degrees, so that the spacing between degrees is not
uniform. For ease of use, the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures are shown on the graph
instead of the inverse temperature. To use, plot the Transmission Rate of the product at
temperatures for which it is known. If the Transmission Rate follows the Arrhenius
relationship, the points can be connected with a straight line. MOCON Perm-Net software
has the capability of developing and displaying the Arrhenius behavior of a barrier.

Before You Begin Testing PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Selecting Specific Test Methods for your Films

Not all barrier material can be tested using the same set of test parameters. The following sections are
provided as a guide to assist you in choosing the most appropriate test parameters for your application.
Adjusting the Examination Time

The Exam Minutes box in the Control Test window specifies how long (in minutes) each cell in a module will
be examined to determine the Water Vapor Transmission Rate. During this examination time, the carrier
gas (along with any water vapor that has permeated the sample) is routed to the sensor. You may enter a
value of 2 to 240 minutes in this field. Typical exam times for films with transmission rates in the range of
500 to 100,000 grams would be between 2 and 10 minutes.
Using Convergence Testing

One mode is convergence-by-hours, where equilibration is determined when the system compares the
latest transmission rate to a result that was recorded a specified number of hours earlier. If the two
compared results are within 1%, the test is considered complete.
The other mode is convergence-by-cycles, where equilibration is determined when the system compares
the latest transmission rate to a result that was recorded a specified number of cycles earlier. If the two
compared results are within 1%, the test is considered complete.
As an example of convergence (by hours), if the user enters 5 as the convergence hours, the system will
perform a test for five hours and then compare the latest transmission rate value with the value taken
exactly five hours previously. If the sample has reached equilibrium, the test ends. If it has not, the system
continues testing, comparing each successive transmission rate value with that taken five hours previously.
This continues until the system determines that equilibrium has been reached, whereupon testing will end. If
the test was convergence by cycles, substitute cycles for hours in the above example.
If 1 is used as the convergence cycles, each transmission rate value to the preceding value, until
equilibrium has been reached. Typically, longer convergence hours are needed for better barriers.
The use of convergence testing can be invoked from two windows, the Test Method window and the Control
Test window. Both of these windows have identical controls for setting up the test. To conduct convergence
testing, follow these steps:
1. In either of the windows, click on the down arrow on the Test Mode box. A drop-down menu,
showing the different testing mode options, will appear. Move the arrow the desired choice
and select it.
2. If Convergence by Hours is selected, the Number of Cycles box will be grayed-out and the
value in the Convergence Period box can be adjusted for the number of convergence hours.
3. If Convergence by Cycles is selected, the value in the Convergence Period box can be
adjusted for the number of convergence cycles. The Number of Cycles box will be grayed-
out.
4. There are two other available options that can be selected. The first is Standard. In Standard,
the user selects a specific number of cycles for the test. The second option, Continuous,
allows the test to run indefinitely until the user intervenes and halts the testing.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Calibrating Your System
Chapter 7: Calibrating Your System

This chapter describes procedures used to calibrate your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system.
The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K calculates the transmission rate by measuring the temperature, the flow
rate, the barometric pressure, and the relative humidity of the carrier gas stream. All of these quantities are
measured directly by sensors in the module. Using these measurements and information obtained from a
“Cell Calibration” the transmission rate of the sample is calculated. The transmission rates reported are not
dependent upon comparison with a reference film. For more information on the theory of operation see
Appendix F.
In order to obtain information needed to calculate the transmission rate a “Cell Calibration” is required. A
Cell Calibration will be referred to as a “Cal C” in the remainder of this chapter. The only calibration that is
required to achieve an accurate result is the Cal C. For information on performing a Cal C refer to the
section on “Cal C Requirements” in this chapter.
The software also provides a calibration method in which the system may be calibrated to a known
reference material. This procedure is called a “Film Calibration”. This procedure is not required to report
accurate results. This procedure is provided for those situations where it is desired to adjust the calibration
of the system so the resulting transmission rate matches a specific reference material or other test method.
Performing a Film Calibration

A “Film Calibration” is used to adjust values reported by the modules so they agree with the values for a
“Reference Film” or to values that are more “customary” for results obtained by less accurate methods. The
selection and use of a reference film are left up to the user. The “Film Calibration Procedure” in this chapter
is included so the procedure is performed correctly. The result of a “Film Calibration” is automatically stored
and available for later use. If this calibration feature is used, all reported measurements are adjusted until
the calibration is cleared.
Using Stored Calibrations

Multiple Film Calibration records can be created using different film standards. These “Stored Calibrations”
can then be recalled whenever necessary. For example, a calibration suitable for a very good barrier may
need to be recalled after one had been assigned to test a moderate to poor barrier.
The list of stored calibrations is accessed using the “Load Calibration” window. The list can be reviewed and
the desired calibration record assigned to the module. Each module has separate calibration re

Calibrating Your System PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Cal C Requirements
It is necessary to perform a cell calibration when the following conditions occur:
$ When you start up your Model 101K
$ When you change temperature
$ When your system flows change
Read the sections on “Preparing the Test Cell for a Cal C” and ‘’Setting Nitrogen Flow Rates” for information
on the procedures required to correctly perform a Cal C.
Preparing the Test Cell for a Cal C

Figure 7-1 shows how the head assembly components are mounted onto the machine. Follow these steps
to prepare your test cell for a Cal C calibration:
1. Remove the test cell clamps by turning the clamping knob counter clockwise, unlatching the
instrument case.
side of the head.
with gloved hands. Disposable, powder-less plastic clean room gloves are
recommended.
CAUTION: Never tighten head assembly without a metal film holder in place. Doing so
can damage the module.
3. Place a blank metal film holder onto the block.
4. Verify that the guard film carrier is mounted to the head assembly and there are no pinholes
or tears in the film.
NOTE: The guard film carrier is mounted to the head assembly at the factory.
6. Verify that the neoprene gasket and the Teflon gasket are mounted onto the head before the
clamping assembly is placed on the head.
7. Fill the water wells with HPLC-grade water to a level that is no more than 1/8” from the top of
the vent tubes.
turning the knob clockwise until snug.

Figure 7-1: Test Cell Assembly

Setting Nitrogen Flow Rates

To achieve optimum repeatability and accuracy, the flows must be adjusted on each cell. The flow is
adjusted to obtain a relative humidity value of 60% RH ±2% RH during the Cal C process.
Follow these steps to set the cell flow rates:
1. Set the regulator/tee assembly valve to the open position to allow gas flow.
2. Open the nitrogen supply cylinder valve and set the pressure to 15 psi.
3. Set the Temperature Set Point to the desired test temperature. Assign a Module Setup file or
use the Module Status window.
4. Verify that the Flow Rate and Barometric Pressure sensor are in Auto. Check the Mode field
on the Module Status window.
5. Set the test parameters for all cells as follows.
a. Test Mode Continuous

b. Exam Minutes 5
c. Cal C Mode Active Cal C
6. Start a test on all cells.
7. Monitor the Current Value of the Water Vapor sensor using the Module Status window.
8. As the test cycles through the cells, turn the cell Flow Adjustment knob on the module (for
the active cell) so that the RH% field shown in the Current Value of the Water Vapor field
displays 60% RH ±2 %. The flow values for the cells will not be identical.
Turn the knob clockwise to reduce the flow and increase the RH. Turn the knob
counterclockwise to increase the flow and reduce the RH.
NOTE: There is a time lag of several seconds between the adjustment of the knob and the display of
the new flow rate on the Module Status window.
9. When all cells have been adjusted and have stabilized at 60% RH, advance all cells to the
“Wait Gas” state.
10. At this point the module will be correctly set for testing films and have valid Cal C values. You
can choose to begin testing films or further advance the cell status to incorporate other test
methods.
CAUTION: Do not change the flow or temperature settings after a Cal C has been
performed. If you do, You must perform another Cal C readjusting the flows
to achieve the desired RH for each cell in the process.

Film Calibration Procedure

Each module must be calibrated separately. To calibrate a module to a standard reference material, follow
the instructions below:
NOTE: Mocon has available a Certified Reference Film for more information call MOCON in the USA
at (763) 493-6370.
NOTE: The Certified Reference Film, if not damaged, should last for a year. Change the reference
film if it is wrinkled, punctured or contaminated with grease or fingerprints.
NOTE: MOCON is not responsible for problems resulting from improper calibration or use of an
inadequate transmission rate reference material.
NOTE: Do not calibrate the system until the calibration film has had adequate conditioning time to
arrive at equilibrium.
1. Mocon recommends that you perform a new Cal C value before doing a Film Calibration.
2. Select a standard reference film and write down the transmission rate. Select the standard
film that most closely approximates the transmission rate of the film samples you will be
testing.
3. Make sure that all cells are in Standby or By-Pass mode and then remove the test cell head.
4. Mount the film on the sample holder. Do not use grease.
5. Making sure that the film sample(s) remain clean and free of fingerprints, place the standard
reference film with the film holder in the test cell. Always use the sample holder supplied with
the module.
6. Be sure there is water in the water well. Refer to Chapter 6.
7. Replace and clamp the test cell head.
8. Verify the following Module Level parameters have been correctly assigned:
Cell Temperature: Set the test temperature to the temperature at which the
calibration films transmission rate was measured.
Barometric Pressure Verify Sensor Mode is set to Auto
Flow Rate a Verify Sensor Mode is set to Auto

9. Verify the following Cell Level parameters have been correctly assigned
Test Mode: Continuous or Convergence by Cycles
Exam Minutes: Set appropriately for the sample being tested. At least 10
minutes is recommended. The exam period may need to be
longer depending on the time film takes to reach equilibrium.
Area/Cell: When using MOCON Certified Reference Film set the area to
10. If not using a MOCON Reference Film set the area
appropriately for the film that will be used.
Cal C Mode: Use Last Cal C
10. After the sample has been mounted and test parameters correctly assigned, start testing the
reference sample. The “Control Test” window is used to start and control test execution.
11. Monitor the progress of the test using the “Cell Status” and “Module Status” windows. When
the reference sample has reached equilibrium, advance the cell to the “Test Complete” state.
The sample is usually considered to be at equilibrium when the difference between
successive measurements is less than 1%.
12. Calibrate the permeant sensor using the “Calibrate Module” window. Refer to the WinPerm
software help system for more information on performing a permeant sensor calibration.
NOTE: Do not advance the calibration test to the Test Complete state unless the
calibration film is at equilibrium.
13. Repeat the previous for each module that needs to be calibrated.
You may remove the Certified Reference Film from the test cell when you have completed calibrating the
module, and begin testing your film or package samples. Store the reference film where it will stay clean
and free from wrinkles. You will need to use this film again whenever recalibrating the PERMATRAN-W
Model 101K.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Testing Film Samples
Chapter 8: Testing Film Samples

This chapter describes set-up and test procedures for film samples. You will learn the best ways to test
different types of flat films to achieve the most accurate results possible.
Read this chapter to learn how to:
• Prepare film samples for testing.
• Install film samples in the test cells.
• Conduct tests on the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.
Before You Test

Prior to starting tests on the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K, be sure the system is properly configured and
calibrated. Read Chapter 6 ”Before You Begin Testing” for information on setting your system pressures.
Read Chapter 7 ”Calibrating Your System” for information on calibrating your system.
You must have a good understanding of the type of material you are testing. Low transmission (high barrier)
materials may require longer conditioning time.
You may calibrate the module so that the transmission rate of your testing material can be compared to a
standard reference film. Calibration provides for adjustment to ”customary” values in transmission values.
Refer to the ”Film Calibration Procedure” in Chapter 7 to adjust the module to agree with other film
transmission rate standards.
Temperature is also an important factor in determining accurate transmission rates. Most materials will be
exposed to a variety of temperatures and should be tested accordingly. You must run a separate Cal C for
each temperature.
Testing Hints
The following information is provided to assist you in the day-to-day operation of the PERMATRAN-W
Model 101K.
1. Always be sure that the upper chamber of the module has sufficient water in it. The
PERMATRAN-W Model 101K will not work correctly without water in the upper chamber of
the test head.
The software uses a timer to keep track of the status of the water reservoir. The default value
of the timer is 72 hours. This is approximately the amount of time before the reservoir will run
dry under normal operating conditions. The default time value can be changed to suit your
operating conditions.
Seventy-two hours after the initial Cal C is started, the software will display an indication that
the reservoir is DRY and testing will pause. When the timer expires, a RESERVIOR DRY
dialog is displayed that allows you to adjust the dry time and resume testing; see Figure 8-1.
To change the default “Dry Time” enter a different value in the “Number of hours until next
warning” field. If for example to the field is set to 168 hours, the RESERVIOR DRY warning
will not be displayed for approximately one week. The reservoirs are large enough so that
you can usually perform several days of testing before adding water.
Testing Film Samples PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Figure 8-1: The Reservoir Dry Dialog
After refilling the reservoir with water click on the OK button. Testing will resume and the
timer will be restarted using the value in the “Number of hours until next warning” field.
The Module Status window contains a field displaying the time remaining before the
reservoirs are presumed dry. Next to the field is a “Reservoir Filled” button. Clicking this
button will restart the timer.
Check and refill the reservoir daily. Each time the reservoir is filled reset the timer using the
“Reservoir Filled” button.
2. When changing samples, keep the time that the test head is off the module to a minimum. If
you have a second film holder, you can use it to load the next group of samples. Then you
can quickly remove the test head, remove the sample holder with the completed samples
and drop the next one in place. If you have only one sample holder, set the head back on the
module while you change samples so that the head remains as close as possible to the
desired test temperature.
3. Use caution when recording data for a new or unknown specimen. Some materials approach
equilibrium slowly. When in doubt, test again.
4. Test in duplicate whenever possible.
5. Use good samples. Wrinkles and creases contribute to false readings.
6. Do not allow large amounts of room air into the module or test cells. The outgas time is
increased since test cells can absorb measurable moisture.
7. Make sure the module is in Bypass mode before opening the module upper chamber.
8. When not in use, do not let the instrument sit with water in the reservoir(s).
9. In the event of a shutdown, power outage or interruption of the gas flow, remove the head(s)
and water from the instrument immediately.
10. Do not turn instrument off or interrupt gas flow at elevated test temperature. Cool the
instrument to ambient before turning off the instrument power or the gas flow.

Sample Size - Test Cells

Your single cell film sample should be approximately 2" x 2" (5 x 5 cm), with a thickness not exceeding 1
mm (0.40 in).
Orienting the Sample

When testing a homogenous, one-layer sample, the orientation of the sample in the cell in not critical.
Install a multi-layered film or laminate with the barrier coating or laminate toward the lower cell. For
example, a one-sided, PVDC-coated paper should be mounted with the PVDC side on the lower cell,
placing the PVDC against the carrier gas.
Preparing Film Samples for Testing

To prepare your test film, apply a thin coat of glue to one side of the film holder and then place the film to be
tested on the holder. Trim any excess film if required. Install the film holder. The film should lie flat without
any sags, creases or wrinkles.
NOTE: MOCON recommends that you always use the supplied film holder for mounting the films.
NOTE: It is recommended that the film holder be cleaned between each use. The glue provided in
your accessories kit is water-soluble and can easily be washed with water. To reorder the
glue stick (P/N 033-676), contact MOCON Customer Service at (763) 493-6370.
Installing the Sample

NOTE: Before testing a sample, a Cal C must be performed. Refer to Chapter 7 for information on
calibrating your system.
1. Remove the test cell clamps by turning the clamping knob counterclockwise, unlatching the
instrument case.
with gloved hands. Disposable, powder free plastic clean room gloves are
recommended.
CAUTION: The guard film is subject to damage by sealing greases such a silicone
vacuum grease or Apiezon T. MOCON recommends that no grease be used.
side of the head.
3. Install the film holder, film side up, into the test cell.
turning the knob until snug.

Conducting the Test

The following section describes the basic steps required to setup and conduct a test. Read the following
section for information on how to:
• Prepare a module for a Transmission Rate Test.
• Use the Control Test window to modify the Test Method.
• Control the Start and Completion of a Test.
• Monitor Test Status
• Assign, create and save named groups of Module Setup parameters.
• Assign, create and save named groups of Test Method parameters.
Preparing a Module for a Transmission Rate Test

Prior to starting a test on a module, the tasks listed below must have been performed. For more detail on
performing these tasks see Chapter 4 through Chapter 7.
1. The temperature and other module setup parameters must be correctly set. See the section
on using the “New Module Setup” window below and the Help section of your software for
more detailed information.
2. Perform a Cal C if necessary. A Cal C is required whenever the test temperature is changed.
A Cal C may also be needed if your reference film values have changed.
3. If a previous Film Calibration exists and is applicable to the current test, it should be
assigned to the module. The Load Calibration window is used to assign calibrations. See
Chapter 7 for more information on calibration and assigning calibrations.
Using the Control Test window to modify the Test Method
The Control Test window is used to change the cell test parameters and to control the execution of a
transmission rate test. To open the Control Test window, select Control Test from the Control menu or
click on the Red Hand icon in the toolbar.
Most of the test parameters on the Control Test window are specific to a cell. For example, the Test Mode
field can be set different for cells A and B.
To modify the Test Method for Cell A, select Cell A by clicking on A in the Cell Control. Now any changes
made will only be applied to Cell A when the test is started. Before starting a test each cell should be
selected and any changes that are appropriate should be made.
The Material ID and Test Number fields can be used to uniquely identify the material and the specific
sample that will be tested. For example Material ID could be used to denote the Lot Number or Sample
Composition and Test Number could be used to denote that Cell A contains sample 1 of 5 for the specified
Lot Number. These two fields are optional; the information is only used for identification purposes on reports
and in the PERM-NET database.
The parameters on the Control Test window can also be set as a group by using the New Module Setup,
New Test Method or Quick Start windows to “Assign” them to specific cells and modules. See Using New
Module Setup and Using New Test Method in this section and Chapter 5 for more information on using
this method to setup a Transmission Rate Test. Setting up a test by using cell and module assignments is
quicker and less susceptible to operator error.
NOTE: With the exception of a “Quick Start” assignment, the Material ID and Test Number fields can
only be set using the Control Test window.
When all the test parameters have been appropriately set, then the cell or cells can be started. The
following section describes how to start and control tests on individual cells or on all cells.
Controlling the Start and Completion of a Test
To start a test select the desired cell using the Module Button Bar and Cell Control and then click Start
Test. To start tests on all cells in a module, click Start All after selecting the desired module. The computer
will start and proceed through the test sequence according to the conditions previously set.
As each phase of the test is completed, the cell will automatically be advanced to the next step as specified
by the currently set parameters. The operator can control the execution of the test using the Advance Test,
Abort Test, and Go To: functions on the Control Test window, Control Menu and Toolbar.
The Advance Test button will advance the selected cell from the current test phase to the next phase in the
sequence.
The Abort Test button will abort (set to the idle state) the selected cell and all data in WinPerm on the test
will be lost. If the PERM-NET Graphs & Reports option is installed, the test data sent to PERM-NET will be
denoted as “Failed”.
The Go To: control can be used to alter the normal cell rotation cycle. Any information on the exam period
that is terminated by a Go To command will be lost.
For more information on using these functions see the Winperm help system in your software.
Monitoring Test Status
The state of each cell and module can be observed using the Home, Cell Status and Module Status
windows. The Home window provides an overview of the status of all cells on all active (enabled) modules
connected to the computer. The Module Status window provides the current status and outputs for all
sensors in the selected module. The Cell Status window provides the current test status for the selected
cell.
The Cell Status window contains a graph and data table of the transmission rate information acquired for
the current test on the selected cell. The time and resulting transmission rate for each examination period is
listed. The data table also contains an entry for each state transition in the test sequence. The graph and
data table can be printed at any time by selecting the appropriate Print button.
A more detailed report is available by the Print Detail Report function. A Multi Test Summary Report is also
available.

Using New Module Setup
The New Module Setup window can be used to create and save named groups of Module Setup
Parameters. These named groups (MDF files) can then be “Assigned” to a module. To open the Module
Setup window, select New Module Setup from the Setup menu or click on the New Module Setup icon in
the toolbar.
This window contains the test parameters that are specific to a module. Module specific parameters are
those that pertain to all cells in a module. For example, the Temperature Set Point field sets the test
temperature for all cells in the module. In addition to the temperature set point, there are units and mode
fields for the various module sensors.
Selecting a module using the button bar and clicking Assign to Selected Module will assign the
parameters as displayed to the selected module. Any parameter assignments made will be saved and used
until changed by another assignment. Changes made to module specific parameters using the Control Test
or Module Status windows have the same effect as making an assignment.
Changes made to the setup parameters can be saved by using Save or Save As in the File menu. There is
also a Save icon on the toolbar. A prompt will also be displayed when the window is closed if changes have
been made. See the Winperm help system in your software for more information on using the Module Setup
window.
Using New Test Method
The New Test Method window can be used to create and save named groups of Test Method
Parameters. These named groups (MET files) can then be “Assigned” to a cell. To open the Test Method
window, select New Test Method from the Setup menu or click on the New Test Method icon in the
toolbar.
This window contains the test parameters that are specific to a cell. Cell specific parameters are those that
can be set differently for each cell. For example a different examination time can be assigned to each cell in
a module. The parameters are grouped according to function. The Test Control group is used to set the type
of test mode used and the cell examination time. The Sample Parameters group contains parameters
pertaining to the sample to be tested. The Cal C Mode is used to set the Cal C Mode for the cell. The
Reporting Units group sets and displays the reporting units used for the cell.
Selecting a module using the button bar and clicking Assign to Selected Cells will assign the parameters
as displayed to the selected cells. Cells are selected by clicking on them in the Cell Control in the upper
right part of the window. When a cell is selected the color will change from gray to green. Clicking on
Assign to All Cells will assign the parameters as displayed to all cells in the selected module. Any
parameter assignments made will be saved and used until changed by another assignment. Changes made
to cell specific parameters using the Control Test window have the same effect as making an assignment.
Changes made to the test method parameters can be saved by using Save or Save As in the File menu.
There is also a Save icon on the toolbar. A prompt will also be displayed when the window is closed if
changes have been made.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Maintenance
Chapter 9: Maintenance
This chapter discusses methods for keeping your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K clean and working properly.
Read this chapter for information on:
Cleaning your PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system
Maintaining the Relative Humidity Sensor
Calibration of the Temperature, Barometric Pressure and Flow Sensors
Changing Gas Tanks
Changing the desiccant
System shutdown, storage and recovery.
In addition to cleaning and maintenance, it is extremely important to periodically calibrate the system. Refer
to Chapter 7,”Calibrating Your System” on page 7-1.
The following information is provided to assist you in the daily operation and maintenance of your
PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system. Included are answers to the questions most commonly asked of the
MOCON Technical Services Group.
Maintaining the Relative Humidity Sensor

The relative humidity (RH) sensor, housed in an RH probe is used to determine the Water Vapor content of
the Carrier Gas. Observe these precautions when handling and connecting the RH probe:
• Handle the probe carefully. If dropped or handled roughly the sensor could be irreparably
damaged.
• When the probe is not mounted in the cell, do not expose it to contaminants, excessive
shock, vibration, or other abuse.
• If removed from its socket, the RH sensor is extremely static sensitive. Always keep it in its
socket.
The calibration of the sensor is fixed at the factory. If the sensor needs calibration contact a
MOCON Technical Services representative. In the USA contact MOCON in the USA at (763)
493-6370.

Maintenance PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Calibration of the Temperature, Flow and Barometric Pressure Sensors

The following sections describe maintenance procedures for the temperature, flow, and barometric pressure
sensors. These procedures electronically adjust the zero and span for the temperature and barometric
pressure sensors. The flow sensor has a multi-point curve fitting procedure for its calibration.
The temperature, flow and barometric pressure sensors are easily calibrated using the Diagnostics window.
Calibration should not be performed unless there is an unacceptable error between the sensor and a
suitable reference standard. If an unacceptable error exists calibration is required. Calibration will adjust the
sensor output so it is in agreement with the reference standard.
Calibration can be performed using a single-point or two- point method for the temperature, barometric
pressure sensors. The flow sensor is calibrated using a multi-point calibration curve fit routine.
A two-point calibration results in the most accurate calibration across the entire ranges of the temperature
and RH sensors. Calibration of the temperature and RH sensors is accomplished by adjusting the stored
“calibration factors” Zero and Gain. The Zero calibration factor is referred to as “factor A”. The Gain
calibration factor is referred to as “factor B”. One or both factors are adjusted depending on the calibration
method chosen.
The multi-point calibration of the flow sensor provides an accurate calibration over a range from 2 to 200
sccm. The flow sensor uses six calibration factors (A thru F). Calibration of the flow sensor is accomplished
by making flow measurements at multiple points and calculating new factors. A minimum of six points are
required and a maximum of ten may be used.
Before any calibration is performed, printing the calibration factors is recommended. The calibration factors
can be printed using the “Print Table” button on the main diagnostic window.
Single-Point Calibration
To perform a single-point calibration, measurements are taken at one point. The output of the sensor at this
point is compared to the value obtained from a reference standard. If the point chosen for calibration is at
25% or less of the sensor range the “Zero” is adjusted. If the chosen point is more than 25% of the sensor
range the “Gain” is adjusted. A single point calibration is performed by manually adjusting the Zero or Gain
as is appropriate. A single-point calibration may significantly decrease the accuracy of the sensor, except
for the point calibration was performed at.
Two-Point Calibration
To perform a two-point calibration, measurements are taken at two points. The output of the sensor at each
point is compared to the value obtained from a reference standard. The Auto-Tune feature in the
Diagnostics portion of the software has automated this process. To perform a two-point calibration of the
temperature or RH sensors press the Auto-Tune button for the appropriate sensor and follow the
instructions provided in the User Procedure block in the window.

Temperature Sensor Calibration

Temperature sensor calibration is not recommended unless the temperature reported deviates from a
suitable reference standard by more than 0.25 Degrees Celsius.
The thermometer used must have an immersion depth of 1.625 inches (41.3 mm) or less. The accuracy
must be ± 0.10 C or less. It is highly desirable that the thermometer has a current “certificate of calibration”
that is “traceable” to a national standards body (N.I.S.T. or equivalent).
The thermometer used may be an “electronic” or traditional mercury bulb. It must be possible to close the
“Front Cover” with the thermometer installed in the thermometer well. The thermometer should always be
inserted to its specified immersion depth.
The use of a device that does not meet these specifications will reduce the accuracy of the resulting
calibration. MOCON is not responsible for problems resulting from improper calibration or use of inadequate
equipment.
MOCON is not responsible for problems resulting from improper calibration or use of inadequate equipment.
Two-Point Temperature Calibration

1. Set all cells on the module to “Idle”.
2. Open the Diagnostics window.
3. Insert the thermometer into the thermometer well to the correct immersion depth.
4. Click on the “Auto Tune” button in the Temperature row. A “Block Temperature Sensor
Calibration” window will open and receive the focus.
5. The “User Procedure” message box will contain instructions for each step in the procedure.
The first step is to set the two temperatures used to calibrate the sensor. The factory
calibration procedure uses 20° C and 65° C for the calibration points.
6. Follow the instructions in the “User Procedure” message box for each step in the process.
7. The final step in the process is “saving” the new calibration factors. At any point in the
process, clicking the “X” button on the calibration window will cancel the procedure.
Canceling the procedure will not alter the original calibration.
NOTE: This procedure will take a significant amount of time. The module has to come to thermal
equilibrium each time the temperature is changed.

Mass Flow Sensor Calibration

Mass Flow sensor calibration is not recommended unless the flow reported deviates from a suitable
reference standard by more than 2 sccm.
The accuracy of the device used must be ± 2 sccm or less. It is highly desirable that the mass flow standard
have a current “certificate of calibration” that is “traceable” to a national standards body (N.I.S.T. or
equivalent).
calibration.
Warning! This instrument contains high voltage and moving parts. Only qualified
technical personnel should make adjustments to the equipment.
To perform a calibration, follow the steps below:
3. Remove the upper rear housing to access the outlet port for the mass flow sensor.
4. Connect a mass flow standard to the outlet of the mass flow sensor on the IR sensor PCB.
5. Click on the “Auto Tune” button in the flow sensor row. A “Calibrate Flow Sensor” window will
open and receive the focus.
NOTE: This procedure may take a significant amount of time. A “stable” flow has to be established at
each calibration point.

Barometric Pressure Sensor Calibration

Barometric pressure sensor calibration is not recommended unless the pressure reported deviates from a
suitable reference standard by more than 5 mmHg.
The accuracy of the device used must be ± 5 mmHg or less. It is highly desirable that the pressure standard
has a current “certificate of calibration” that is “traceable” to a national standards body (N.I.S.T. or
equivalent).
calibration.
Two-Point Barometric Pressure Calibration
To perform a two-point calibration, follow the steps below:
3. Remove the upper rear housing to access the pressure port for the barometric pressure
sensor.
Warning! This instrument contains high voltage and moving parts. Only qualified
technical personnel should make adjustments to the equipment.
4. Connect a suitable vacuum source and the pressure standard to the internal barometric
pressure sensor.
5. Click on the “Auto Tune” button in the Barometer row. A “Barometric Pressure Sensor
Calibration” window will open and receive the focus.
NOTE: This procedure may take a significant amount of time. A “stable” pressure has to be
established at each calibration point.

Cleaning the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Computer and Modules

The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K is housed in a lightweight, durable plastic case that is easy to clean and
maintain. Periodically wipe the case with a damp cloth and mild detergent solution.
Warning!
Turn OFF the module and unplug it from its power source before beginning these
procedures. Failure to do so can result in electrical shock, which can cause injury
or death.
Some important precautions to follow:
1. Leave component covers on while cleaning; do not get water in the module.
2. Never use alcohol or thinners on the module case. These chemicals could damage the
instruments as well as the case.
NOTE: There are no user-serviceable parts inside the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K computer,
monitor, or printer. You may adjust the controls on the monitor or replace your ink cartridge
(see your printer manual). A MOCON service representative should perform all other
maintenance and adjustments.
Resetting Time and Date

If necessary, use your operating system Help file for information of how to reset the time and date on the
computer's internal clock.
Changing the Standard Guard Film

The Guard Film, if not damaged, should last for years. Change the guard film if it is wrinkled, punctured or
contaminated with grease or fingerprints. Figure 7-1 shows how the guard film is mounted onto the head
assembly.
Changing Gas Tanks

The life expectancy of a tank of gas depends on the size of the tank and the number of modules connected
to it. Under standard test conditions, each module uses nitrogen gas at a rate of approximately 700
milliliters per minute.
Make sure to reset the gas flows and calibrate the system each time you change a gas tank. Refer to
Chapter 7 for information on how to calibrate the system and set gas flow rates.

Changing the Desiccant

The desiccant chamber is located in-line between the regulator tee assembly and the nitrogen tank. Change
the desiccant whenever the indicator starts to turn pink. Refer to Figure 9-1 and use the following directions
to change the desiccant:
Warning! The desiccant chamber contains high pressure, and will cause personal injury if
the nitrogen gas supply is not turned OFF before detaching the gas lines.
1. Turn off the nitrogen tank gas flow.
2. Detach the gas flow lines (copper tubing) from each end of the desiccant chamber.
3. Remove the cover end of the chamber. The cover end is the end connected to the nitrogen
gas tank.
4. Remove the glass wool, aluminum screen, spring and O-ring from the chamber.
5. Empty the desiccant from the chamber.
6. Clean the chamber thoroughly with water and let it dry.
7. Fill the chamber slightly less than halfway with molecular sieve (Do not use a substitute for
the molecular sieve.) Molecular sieve is available from MOCON in 2.2 kg cans.
8. Pour one inch of blue indicator pellets into the chamber. Blue indicator is found in your
Service Accessories.
9. Fill the chamber with molecular sieve to within one inch (2 to 3 cm) below the connector
fitting.
10. Replace the glass wool.
11. Replace the aluminum screen and then the spring.
12. Lubricate the O-ring with high vacuum or silicon grease and insert it into the metal cap.
13. Close the chamber cover tightly.
14. Inspect the chamber fitting O-rings. Replace if worn or cracked.
15. Reconnect the copper tubing gas lines. Make sure to reconnect the nitrogen gas tank to the
cover end of the desiccant chamber.
16. Turn on the nitrogen tank valve and readjust the module flows, if necessary.

Caution: To eliminate the possibility of gross leaks, you should make sure the copper
tubing is fully inserted into the desiccant chamber fittings and that the o-ring and
ferrule are installed and positioned correctly (see Figure 9-1).
Figure 9-1: The Desiccant Chamber

System Shutdown
It will not be necessary to turn off the system under normal conditions. The system automatically cycles the
valve to Bypass when a test series is complete. The gasses should be left on to keep the system purged
and to prevent condensation in the cells.
If no tests are planned for a few days to a week, leave the sensor in Bypass mode with nitrogen flowing
through the system.
If testing is not being performed for an extended period of time (weeks or months), perform the following
steps:
1. Remove all water from the head assembly.
2. Replace and clamp the head assembly.
3. Run nitrogen through the system for 24 hours.
4. Leave head assembly in place and power down module.
System Relocation, Storage or Repair

Follow these instructions when shutting down an instrument for relocation or long term storage, or if an
instrument is to be sent to the factory for repairs.
1. Make sure that the sensor is in Disable mode.
2. Remove all water from the head assembly.
3. Set the Temperature Set Point to ambient temperature and allow the instrument to come to
ambient temperature.
4. Run nitrogen through the system for 24 hours.
CAUTION: The instrument's testing temperature must be at ambient temperature

with the gases flowing before turning the instrument off for a long
period of time. If the temperature is not ambient, condensation will
form and damage to the instrument is likely.
5. Turn off the power to the instrument.
6. Disconnect the gas line at the rear of the module.
7. Use caps to seal the rear gas connect fittings and front barb ports.

System Recovery
If a power failure occurs during testing, information stored in active memory could be lost. To prevent data
loss, the system periodically saves all data and system parameters to disk. When power resumes, the
system restarts and checks the elapsed time (how long the power was out). If less than one hour has
passed, testing resumes. If more than one hour has elapsed, the following message appears:
Figure 9-2: User Advisory Message
The system will wait until the operator aborts the test (press Yes) or instructs the computer to resume
testing with the same data.
NOTE: Automatic restart and test resumption requires that the computer system be set up so that it
automatically turns on after a power failure.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Error Messages/Troubleshooting
Chapter 10: Error Messages/Troubleshooting

This chapter defines the various types of error messages and tells you what to do should you encounter an
error message.
Read this chapter to learn about and solve:
Operation errors
Module errors
Communication errors
• Other Software Errors
Automatic Recovery & Restart
Troubleshooting the Computer, Monitor and Printer
NOTE: If you encounter an error message that you cannot correct, or if error messages persist, write
down both the error message and the code, if any. Contact MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-
6370 for assistance in diagnosing the problem.
The WinPerm program is continually checking for errors. When an error is detected, an error message will
be shown in a window on the bottom of the screen. Press Enter or wait five seconds for the system to
continue operation as if the error did not occur. If the computer detects more than 99 consecutive errors for
any module, the module will automatically shut down (Fail) and will require operator intervention.
Troubleshooting the Computer and Monitor

A properly installed computer will give years of trouble-free operation. If you have a problem, see Using the
Computer, beginning on page 4-1 in Chapter 4, your computer manual, or call the MOCON in the USA at
(763) 493-6370.
Troubleshooting the Printer

If you encounter problems with your printer, consult the owner's manual or call the MOCON in the USA at
(763) 493-6370.

Error Messages/Troubleshooting PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Operational Troubleshooting
The following may help you identify and correct problems.
Symptom: Unusual data fluctuations observed during a test cycle.
Cause: Unstable and erratic readings may be caused by abrupt changes in the carrier gas
flow rate. Such a transient symptom can be produced by a temporary restriction in
any gas line, or gas usage by another system.
Solution: Monitor the flow rate during the disturbance. If necessary isolate the module from all
other systems.
Symptom: Error Message: Error 102 on Module 1

Permeant sensor is giving huge positive values
Do You Want to DISABLE the MODULE?
Cause: The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K sensor is generating an output that represents a
RH of greater than 100% or less than -10%. This is usually an indication of an RH
Sensor that is not functional.
Solution: Contact MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-6370.
Symptom: The module has been “Disabled”. After re-enabling the module, all cells have been
marked as “Failed”.
Cause: A major over-range has terminated the test sequence of all cells.
Solution: Examine the data for all cells using the Cell Status window. Determine if the over-
range is associated with one of the test cells or all of the cells. Take appropriate
action to eliminate the cause of the over-range. Possible causes may be:
• The sample has pinholes, cracks, or a poor-sealing surface. Replace the

sample; return the appropriate modules to testing.
• The cell is closed but no barrier is present. Mount the sample and return the
appropriate modules to testing.
• The carrier gas cylinder was allowed to empty while testing was in progress
(air entered via exhaust line). Replace the Carrier gas cylinder and return the
appropriate modules to testing.


Invalid Flow Sensor Reading. Going to Manual
Cause: The flow sensor has been over ranged. The range for flow on all cells is 0 sccm to
200 sccm. Setting flows higher than 250 sccm will over range the flow sensor. A
negative flow value will also over range the sensor.
Solution: Restore the flow to within the allowable range. Set the Flow Rate Mode to Auto. If the
error message reappears the flow sensor may need to be calibrated or repaired.
Symptom: The Flow Rate sensor does not display changes in flow rate
Cause: The Flow Rate Mode field is in Manual. See above
Solution: Set the Mode field to Auto.
Symptom: The Flow Rate Mode field is in Auto, but the field does not update
Cause: The Flow Rate sensor is disconnected or not working
Solution: Repair or connect the sensor.
Symptom: The sensor response is slow.
Cause: For the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K, a normally operating sensor should complete
95% of the traverse to a zero reading within 10 to 15 minutes after being bypassed.
Occasionally, particularly after prolonged exposure to high water vapor levels, the
sensor will exhibit sluggish response, typically requiring one hour or more to reach
equilibrium after a step change. Generally, this is due to sensor saturation. The
sensor may need to be replaced.
Solution: Contact MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-6370.

Other Software Errors

These errors may be detected during operation:
Symptom: Invalid readings on analog sensor inputs.
Cause: Out of Range readings on any of the auxiliary analog sensor (barometer, flow, or
temperature) will cause the sensors to be set to “Manual”.
Solution: The system will use the last valid value. A value may be entered in the “Current Value” field.
Corrective action should be taken to replace or repair the defective sensor.

Module restarted, module data is valid
Cause: This message is reported any time that power has been restored to the module.
Solution: This is an informational error message and will be automatically cleared. Specific recovery
actions will be taken automatically based on the status of the module at the time power was
removed.

Module restarted by watchdog, module data is valid
Cause: This message is reported after the module has recovered from an internal operating error. It
should only occur when there is electrical interference.
actions will be taken automatically based on the status of the module at the time the problem
occurred.

Host command received but invalid
Cause: This message indicates very noisy communication lines or an invalid command entry. It
should not occur while operating the PERMATRAN-W Model 3/61 software.
actions will be taken automatically based on the status of the module at the time the problem
occurred.

Module memory failure encountered
Cause: This message tells you that the random access memory (RAM) of the module is failing during
the self-test.
Solution: This error indicates that a Major failure occurred. It may automatically clear and continue, but
any further data exchange with the module is highly suspect. Restart the Application.


Module failed signature test, default data used.
Cause: This message indicates that the special memory used to contain the factory configuration
data has been corrupted.
Solution: This error indicates that a Major failure occurred. It may automatically clear and continue.
However the module will support only the gas sensor; all other sensors will be un-calibrated.
Access to the “Module Configuration” window is required to correct this problem. Contact
MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-6370 for assistance.

Module permeant gas sensor A/D failing to convert.
Cause: The gas sensor is most likely extremely out of range.
Solution: The error will usually clear when the sensor reading is within monitoring range of the sensor.

Module non-gas A/D failing to convert or overrange.
Cause: The temperature, flow, or relative humidity (RH) sensors are over-range; the automatic
calibration is out of tolerance; or the analog input hardware is failing.
Solution: This error will clear when the failing sensor returns to normal. If the error is in the automatic
calibration inputs, the module will disable the self-calibration function and attempt to
continue. Generally, the value returned for the failing sensor will be at maximum.
NOTE: The examples above are for errors occurring on module 1. Other modules will display the
same message; only the module number will differ (i.e. Error 0 on Module 2).

Communication Errors
The following error messages may appear as the result of a communication error.
Message: Error 0 on Module 1

Unable to exchange messages with the module.
Cause: This indicates that communication with the module has been attempted and failed. This error
may occasionally occur in electrically noisy environments.
Solution: This error message will automatically clear when communication is reestablished with the
module.
Message Module 1 is being disabled because of to many errors!!
Cause: The software will continue to try to re-establish communication. If after multiple attempts it
fails to establish communication, the software will disable the module.
Solution: If the WinPerm software is unable to communicate with a module, first make sure that all
modules are turned on and that the communication cables are properly connected. If the
module and cable appears to be in good working order, but the error persists, call MOCON in
the USA at (763) 493-6370.
NOTE: The examples above are for errors occurring on module 1. Other module will display the
same message, only the module number will differ (i.e. Error 0 on Module 2).
What to do when a Module is Disabled

A number of different error conditions, if not corrected, can result in a module being “Disabled”. A module
has been disabled if it is grayed-out on the Home window. To re-enable a module, follow the procedure
below.
1. Select Diagnostics from the Tools menu or click on the Diagnostic icon on the toolbar.
2. Select a user name from the list and enter the appropriate password.
3. Select the appropriate module using the module selection button bar.
4. Check the Enable box, the module on the Home window should no longer be grayed-out.
If there is a problem with the module or communication cannot be established an error message will be
displayed. The problem causing the error message must be resolved before the module can be enabled. If
the problem is not resolved, the module will not be enabled or will automatically be disable again.
Automatic Recovery File/Restart

The software records data every two seconds. All collected data is directed to a disk file (called a recovery
file). If testing is first halted then restarted within one hour, the data collected after the last cycle is
considered valid and testing will resume at its last state. If the data is older than one hour, all cells will be
switched to Disable status, a warning screen will appear, and the operator must intervene to resume testing.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Site Preparation Instructions
Appendix A: Site Preparation Instructions
MOCON, Inc. Revision E A-1

Site Preparation Instructions PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
P/N 140-206
Revision D

Minneapolis, MN 55428 U.S.A.
Web Site: www.mocon.com
SITE PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS

IMPORTANT!
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE STARTUP OF
THE PERMATRAN-W® Model 101K
The following must be furnished by the customer before a new PERMATRAN-W Model 101K can be set up. A
MOCON technical representative will be setting up your system. These items must be on site before we can arrange to
visit your plant.
1. OPERATING REQUIREMENTS - The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system must be supported by a rigid
bench or table. Vibration or movement of the unit will adversely affect the performance of the system.
The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K requires approximately two feet (61 cm) of bench space. Each weighs
approximately 63 pounds (28.6 kilograms), and is 26 inches (66 cm) deep.
The computer and printer each require approximately two to three feet (61 to 92 cm) of bench space. The
computer weighs between 20 and 30 pounds (9.1 and 13.6 kilograms), and is approximately 15 to 20 inches
(38 to 51 cm) deep. The printer weighs between 10 and 20 pounds (4.5 and 9.1 kilograms) and is
approximately 15 to 20 inches deep. Benches should be sufficiently large and strong to accommodate the
computer, printer and all modules in close proximity.
2. POWER REQUIREMENTS - The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K must be provided with a quiet 120 VAC ±
10%, 60 Hz, computer-grade electrical outlet (NEMA 5-15R) with isolated ground and two receptacles per
module. The computer can be plugged into the module. The printer can be plugged into a module or to a wall
receptacle, if desired.
Maximum power consumption is 500 VA surge for the PERMATRAN-W Model 3/33 module.
NOTE: Optional voltages of 100 VAC, 220 VAC, and 240 VAC ± 10% at 50 or 60 Hz are available, and
must be computer grade with isolated ground as well.
NOTE: MOCON only provides power cords with instruments configured for 120V.
See the last page of these instructions for details and cautions on
RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
3. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS - The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K should be operated in an

environment with room RH held constant between 20% and 80% non-condensing, and at an ambient
temperature of 22 °C ± 2 °C. It is important to locate the instrument in a relatively stable environment free from
drafts and temperature fluctuations. The system must be operated in a clean area as free from airborne dust
and condensable vapors as possible. Ingestion of contaminants results in absorption and desorption of
moisture. This could affect test data and system response, and may cause damage to the optical portion of the
system.
4. DISTILLED WATER - You should use HPLC water for temperature control and relative humidity generation.
Obtain this water through a local supplier.
5. NITROGEN - The required carrier gas is extra dry nitrogen (99.7% or better). A standard T size cylinder may
provide several weeks of operation.
A-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.
PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Site Preparation Instructions
6. REGULATOR ASSEMBLY - If the customer chooses to purchase the optional PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
regulator assembly, then the gas cylinder is the only item that must be supplied by the customer. The regulator
assembly contains everything else that is needed.
7. COPPER TUBING - One 50 foot (15.24 m) roll of copper tubing is provided with each master module. This
tubing is for connecting the nitrogen cylinder to the rear panel of the modules. If additional tubing is needed,
you must use desiccated and sealed (D&S), refrigeration-grade copper tubing 1/8 OD (3.175 mm OD). This
tubing can be purchased by calling MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-6370, or through your local tubing
supplier.
8. COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS - MOCON recommends that the person responsible for operating the
®
PERMATRAN-W Model 101K be familiar with the Windows operating system.
If not using a computer supplied by MOCON, your computer must meet the following minimum specifications:
• A computer system with one of the following Microsoft Operating systems installed.
Windows XP SP3
Windows Vista Professional
Windows 7 Professional
Note: The hardware requirements for the computer are dependent on the operating system installed.
• A monitor with a minimum resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels
• A printer (HP DeskJet or equivalent)
NOTE: MOCON does not warrant customer-supplied computer equipment, and therefore does not accept
responsibility for integrating customer-supplied computers with the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
system. The MOCON Limited Warranty applies to MOCON-supplied components only.
The MOCON PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system will provide years of useful life provided these requirements are
observed. Please contact MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-6370 with any questions regarding these Site Preparation
Instructions.
MOCON and PERMATRAN-W are registered trademarks of MOCON, Inc.

MOCON, Inc. Revision E A-3
Site Preparation Instructions PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
NOTES
1. The impedance of the equipment ground path from receptacle being utilized back to main service entrance
where equipment ground and neutral are connected together has to be one ohm or less.
2. Machinery and air conditioners generate a large amount of electrical interference on the AC power lines.
These disturbances can interfere with the operation of the system unless steps are taken to isolate the power
disturbances from the power lines serving the computer equipment. Electrical noise can sometimes be
eliminated by repair, replacement, relocation or electrical filtering of the originating device. If not, a suitable
power line conditioner may have to be installed in the AC line to the system by a qualified electrician. A noisy
circuit or improper grounding will cause adverse performance and possible damage to the system and/or its
peripherals.
CAUTION
The installation of the NEMA 5-15R outlet requires the skill and knowledge of a qualified electrician. Do
not attempt to test the electrical current in your plant, or to wire or fabricate the electrical power outlet
required for operation of the system without the services of a qualified electrician.
A-4 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Using a Strip Chart Recorder
Appendix B: Using a Strip Chart Recorder

Using a Strip Chart Recorder
NOTE: Under normal circumstances, MOCON does not recommend using a strip chart recorder with
the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K. If you are going to use a strip chart recorder, use a high-
input impedance (1 megohm or higher) model.
You have the option of using a strip-chart recorder to record analog recordings of RH sensor output. Check
the manual that came with your chart recorder for information on connecting the chart recorder. The analog
recording is in raw form. This data is insufficient by itself to determine the transmission rate of the barrier
being tested.
NOTE: Some chart recorders may cause the computer to take erroneous readings. Exercise caution
when using a chart recorder.
Report Format
The analog recording is in raw form. Determine the transmission rate using the formulas in “Converting
Chart Recordings to WVTR” on page B-2 in this appendix.
Obtaining a Recording
To obtain a recording of your test data, follow these steps:
1. Make sure the chart recorder is attached at the rear of the module, loaded with paper, turned
on, and running.
2. Check the manual that came with your chart recorder for information on setting chart speed,
voltage range, zero point, and other chart recorder options.
3. Once connected to the module, the recorder automatically monitors the sensor output. The
voltage output is recorded based on time.
NOTE: Chart recorder data is not stored by the module, the chart recorder, or the computer. You can
only obtain chart recorder data for a test while the test is being conducted.
Report Notations
A common chart recorder records only voltage levels and it does not print time, date, or test parameter
information. You will need to write this information on recordings. See the chart recorder manual for more
information.
MOCON, Inc. Revision E B-1

Using a Strip Chart Recorder PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Converting Chart Recordings to WVTR

To convert chart recordings to water vapor transmission rate follow the steps below:
1. Record the test sample voltage output and the ReZero voltage output at equilibrium in
millivolts from the chart recorder.
2. Subtract the ReZero voltage output at equilibrium from the test sample voltage output at
equilibrium in millivolts.
3. Record the standard reference film voltage output at equilibrium and its associated ReZero
voltage output in millivolts.
4. Subtract the ReZero voltage output from the standard reference film voltage output at
equilibrium in millivolts.
5. Divide the millivolts calculated in step 4 by the WVTR of the standard reference film shown
on the reference film mask.
6. Divide the result of step 2 (in millivolts per gram) by the result of step 5 (in millivolts) to
calculate the WVTR of your sample. The resulting WVTR is expressed in gm/(m2-day).
Example of Converting Chart Recordings to WVTR

The following steps are an example of converting chart recordings to WVTR. The stated WVTR of 1 mil
standard reference film at 37.9 C is 24.98 gm.
1. ReZero voltage output = 5.52mV

Test Sample Voltage output = 562.1 mV
2. (562.1 mV)-(5.52 mV)= 556.58 mV
3. Standard Reference Film Voltage output = 392.5 mV
4. (392.5mV) - (5.52mV) = 386.98 mV
5. 386.98mV ÷ 24.98gm* = 15.49 mV per gram

*Stated WVTR of 1 mil polyester at 37.8 C
6. (556.58 mV) ÷(15.49 mV/gm) = 35.93 gm/(m2-day)
B-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Installing the Software
Appendix C: lnstalling the Software

A computer program is required to operate the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system. This program must be
installed on a computer before the instrument can be used. The software is provided on CD. The instrument
comes with one master “Install” CD ROM. This CD RROM contains licensed or copyrighted programs.
If you purchased a computer with your system, the software is already installed on the hard drive.
Note: Installation of this software requires “Administrator” level access to the computer. Check the
operating system reference material for assistance in logging in at the correct access level.
To install the software, insert the MOCON WinPerm CD into your CD-ROM drive, if “auto-play” is enabled
the installation program will start automatically. If Auto-Play is disabled, select Run from the Windows Start
menu and type in “D:\setup.exe” where “D” is the CD-ROM drive letter, and then select “OK”.
When install the software you will be asked to accept MOCON’s license agreement. The software also
requires a “Registration Key”. The “Registration Key” will have been provided with the software when it was
purchased.
Follow the instructions to complete the installation. If you have any questions or problems with the
installation call MOCON in the USA at (763) 494-6370.
MOCON, Inc. Revision E C-1

Using a Strip Chart Recorder PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
C-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Spare Parts
Appendix D: Spare Parts

The following is a list of the spare parts that are available for the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K. To order,
contact the MOCON in the USA at (763) 493-6370.
Part Unit of
Part Description Quantity
Number Measure
023-765 CABLE, PRINTER 1 EA
024-180 THERMOMETER, 4 INCH 1 EA
024-517 ASSY, DESSICANT CHAMBER 1 EA
025-382 PLUG, TUBE, 1/8 INCH, BRASS 1 EA
025-785 CABLE, RS-485 1 EA
027-240 TUBING, COPPER, 1/8 OD X 50 FT
027-326 CUTTING MAT, 6" X 8 1/2" 1 EA
027-343 REGULATOR/TEE 1 EA
027-790 REGULATOR N2 -HE TWO STAGE 1 EA
031-956 O-RING, 1.296 X .139 CS 1 EA
032-310 ASSY, 6 CELL TRIM TEMPLATE 1 EA
032-312 ASSY, FILM TEMPLATE, 1 CELL 1 EA
032-565 RH SENSOR ASSY, 101K 1 EA
032-599 ASSY, GUARD FILM, PERM 101K 1 EA
032-966 VALVE W/O KNOB #2 TAPER 1 EA
033-584 CERTIFIED REFERENCE FILM, 101K 1 EA
033-648 GASKET, COVER, 101K 1 EA
033-676 GLUE STICK, CLEAR 1 EA
033-701 GASKET, COVER, 101K, TEFLON 1 EA
034-541 WINPERM SOFTWARE 1 EA
143-126 MANUSCRIPT, ON CD, PERMATRAN-W MODEL 101K 1 EA
210-017 CORD, POWER 125V 1 EA
310-027 NUT, 1/8", BRASS 10 EA
310-051 FERRULE, 1/8", BRASS 10 EA
700-014 FUSE, 5A, 250V, 3AG 5 EA
800-020 SYRINGE, DISPOSABLE 5 EA
930-009 MOLECULAR SIEVE, 5 LB CAN 5 LB
930-010 DESICCANT, SILICA GEL 1 LB
MOCON, Inc. Revision E D-1

Spare Parts PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
D-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Warranty and Service Policies
Appendix E: Warranty and Service Policies
MOCON, Inc. Revision E E-1

Warranty and Service Policies PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Part Number 032-846

Revision D
Minneapolis, MN 55428 USA
WARRANTY POLICY
STATEMENT OF LIMITED WARRANTY
MOCON warrants that any part of any MOCON instrument or accessory which proves to be defective in material or workmanship
during the warranty period will be repaired by MOCON “certified” service personnel only, or at MOCON’s option replaced, free of
charge, F.O.B. MOCON’s factory. Please consult the MOCON technical services department to determine which warranty
statement applies to your instrument. This warranty applies to the original purchaser only, and is subject to the following terms and
conditions:
1. Units or systems with MOCON offered field training, either purchased as an option or included in the purchase price.
• One year from date of shipment from MOCON’s factory if field training is performed by MOCON personnel or
“certified” representatives.
• Ninety days from date of shipment from MOCON’s factory if field training is not purchased.
• One year from date of shipment from MOCON’s factory if an extended warranty is purchased as an option or
included in the purchase price (not available on all instruments).
2. Units or systems without field training offered by MOCON.
• One year from date of shipment from MOCON’s factory.
3. Spare parts, repairs and accessories when purchased separately and not a part of a new instrument order.
• Ninety days from date of shipment from MOCON’s factory.
4. This warranty covers normal use only. It does not cover damage that results from alteration, accident, misuse, abuse, neglect, or failure
to follow assembly, installation, operational, or other MOCON instruction.
5. All warranty repair items are to be shipped at purchaser’s expense, to and from MOCON.
6. THE FOREGOING SHALL CONSTITUTE THE SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY FOR ANY PURCHASE OF MOCON
PRODUCTS, AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESSED, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, WHICH ARE
HEREBY DISCLAIMED AND EXCLUDED BY MOCON, INCLUDING WITH LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND USE AND ALL OBLIGATIONS AND
LIABILITIES ON THE PART OF MOCON FOR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF
REPAIR OR PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCT. IN NO EVENT SHALL MOCON BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR FOR ANY DELAY IN THE PERFORMANCE BY MOCON OF
ANY OF ITS OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE FIELD SERVICE AGREEMENT OR THIS WARRANTY DUE TO CAUSES
BEYOND ITS CONTROL.
7. In no event shall MOCON be liable for any damages in excess of the price paid for software including, but not limited to, direct,
consequential (including, without limitation, lost profits), special, exemplary, incidental and indirect damages, arising out of or in
connection with the use, the results or the inability to use the software, and imposed under any cause of action whatsoever, including
contract, warranty, strict liability, or negligence, even if MOCON has been notified of the possibility of such damages.
MOCON software is provided “as is” and MOCON makes no warranty as to the software. MOCON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, RELATED TO
THE SOFTWARE, ITS USE OR ANY INABILITY TO USE IT, AND THE RESULTS OF ITS USE.
MOCON IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF MOCON, INC.

Copyright© 2001 MOCON, Inc. All rights reserved.
E-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Warranty and Service Policies
Part Number 032-847

Revision C
INTERNATIONAL SERVICE POLICY

MOCON offers a complete range of service options to purchasers of MOCON instrumentation and systems.
♦♦♦SERVICE PERFORMED WITHIN THE WARRANTY PERIOD♦♦♦
1. PART REPLACEMENT
If a defective part can be located, a free replacement part can be shipped collect to the customer for installation by in-
house repair personnel. This is the fastest and least expensive way to get the equipment operating again.
2. RETURN UNIT TO MOCON U.S.A.

If replacing the part appears to be beyond the Purchaser’s normal range of talents, the Customer may elect to ship the
instrument back to the factory in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A., for repairs. In this case, the Customer is responsible for
round trip freight, insurance, and duties, with MOCON providing all labor and materials free of charge, subject to warranty
restrictions. Our Service Department will keep turnaround time to a minimum.
3. LOCAL SERVICE (IF AVAILABLE)

Another option is to have your local representative travel to your plant to facilitate repairs on equipment. If a special trip to
your location is necessary, you may be required to pay for all time and travel expenses. Once the representative arrives at
your plant, parts (if covered by warranty) are free of charge. Contact your representative for labor rates.
4. U.S.A. SERVICE PERSONNEL

When the malfunction is considered an emergency, MOCON service personnel can be dispatched from the U.S.A. to visit
your facility and to correct the problem you are experiencing. The charges for this service include all out-of-pocket travel
expenses and portal-to-portal travel time. Labor and parts expanded while on your premises are free of charge, subject to
warranty restrictions.
♦♦♦SERVICE PERFORMED AFTER THE WARRANTY PERIOD♦♦♦
5. PART REPLACEMENT
If a defective part can be located, a replacement can be shipped to the Customer for installation by in-house repair
personnel. Charges will include the cost of the parts plus shipping. This is the fastest and least expensive way to get the
equipment operating again.
6. RETURN UNIT TO MOCON U.S.A.

If replacing the part appears to be beyond the capability of in-house personnel, the instrument may be shipped back to the
factory in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A., for repairs. The customer is responsible for round trip freight, insurance and
duties, and will be billed for parts and labor required to accomplish the repair. If the required parts are in stock, turnaround
time is minimal.
7. LOCAL SERVICE (IF AVAILABLE)

A request may be made for your local representative to visit your facility. If a special trip to your location is required, you
will be billed for time, travel expenses, and parts. If you are unsure of whether you have a local representative, please
contact MOCON and we will direct you to the location nearest you.
8. U.S.A. SERVICE PERSONNEL

When the malfunction is considered an emergency, MOCON service personnel can be dispatched from the U.S.A. to visit
your facility and to correct the problem you are experiencing. The charges for this service include travel expenses incurred,
portal-to-portal travel time at prevailing labor rates, and parts expended.

MOCON, Inc. Revision E E-3

Warranty and Service Policies PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Part Number 032-848

Revision D
DOMESTIC SERVICE POLICY
MOCON offers a complete range of service options to purchasers of MOCON instrumentation and systems.
♦♦♦SERVICE PERFORMED WITHIN THE WARRANTY PERIOD♦♦♦

1. PART REPLACEMENT
If a defective part can be located, a free replacement part can be shipped F.O.B. MOCON factory to the Customer for
installation by in-house repair personnel. Charges include cost of insurance plus shipping. This is the fastest and least
expensive way to get the equipment operating again.
2. RETURN UNIT TO MOCON

If replacing the part appears to be beyond the capability of the Customer’s in-house personnel, the Customer may elect to
ship the instrument back to the factory in Minneapolis, Minnesota, for repairs. In this case, the Customer will pay the
charge for round trip freight and insurance, with MOCON providing all labor and materials free of charge subject to
warranty restrictions.
3. SERVICE REPRESENTATIVE VISIT

If malfunction is considered by MOCON to be an emergency, a MOCON service representative will be dispatched from
MOCON to visit the Customer’s facility to correct the problem. The charges to the purchaser for this service include all out-
of-pocket travel expenses, including meals and lodging and the service technician’s portal-to-portal travel time at the
prevailing labor rates. Labor and parts expended while on the Customer’s premises are free of charge, subject to warranty
restrictions.
♦♦♦SERVICE PERFORMED AFTER WARRANTY PERIOD♦♦♦

In the event that repairs are required after the warranty period, the Purchaser again has several alternatives.
4. PART REPLACEMENT
If the customer can identify a defective part, a replacement can be shipped F.O.B. MOCON factory to the customer for
installation by in-house repair personnel. Charges will include the cost of the parts plus shipping. This is the fastest and the
least expensive way to get the equipment operating again.
5. RETURN UNIT TO MOCON

If replacing the part appears to be beyond the capability of the Customer’s in-house personnel, the instrument may be
shipped back to the MOCON factory in Minneapolis, Minnesota for repairs. The Customer is responsible for the cost of
round trip freight and insurance, and will be billed for parts and labor required accomplishing the repair.
6. SERVICE REPRESENTATIVE
If malfunction is considered by MOCON to be an emergency, a MOCON service representative will be dispatched from
MOCON to visit the Customer’s facility to correct the problem. The charges for this service include out-of-pocket travel
expenses including portal-to-portal travel time at prevailing labor rates, parts used, and labor at the prevailing labor rates to
repair the equipment.
♦♦♦GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS♦♦♦

7. Invoices are due NET 30 days (with approved credit) and are billed and payable in U.S. dollars.
8. All parts are shipped F.O.B. MOCON factory Minneapolis, Minnesota; freight and Insurance will be billed separately.
9. MOCON insures all shipments unless advised otherwise.
10. All repairs after the original instrument warranty period are warranted for 90 days on parts and labor, F.O.B. MOCON
factory.
Please refer to the latest version of MOCON’s Warranty Policy sheet for warranty information.

E-4 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Theory of Operation
Appendix F: Theory of Operation

This appendix provides a detailed explanation of how the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K works.
Read this appendix if you want to know more about:
• How water vapor transmission is measured
• Factors that affect transmission
• How relative humidity (RH) is controlled
Computer Communications
During testing, the computer continuously communicates with all modules that are running tests. Each
module receives instructions from the computer and sends test data to the computer through RS-485
connectors and cables.
Depending on options and test parameters, the computer checks the cell temperature, relative humidity
(RH), and other optional parameters. The computer sends commands to the modules to maintain operator
specified test conditions.
As the module measures water vapor transmission, the modules send test data to the computer. The
computer saves this data in files and generates on-screen displays to show the transmission rate of each
sample.
How the Computer Identifies Modules

One computer can control up to ten modules, giving you the ability to run up to 20 tests at a time. The
computer must be able to identify each module and each cell involved in testing to be able to send
instructions to the correct modules.
When you set the parameters for each test, you must specify an identification number and a cell letter (A or
B), describing where the test will be performed. To do this, each module is assigned an identification
number (1 to 10) before any testing begins. Identification numbers enable the computer to send test
instructions to, and receive data from the correct module, even when several tests are being run.
NOTE: Identification numbers are set by a MOCON Technical Services Representative when the
system is installed. If you need to reassign identification numbers, see “Setting Identification
Numbers” in Chapter 3. If your system is operational, we do not recommend resetting
identification numbers.
MOCON, Inc. Revision E F-1

Theory of Operation PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
The Water Vapor Sensor

The water vapor sensor used in the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K is one of the most advanced, most
reliable and stable available in industry today. It is a solid-state CMOS semiconductor device, manufactured
with exacting techniques, using the most modern semiconductor methods available.
Because of the unique construction and theory of the device, long-term hysteresis is nonexistent. The
sensor exhibits excellent stability and repeatability.
The sensor consists of an integrated circuit mounted on an eight-pin transistor header and enclosed within a
protective stainless steel cover. It is plugged into a standard transistor socket. The sensor package is about
0.370" in diameter by 0.375" high. The sensor is factory calibrated and should not be recalibrated in the
field.
When a film is installed in a test cell, the film is exposed to a continuous flow of dry nitrogen across the
lower side of the film and humidified gas on the top side of the film. The gas leaving the test cell via the
exhaust port is a mixture of the nitrogen and the water vapor that has permeated through the film.
The ratio of the two substances (RH) is determined by the flow rate, the temperature, the barometric
pressure, and the water vapor concentration on the top side of the film.
By determining these quantities, the transmission rate can likewise be determined. The module has the
necessary sensor and calculation capability in the software to make the determination.
Calibration Theory
The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K is an absolute water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) measuring system.
With the various sensors calibrated and within their tolerances, the module determines the WVTR. The
operation of the module does require that two measurements be made, one without the test film in place
and the second with the test film in place. The Guard Film reduces turbulence in the cell when making the
measurement without the test film it must be left in place while measuring the test film.
The module can be calibrated using a reference material if desired. In other words, the WVTR of the test
cells will be adjusted from the absolute value determined by the module to that assumed for the reference
film. There are many factors that can affect test results consequently a known film can test higher or lower.
Any reference film, with an assumed value of WVTR can be used for calibration. The details of how to
calibrate the module are presented in Chapter 7.
NOTE: The nitrogen flow rate has a major impact on the accuracy of WVTR readings.
The system must be operated using the same flow rate as was used in determining the WVTR of
the reference material to allow for a flow compensated WVTR. The default rate is 200 sccm,
which provides the scaling factor normally used to determine the WVTR. Changing the rate
changes the scaling factor and thereby the WVTR. The flow rate can be changed by the operator
using the Module Configuration Screen.
F-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

Factors that Affect Water Vapor Transmission

The transmission rate for any test material is affected by several factors:
• Test temperature
• Relative humidity
• Flow
• Barometric Pressure
Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is defined by the following ratio:
Amount of water vapor present in the air

maximum amount of water the air can hold at the current temperature and pressure
This ratio is always a fraction or a decimal with a value of less than 1. Multiply this ratio by 100 to express
relative humidity as a percentage (for example, 75% RH).
The following units of measure may also be used to express the amount of water vapor present in air:
• Grains of water per standard cubic foot of dry air.
• Parts per million by weight.
• Parts per million by volume.
• Dew point (the temperature at which a volume of air would be saturated by the amount of
water currently in the air).
The maximum amount of water that a given amount of air can hold is affected by the temperature and
barometric pressure. A given volume of warm air can hold more water than the same volume of cold air, if
the pressure is held constant.

Dalton's Law and the Ideal Gas Law

Dalton's law of partial pressures is used to provide a more specific definition of relative humidity. In a
mixture of gasses, such as air and water vapor, each gas fills the entire volume. Dalton's law states that the
total pressure of a gaseous mixture is the sum of the partial pressures each constituent would exert if it
alone occupied the same volume as the mixture. Also, the Ideal Gas Law states that for a fixed
temperature, the amount of gas present in a given volume is proportional to its pressure. Using these two
laws, relative humidity can be expressed as a ratio of partial pressure:
Pw
Relative humidity = x 100
Ps
where:
Pw = the pressure of water vapor present in air
Ps = the pressure of the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold
How Much Water Can Air Hold?
Although a theoretical analysis may provide a clue, as a practical matter the answer is obtained
experimentally. These observations show that the greatest amount of moisture a given volume of air can
hold, as measured by Ps, changes as the temperature of that air changes. The higher the air temperature,
the more moisture the air can hold as Ps increases.
Ps can be determined by cooling a mixture of moist air with constant composition at a constant pressure.
Eventually, it will reach a temperature where the water vapor will begin to condense. At this point, the air is
saturated, and the temperature at which saturation occurs is the dew point.
The pressure of the water vapor at the dew point is known as the vapor pressure of water, or the saturation
pressure (i.e., Ps). It is also the pressure at which liquid water and water vapor are in equilibrium. Adding
water vapor to a volume of moist air at a given constant temperature and pressure increases the dew point
of the mixture, therefore, dew point is also used as a measure of humidity.

Saturation Temperatures and Pressures for Water

The saturation pressures and temperatures shown in Table F.1 are properties of pure water. Chemists have
known for many years that aqueous solutions exhibit saturation pressures that differ from those of pure
water. Saturated salt solutions are of interest because they can be used to construct simple humidity baths
that are relatively accurate and repeatable. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has a list of
saturated salt solutions that readily cover the entire range of relative humidity at reasonably close intervals.
Table F.2 shows the relative humidity that can be obtained from a selection of common salts.
Temp (F) Pressure (psia) Temp (F) Pressure (psia)

32 0.08851 100 0.94782
35 0.09981 105 1.1001
40 0.12150 110 1.2730
45 0.14726 115 1.4689
50 0.17773 120 1.6901
55 0.21363 125 1.9393
60 0.25576 130 2.2193
65 0.30501 135 2.5332
70 0.36240 140 2.5189
75 0.12901 145 3.2754
80 0.50608 150 3.7110
85 0.59495 155 4.1947
90 0.69709 160 4.7305
95 0.81413 165 5.3230
Table F.1: Saturation Temperatures and Pressures for Water

Salt Solutions Used to Calibrate the RH Sensors
Salts 15C 20C 25C 30C
Lithium Bromide 6.86 6.61 6.37 6.16
Lithium Chloride 11.30 11.31 11.30 11.28
Potassium Acetate 23.40 23.11 22.51 21.61
Magnesium Chloride 33.30 33.07 32.78 32.44
Potassium Carbonate 43.15 43.16 43.16 43.17
Potassium Iodine 70.98 69.90 68.86 67.89
Sodium Chloride 75.61 75.47 75.29 75.09
Ammonium Sulfate 81.70 81.34 80.99 80.63
Potassium Chloride 85.92 85.11 84.34 83.62
Ammonium Monophosphate 93.85 93.32 92.65 92.00
Potassium Nitrate 95.41 94.62 93.58 92.31
Table F.2: Salt Solution Humidity Standards in Percent RH

Wet Bulb/Dry Bulb RH Determination

Accurate experimental determination of water vapor content of the atmosphere is difficult. Currently, there is
no available method that is as accurate or convenient as measuring temperature and atmospheric pressure.
One widely used method involves the concept of wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures.
These terms originated with the design of the sling psychrometer, an instrument that consists of two
thermometers that can be whirled around at about 120 rpm. The bulb of one thermometer is surrounded by
a moistened wick from which water can evaporate. The other thermometer is exposed to the air.
If moist air at a certain humidity is mixed with an amount of water at the same temperature, the evaporated
water will eventually saturate the air. The heat required for evaporation will come from the liquid water. If no
heat is allowed to enter or leave the system, there will be a drop in temperature.
This method is accomplished in practice by surrounding a thermometer with a saturated wick connected to
a water reservoir. When the moist air mixture moves across this device, the air between the bulb and the
wet wick will become saturated at the lower temperature. This has the same physical significance as the
saturation temperature (dew point).
The dry bulb temperature is a second measurement made concurrently with the wet bulb, using a
thermometer that measures the actual temperature of the moist air mixture. The difference between the dry
bulb and the wet bulb temperatures is an indication of the moisture content of the moist air.
The saturation line, also called the steam line, is the line of 100% relative humidity. Because specific
humidity depends on total pressure, there will be a different saturation line for each total pressure value
(barometric pressure). For it to be correct, a particular analysis requires the use of different charts as
changes in the atmospheric pressure occur.
Normally, only the curve for the standard atmospheric total pressure is shown, because in practice the
actual effect of the variation is small. Also, for a given dry bulb temperature, the humidity content is
proportional to the wet bulb temperature. Relative humidity can be expressed as a function of the
Psychrometric variables and the atmospheric pressure.
This equation is valid for wet bulb temperatures of 32° F and greater, and for dry bulb temperatures less
than 120° F:
B ⎛ ⎛ (Td - 32) ⎞ ⎞
10 - ⎜ 0.001234 x P x (Td - Tw) x ⎜ 1 + ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 1571 ⎠ ⎠
RH = A
10
Where:
Td = Dry bulb temperature in degrees F
Tw = Wet bulb temperature in degrees F
P= Atmospheric pressure inches of mercury

also where:
- 2937.4
5 x (Td + 59.4) ⎛ 5 x (Td + 459.4) ⎞
A= - 4.9283 x log ⎜ ⎟ + 22.5518
9 ⎝ 9 ⎠
- 2937.4
5 x (Tw + 59.4) ⎛ 5 x (Tw + 459.4) ⎞
B= - 4.9283 x log ⎜ ⎟ + 22.5518
9 ⎝ 9 ⎠
This equation can be used to analytically find points on the Psychrometric chart in Figure F-1.
The wet bulb/dry bulb technique, used in conjunction with the Psychrometric chart, is one of the most
common methods of measuring humidity. However, it is a deceptive measurement that should be used
critically and with caution.
In practice, inaccuracies are common when the humidity of the unknown mixture moves away from the
middle area of 40% to 60%.
These observations illustrate this point:
• In the case of relatively dry air, the wet bulb temperature at equilibrium must reach a height
of about 25° F below that of the dry bulb. This is unlikely because the time required to reach
equilibrium is probably longer than that spent in the measurement process, and therefore
equilibrium is never reached.
• It is quite likely that the temperature difference between the warmer, unwicked part of the
bulb will cause heat to flow to the wicked part, preventing it from ever reaching the theoretical
wet bulb temperature.
• Notice from the Psychrometric chart (Figure F-1) that a ± 1° F error in the reading of the wet
bulb, given a correct reading of the dry bulb, produces a 10% error in the humidity
measurement.
• The accuracies of the temperature bulbs themselves are critical.
Uncalibrated and unmatched sensors could easily have uncertainties of 1° or 2° F, thereby doubling these
measurement errors. Exercise caution when you are performing these measurements.

Figure F-1: Psychrometric Chart

Lowering System RH Using the Psychrometric Chart

Whenever the system temperature is lowered, you may encounter conditions in which the system plumbing
reaches its dew point (condensation point).
Use the Psychrometric chart (Figure F-1) to avoid this problem. This example shows how you might use the
chart:
Suppose a test at 30° C (86° F) and 90% RH has just been completed. The next test is to take place at
15° C (59° F) and 90% RH. At first glance, it seems the temperature should simply be dropped to 15° C.
This could result in condensation of the test gas (RH).
Look at the chart and find the point at which the desired temperature (15° C) and RH (90%) cross. If you
follow the horizontal line nearest this point to the right, you see the humidity ratio is 0.0096. Find the point
on this line that intersects the present temperature (30° C), and read the RH at that point (36%). This is the
safe RH level. You should achieve this RH level before dropping the temperature. Use the chart whenever
you lower the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K temperature.

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Conversion Factors
Appendix G: Conversion Factors

This appendix explains several conversions you may use when operating your PERMATRAN-W Model
101K. Read this appendix for information on:
• Converting temperatures between Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius.
• The factors for converting water vapor transmission rates, permeances and permeabilities
from one system of units to another.
• Definitions and abbreviations of various units of measurement.
• Water vapor pressure tables.
Temperature Conversions
The formulas below give you temperature conversions for converting degrees Fahrenheit (F) to degrees
Celsius (C), as well as C to F:
• To convert C to F: (C x 9/5) + 32 = F
• To convert F to C: (F - 32) x 5/9 = C
Definitions for Water Vapor Transmission Rate

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR)
The time rate of water vapor flow, normal to the surfaces, under steady conditions, through unit area
of a barrier.
Water Vapor Permeance (perms)
The ratio of a barrier's WVTR to the water vapor pressure difference between two surfaces.
Water Vapor Permeability (perm centimeters or perm inches)
The product of barrier's permeance and its thickness.
International Units of Measure for Water Vapor Permeation

Transmission rate, G , is the quantity of water crossing a unit barrier in unit time. The International System
of Units (Système international d’unités, abbreviated “SI” base unit for weight of water is the gram (gm); the
SI base unit for length is the meter 9m); and the SI base unit for time is the second (s). Hence, the derived
SI unit for measuring transmission rate is gm/m2s•.
Similarly, permeance, P, is defined as the ratio between the transmission rate and the vapor pressure
differential across the barrier. The Sl unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa). Hence, the appropriate SI unit for
measuring permeance is gm/m2•s•Pa.
Finally, for a homogenous material, permeability, P, is defined as the product of the permeance and the
thickness of the film. This leads to gm/m2•s•Pa/mm as the appropriate SI unit.
MOCON, Inc. Revision E G-1

Conversion Factors PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Appropriate unit prefixes must be attached to the SI units in order to bring the values that are actually
observed onto a convenient scale for reporting or further manipulation.
In these units, the WVTR of National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material to
water vapor is approximately 2.431 x 10-4 gm/(m2•s) or 243.06 μg/(m2•s).
The following tables in this appendix contain conversion factors for converting measured transmission rates,
permeances, and permeabilities between various unit systems. For an explanation of the units used
throughout these tables, see “Unit Abbreviations” on page G-7 and “Unit Equivalencies” starting on
page G-8 in this appendix. Considerable care must be taken in dealing with the powers of ten specified by
unit prefixes since transport coefficients can vary by as much as a factor of 105 from one polymer to
another.
Examples
The following examples will help clarify WVTR calculations:
1. WVTR in grams/(m2-24) hours @ 90% RH
WVTR = WVTR of sample film = 22.99 gm/(m2-24) hours @ 100% RH
2. Permeance in inch pound units
Water vapor permeance is the time rate of water vapor transmission through a unit area
induced by a unit vapor pressure difference:
See ASTM E 96, paragraph 5.1 for a full definition.
WVT WVT
Permeance = =
ΔP S ( R1 - R 2 )
Where:
ΔP = Vapor pressure difference in inches of mercury
R1 = Relative humidity at the source expressed as a fraction
(R1 = 1.00 for a 100% RH chamber, and for 90% RH chamber R1 = .90)
R2 = Relative humidity of the vapor sink expressed as a fraction
(R2 = 0 for the 0% RH chamber (dry side))
S= Vapor pressure of water at the test temperature. Consult, for example, Error!
Reference source not found. or the pages that follow or the CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics.
For a test temperature of 73.4° F, (23° C), the vapor pressure of water is 21.068 mm of Hg. This
must be converted to in Hg with the following equation:
1 inch
21.068 mmHg x = 0.8294 in Hg
25.4mm
G-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.
Sample calculation for our example:

2 WVT
Permeance (grains/ ft • hr • in Hg) =
S ( R1 - R 2 )
The WVT must be converted to inch pound units using the following equation:
22.99 grams ⎛ 15.43 grains ⎞⎛ 1 m2 ⎞⎛ 1 hour ⎞

x ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
m • 24 hours
2
⎝ grain ⎠⎝ 10.764 ft ⎠⎝ 24 hours ⎠ = 1.839 grains/ ft 2 /hour/inHg
Permeance =
0.89294 in Hg x (0.90 - 0.0)
Water Vapor Pressure Constants

Vapor pressure of water at 100% RH at 100° F = 1.931 in Hg (US.)
Vapor pressure of water at 100% RH at 100° F = 49.0351 mm Hg (Metric)
Vapor pressure of water at various levels of RH is directly proportional to its vapor pressure at 100% RH
Vapor pressure at 50% RH = at 100% RH x 50%
Vapor pressure at 10% RH = at 100% RH x 10%
Vapor pressure of water at X% RH at 100 F = 1.931 Hg or 49.0351 mm Hg times X%:
Example: At 90% RH at 100° F = 1.931 x 90% = 1.7375 in Hg (U.S.)
At 90% RH at 100° F = 49.0351 x 90% = 4432 mm Hg (Metric)
At 50% RH at 100° F = 49.0351 x 50% = 24518 mm Hg (Metric)
Using the Permeation Conversion Tables

To use the permeation tables in this appendix, follow these steps:
1. In the left-hand column of the appropriate table (transmission rate, permeance, or

permeability), locate the unit of your measured quantity.
2. In the top row of the table, locate the unit to which you want to convert your measured
quantity.
3. Multiply your measured quantity by the value located at the intersection of the row of your
present unit and the column of your conversion unit.

Permeation Rate Conversions

Table G.1 below shows conversion factors for gas transmission rates. For instructions on how to use the
tablet to convert permeation rates, refer to “Using the Permeation Conversion Tables” on page G-3.
To obtain
g/m2 x d g/100 in2 x d ng/m2 x s gr/ft2 x h lbs/ft2 x h
Multiply "
g/m2 x d 1 6.45161 x 10-2 11.574 x 103 5.97381 x 10-2 8.53401 x 10-6
g/100 in2 x d 15.500 1 4.30556 x 106 0.925942 1.32277 x 10-4
ng/m2 x s 8.64000 x 105 3.2258 x 10-7 1 5.16137 x 10-6 7.37339 x 10-10
gr/ft2 x h 16.7397 1.07998 1.93747 x 105 1 1.42857 x 10-4
lbs/ft2 x h 1.17178 x 105 7.55987 x 103 1.35623 x 109 7.00000 x 103 1
Table G.1: Factors for Converting Permeation Rates from one System of Units to Another
Permeance Conversions
Table G.2 shows conversion factors for Permeances from water vapor transmission rate to vapor pressure
differences. For instructions on how to use the table to convert Permeances, to “Using the Permeation
Conversion Tables” on page G-3 in this appendix.
To calculate Permeance, divide the WVTR by the vapor pressure difference across the barrier.
To obtain g/ m2 x d g/100 in2 x d gr/ ft 2 x h lbs/ ft 2 x h

ng/ m2 x s
Multiply "
Δ mmHg Δ in Hg Δ Pa Δ in Hg Δ in Hg
g/ m2 x d
1 1.63871 86.8121 1.51735 2.16764 x 10-4
Δ mmHg
g/100 in2 x d
0.610236 1 1.27143 x 103 0.925942 1.32277 x 10-4
Δ in Hg
ng/ m2 x s
0.001519 7.86516 x 10-4 1 1.74784 x 10-2 2.4969 x 10-2
Δ Pa
gr/ ft 2 x h
0.659044 1.07998 57.2134 1 1.42857 x 10-4
Δ in Hg
lbs/ ft 2 x h
4.61332 x 103 7.55989 x 103 4.00494 x 105 7.00000 x 103 1
Δ in Hg
Table G.2: Factors for Converting Permeances from One System of Units to Another

Permeability Conversions
Table G.3 shows conversion factors for Permeabilities. For instructions on how to use the table to convert
Permeabilities, refer to “Using the Permeation Conversion Tables” on page G-3 in this appendix.
To calculate permeability, multiply Permeance by barrier thickness.
Permeance g/ m2 x d g/100in2 x d ng/m2 x s gr/ ft2 x h lbs/ ft2 x h

x mm x mil x mm x in x mil
Thickness Δ mmHg Δ in Hg Δ Pa Δ in Hg Δ in Hg
g/ m2 x d
x mm 1 4.16232 x 10-2 86.8121 38.5407 5.50581 x 10-6
Δ mmHg
g/100in2 x d
x mil 24.0250 1 5.00562 x 104 9.25942 x 102 1.32277 x 10-4
Δ in Hg
ng/m2 x s
x mm 1.15191 x 10-2 1.99775 x 10-5 1 44.3951 x 10-2 6.34218 x 10-8
Δ Pa
gr/ ft2 x h
x in 2.59466 x 10-6 1.0799 x10-3 2.25249 1 1.42857 x 10-7
Δ in Hg
lbs/ ft2 x h
x mil 1.81626 x 105 7.55989 x 103 1.57675 x 107 7.00001 x 106 1
ΔinHg
Table G.3: Factors for Converting Permances from One System of Units to Another

Unit Definitions and Abbreviations

The following section gives you a list of definitions, prefixes, abbreviations, and equivalencies of various
units of measurement you might use with the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.
SI Prefixes
Definition Prefix Symbol Factor
quintillionth Atto a 10-18
quadrillionth Femto f 10-15
trillionth Pico p 10-12
billionth Nano n 10-9
millionth Micro μ 10-6
thousandth Milli m 10-3
hundredth Centi c 10-2
tenth Deci d 10-1
ten Deka da 101
hundred Hecto h 102
thousand Kilo k 103
million Mega M 106
billion Giga G 109
trillion Tera T 1012
quadrillion Peta P 1015
quintillion Exa E 1018
Table G.4: SI Prefixes

Unit Abbreviations
Abbreviation Unit Type of Measurement
100 in2 100 inches square area measurement
ATM Atmosphere pressure measurement
cm Centimeter length measurement
cm2 centimeter square area measurement
d Day time measurement
ft2 foot square area measurement
h Hour time measurement
in Inch length measurement (U.S.)
in H2O inches of H2O pressure measurement
in Hg inches of mercury pressure measurement
in2 inches square area measurement
gm Grams weight measurement
gr Grains weight measurement
lbs Pounds weight measurement
ng Nanograms weight measurement
m Meter length measurement
mbar Millibar pressure measurement
μ Microgram weight measurement
m2 meter square area measurement
mil Mil thickness measurement
mm Millimeter length measurement
mmHg millimeter of mercury pressure measurement
mol Mole amount of substance
Pa Pascal pressure measurement
s Second time measurement
Table G.5: Unit Abbreviations

Unit Equivalencies
Unit Equivalency
Time
1 sec 1.157 E-5 day
1 sec .0002778 hour
1 hour 3600 sec
1 hour 0.0416667 day
1 day 86,400 sec
1 day 24 hour
Pressure
1 in Hg 13.5955 in H2O
1 in Hg 25.40001 mmHg
1 in Hg 0.03342107 ATM
1 in Hg 33.8639 mbar
1 in Hg 3386.39 Pa
1 mmHg 0.03937007 in Hg
1 mmHg 1.333224 mbar
1 mmHg 0.00131579 ATM
1 mmHg 133.3224 Pa
1 mmHg 0.5352557 in H2O
1 ATM 760 mmHg
1 ATM 29.92124 in Hg
1 ATM 1013.25 mbar
1 ATM 101,325.0 Pa
1 ATM 406.7942 in H2O
1 Pa .0002952997 in Hg
1 Pa .007500615 mmHg
1 Pa .01000 mbar
1 Pa 9.869 E-6 ATM
1 Pa .004014747 in H2O
1 in H2O 0.07355375 in Hg

Unit Equivalency
1 in H2O 1.868266 mmHg
1 in H2O 0.002458245 ATM
1 in H2O 249.0817 Pa
1 in H2O 2.490817 mbar
1 mbar 0.4014747 in H2O
1 mbar 0.02952997 in Hg
1 mbar 0.7500615 mmHg
1 mbar 100 Pa
1 mbar 0.0009869233 ATM
Thickness
1 in 25.4 mm
1 in 0.0254 meter
1 in 2.54 cm
1 in 1000 mil
1 cm 0.01 meter
1 cm 0.3937008 in
1 cm 3.9370081 x 102 mil
1 meter 100 cm
1 meter 39.37008 in
1 meter 3.9370081 x 104 mil
1 meter 1,000 mm
1 mil 0.0001 inch
1 mil 2.54 x 10-2 mm
1 mil 2.54 x 10-3 cm
1 mil 2.54 x 10-5 m
1 mm 39.370079 mil
1 mm 0.0396701 in
1 mm 0.100 cm
1 mm Meter
Unit Equivalency
Weight
1 lb 453.59237 gm
1 gm 0.0022046226 lb
1 gm 15.43236 gr
1 gr 0.06479891 gm
1 gr 0.0001428571 lb
1 lb 7000 gr
1 ng 1 x 10-9 gm
1 ng 2.2046226 x 10-12 lb
1 ng 15.43236 x 10-9 gr
1 lb 4.5359237 x 1011 ng
1 gm 1 x 109 ng
1 gr 6.479891 x 10-7 ng
Area
1 m2 10,000 cm2
1 m2 10.7639 ft2
1 m2 15.50031 100in2
1 cm2 0.0001 m2
1 cm2 0.0010764 ft2
1 cm2 0.00155 100 in2
1 ft2 0.09290304 m2
1 ft2 929.0304 cm2
1 ft2 1.44 100 in2
1 100 in2 0.064516 m2
1 100 in2 645.16 cm2
1 100 in2 0.6944444 ft2
Table G.6: Unit Equivalencies

PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Plumbing and Electrical Diagrams
Appendix H: Plumbing and Electrical Diagrams

This appendix contains the following plumbing and electrical diagrams for the PERMATRAN-W Model
101K:
Title Drawing Number
FLOW DIAGRAM, PERMATRAN-W Model 101K 032-765
SCHEMATIC, PAN ASSEMBLY 027-452
ELECTRICAL DIAGRAM, PERMATRAN-W Model 101K 032-701
MOCON, Inc. Revision E H-1

Plumbing and Electrical Diagrams PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
H-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

Figure H-1: Flow Diagram, PERMATRAN-W 101K


Figure H-2: Schematic, Pan Assembly


Figure H-3: Electrical Diagram, PERMTRAN W 101K


PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual Glossary
Glossary
Absorbed
To be taken into the structure of a barrier.
Absorption Curve
The absorption curve is defined by the increasing flux values versus time necessary for an analyzed
film to become fully saturated with a specified permeant. Two types of curves can be generated, a
one sided absorption rate curve and a two sided absorption rate curve. The one sided curve
represents the time necessary of a film to become fully saturated when only one side (face) of the
film is challenged by the permeant. A two-sided curve represents the time necessary to fully saturate
the film when it is challenged by a permeant on both sides of the film.
Accuracy
Degree of agreement of individual or average measurements with an accepted reference value or

level.
Activated
Status of a PERMATRAN-W Model 101K module when it is ready to accept test parameters and run
one or more tests in that module.
Activation Energy
The thermodynamic value assigned for the energy required for the occurrence of a reaction or
change in a medium.
Actual Water Vapor Transmission Rate
Amount of water vapor passing through a test material.
Adsorbed
To be adhered to the surface of a barrier.
Ambient Temperature
Surrounding temperature; temperature encompassing on all sides.
Analog Output Terminals
Terminals located at the back of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K that carry the sensor's analog DC
voltage signal. These terminals may be used to sample the sensor's analog signal by means of a
chart recorder or other high-input impedance voltage-sensing instrument.
Apparent Water Vapor Transmission Rate
Transmission rate which includes the measurement of leaks around the edge of the test material, as
well as the amount of water vapor that has permeated the test material.
MOCON, Inc. Revision E GL-1

Glossary PERMATRAN-W Model 101K Operator’s Manual
Arrhenius Plot
A graph that can be generated to determine a barriers temperature dependency. The plot axis are
the log10 of the transmission rate or other property versus the inverse Kelvin temperature.
ASCII
Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This is a standard code for
communication between various types of data processing and data communications equipment.
ASTM
Acronym for American Society for Testing and Materials. This organization promulgates voluntary
consensus standards for American industry, including the package testing industry.
ATM
Abbreviation for standard atmospheric pressure.
Atomic Weight
The average mass of all isotopes of an element. The total weight of any atom is the sum of the
masses of its subatomic particles (SAPS).
Avogadros Law
A principle stated in 1811 by the Italian chemist Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) that equal volumes
of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules regardless
of their chemical nature and physical properties. This number (Avogadro's number) is 6.023 x 1023. It
is the number of molecules of any gas present in a volume of 22.41L and is the same for the lightest
gas (hydrogen) as for a heavy gas such as carbon dioxide or bromine. Avogardro's number is one of
the fundamental constants of chemistry. It is now considered to be the number of atoms present in
12 grams of the carbon-12 isotope (one mole of carbon-12) and can be applied to any type if
chemical entity.
Bar
A unit of pressure. The bar is equal to 100,000 Pa (pascal), 750.062 mmHg, 29.53 InHg, 14.504 psi
and 0.987 ATM (standard atmospheres). See SI units.
Barometric Pressure
Pressure of the atmosphere. This is usually expressed in terms of the height (in millimeters-mmHg)
of a column of mercury.
Barrier Baseline Zero
See zero.
Barrier
Object or device, such as a polymer film, that is designed to restrict the free movement and mingling
of populations or areas of higher and lower concentrations.
GL-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

Baud Bate
Rate at which data is transmitted between two computers or between a computer and an external
device.
Boot
Process of starting a computer so that it has loaded the instructions necessary for operation.
loading, and running a program.
Calibration
Process of adjusting a quantitative measuring instrument to agree with an accepted reference (see
accuracy).
Carrier Gas
Gas that picks up the test gas (water vapor) that has permeated the test barrier and transports it to
the sensor. In the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K, dry nitrogen is used as the carrier gas.
Cell
See Test Cell.
Communication Cable
Cable through which the system computer communicates with the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
modules. The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K communicates through several RS-485
communications cables.
Communication Error
Software error caused when a module and the computer are not able to communicate. When a
communication error occurs, an error message is displayed on screen.
Computer Interface
Means by which a computer communicates with an external device. The PERMATRAN-W Model
101K communicates through the RS485 communications port.
Convergence Hours
Number of hours, specified by the operator, over which to compare transmission rate readings. The
transmission rate readings are compared to determine whether equilibrium has been reached.
Convergence Testing
Method by which the computer determines when a test material has reached equilibrium. The test
material's transmission rates are examined and compared on a timed basis, as specified by
convergence hours.

CPU
Acronym for Central Processing Unit. This is the part of a computer that receives, processes, and
executes instructions. The keyboard, monitor, and printer communicate with the CPU of a personal
computer.
Cycle Count
Number of test cycles, specified by the operator, that the system will perform on a given cell before
ending the test and giving final results.
D-6701
ASTM standard test method for the determination of high level water vapor transmission rate. The
PERMATRAN W MODLE 101K is the recommended test instrument for this method.
Deactivated
Status of a PERMATRAN-W Model 101K module when it is not ready to accept test parameters and
removed from the test rotation. Modules are deactivated by pressing Delete on the Module
Configuration Information screen (F6) or automatically by the computer if an error condition does not
allow the module to accept test parameters or perform a test.
Desorb
To give up or release from a barrier.
Diffusion
The process by which matter is transported from one part of a film to another as a result of random
molecular motions. In a film each molecule behaves independently of the other. When collisions
occur, molecules move towards regions of lower concentration and sometimes towards regions of
higher concentration. Because the number of molecules on the test gas side of a film is higher than
the number of molecules on the carrier side, the overall movement of molecules will be in the
direction of the carrier gas. Diffusion is usually expressed in units of cm2/sec. Diffusion varies with
temperature and sometimes with permeant concentration (see Fick's first law).
Diffusion Coefficient
A coefficient specific to a given barrier and permeant that describes the relationship between the
permeant mass flux and the permeant mass concentration change across the barrier. The diffusion
coefficient (D) is defined by Fick's law and is usually expressed in terms of cm2/sec. Other terms are
m2-day, cm2-day, m2/in, in2/sec and in2/min.
Diffusion Rate
See transmission rate.

DIP Switch
Acronym for Dual Inline Package switch. These small switches, found on many computers and
computer peripherals, are used to set up or adjust the equipment.
Drive Descriptor
Alpha character followed by a colon used to identify a particular disk or diskette drive. A: and B:
typically identify diskette drives; C: usually identifies a hard drive; D: usually identifies a CD drive.
Endothermic
Characterized by or formed with the absorption of heat.
Equilibrium
State at which a gas or vapor passes through a barrier at the same rate at which the barrier absorbs
the gas or vapor.
Exothermic
Characterized by or formed with the evolution of heat.
Extension
Three characters which follow a file name. An extension is also known as a suffix, and is usually
used to describe the type of file.
F1249
ASTM standard test method for the determination of water vapor transmission rate. The
PERMATRAN-W product line is the recommended test instrument for this method.
File Name
Alpha-numeric characters used to identify a file, up to eight characters, followed by an extension.
Flowmeter
Device used to calculate the flow of gasses through the 101K module.
Flow Rate
The rate at which gas is traveling through a module.
Flux
The rate of flow or transfer of permeant. The term is normally used to denote the quantity pf
permeant that crosses a unit area of a given surface in a unit of time.

Foil Mask
Foil backing used to support film samples in the test cell. Foil masks reduce the area of the sample
and are used for film samples that are too small or too fragile to be installed in the test cell, or for film
samples that have very high transmission rates and would benefit by having a smaller area exposed
to the test gas.
Gas
State of matter that has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely.
Gas Flow
See flow rate.
Gas Pressure
Application of force to a gas. Gas pressure is measured in pounds per square inch (psi).
Global Test Parameters
Test conditions applied to all three cells (A, B, R) in a module. These parameters are set up on the
Module Setup window.
Glycol
See Propylene Glycol.
Hard Disk
Rigid computer disk that provides storage of computer data. A hard disk can process data more
quickly and has a larger capacity than a diskette.
Homogenous Material
Barrier material that has the same basic characteristics through the thickness of the barrier.
HPLC-grade Water
High purity distilled water. HPLC stands for high-pressure liquid chromatograph.
Hygrometer
An instrument for measuring the humidity in an atmosphere.
Hygrophobic Material
Material that does not readily absorb water.
Hygroscopic Material
Material that readily absorbs water.

Ideal Gas Law
The generalized ideal gas law is derived from the Charles and Boyle laws. The equation is pv = RT
where p = pressure, v = volume, T is absolute temperature and R is the gas constant. This assumes
an ideal gas, the concept however is theoretical and no actual gas meets the ideal requirement of
complete absence of cohesive forces between molecules.
Individual Test Parameters
Test conditions for a particular cell in a module. Enter individual test parameters on the Test Method
window.
Isostatic Test Method
A test procedure during which a test film is clamped in a permeation cell. The test divides the cell
into two chambers. A test gas flows continually through the high concentration cell chamber, and an
inert carrier gas flows through the low concentration cell chamber. The partial pressure gradient of
the penetrant provides a driving force for the penetrant permeating through to the low concentration
cell chamber, where the penetrant can be conveyed to a detector for quantification. Steady state is
reached when the transmission rate, monitored continually, remains constant under constant
conditions of temperature and permeant vapor pressure.
Kelvin
The SI symbol is K. The absolute thermodynamic temperature scale where absolute zero is -
273.15C and which uses the Celsius temperature interval. See also Rankine.
Mass Transfer Rate
The total quantity (as opposed to weight or volume) of a given gas or solid that moves through a
barrier in a given unit of time.
Mass Transfer Theory
A euphemism that is used to describe the gas or vapor transport through materials by solubility and
diffusion as affected by temperature, pressure and concentration. See diffusion, permeation,
sorption.
Master CD
MOCON-provided compact disk containing all files required to run the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
system.
Micron
Unit of thickness measurement. One micron is equal to 3.93 x10-5 inches (1 x 10-6 meter).
Mil
Unit of thickness measurement. One mil is equal to 1 x 10-3 inches.

mmHg
Abbreviation for millimeters of mercury, a unit of atmospheric pressure. Standard atmospheric

pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg.
Module
Component containing the environment in which films and packages are tested. A module can be a
Master or a Satellite. Every PERMATRAN-W Model 101K system must have at least one Master
module, and can have up to ten Masters and Satellites altogether.
Module Error
Software error occurring during operation that is caused by something other than a communication
problem between the computer and one or both modules. When a module error occurs, a message
is displayed on screen.
Mol
Abbreviation for mole, the International System of Units (Système international d'unités, abbreviated
"SI") base unit for quantity of matter. A mol is numerically equal to molecular weight; 1 mol = 6.023 x
1023 atoms.
Mole
The amount of pure matter containing the same number of chemical units as there are atoms in 12
grams of carbon 12 (6.023 x 1023).
Molecular Weight
The sum of atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule. (Carbon = 12.001, Hydrogen = 1.008). The
true molecular weight of gas or vapor is found by measuring the volume of a given weight and then
calculating the weight of 22.4143 liters at 0C and 760 mmHg and a gravity force of 9.80655 meter
per sec2.
N2
Chemical abbreviation for the nitrogen molecule. Two nitrogen atoms make a nitrogen molecule.
See Nitrogen.
Nitrogen
Gas used as the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K carrier gas. In all of the PERMATRAN-W MODEL
101K, dry nitrogen picks up the test gas (water vapor) that has permeated the test barrier and
transports it to the sensor. In G Plus modules, nitrogen is also humidified to produce a test gas that
is used for all testing accept 100% RH tests.
Operating System
Software, such as Windows® 2000, that regulates the execution of computer programs.

Path
A series of one or more directory names separated by a backslash (\). The path follows the drive
description and is followed by a filename.
PCB
Acronym for Printed Circuit Board. Electronic components are soldered onto a printed circuited
board and are linked by interconnecting wires that are printed on the board's surface.
Penetrant
Gas, vapor, or other physical entity that passes through a barrier; also called permeant.
Perm
A unit of measurement for permeance. One metric perm is equal to 1 gm/m-day• mmHg; one perm
in the foot-pound system is equal to 1 grain/in-day• in Hg.
PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
MOCON-developed, modular-design instrument that measures the rate at which water vapor
permeates a test material (film or package).
Permeability Coefficient
Product of the permeance and the thickness of a barrier. Water vapor permeability is measured in SI
units as mol/m2 /s ”Pa” mm, and in metric units as gm/m2-day "mmHg" cm. Permeability is a property
of a homogenous material.
Permeance
Ratio of a barrier's transmission rate to the partial pressure differential across the barrier. Water
vapor permeance is measured in SI units as mol/m2 "s" Pa, and in metric units as gm/m2-day
"mmHg” (also called a metric perm). Permeance is a performance evaluation and not a property of a
material.
Permeant
See Penetrant.
Permeation
Passing or diffusion of a permeant through a barrier.
Permeation Rate
The transmission rate normalized to thickness. Permeation Rate is usually expressed as a (gm or
cc) of (gas or vapor) at 1 (cm or mil) per unit area of material (m2 or 100in2) in a discreet unit of time
(day or sec) and usually is normalized to one atmosphere (760 mmHg or atm). If the material is
homogeneous, Permeation Rate can be converted to Transmission Rate of any thickness.
Transmission Rate is inversely proportional to thickness (TR = P/x).

Plumbing Tee
See tee.
Power Conditioner
Device which filters power noise, thereby protecting a computer or other electronic device from
damage due to power fluctuations.
Precision
Degree of mutual agreement among individual measurements. Relative to a method of test,

precision is the degree of mutual agreement among individual measurements made under
prescribed like conditions.
Pressure
See gas pressure
Psi
Abbreviation for pounds per square inch (pressure).
Psig
Abbreviation for pounds per square inch (gauge).
Regulator
Valve assembly that controls the supply pressure of a gas. The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K offers
a two-stage, high-purity regulator assembly that attaches directly to a gas tank and controls the
initial supply pressure of that gas. In addition, the G Plus module has a regulator to control the gas
pressure used to generate RH.
Relative Humidity (RH)
Ratio of the quantity of water vapor in the air to the maximum capacity of the air at a specific
temperature and pressure.
Repeatability
Measure of the precision of measurements made within a very restricted set of conditions. For the
PERMATRAN-W Model 101K, this is a measure of the precision of an individual system and the test
method used. A highly repeatable system will yield results that are very nearly the same when
performing multiple tests with the same parameters, barrier, and test gas.
Reproducibility
Measure of the precision of a measurements involving variation between certain sets as well as
within them. For the purposes of this manual, this is a measure of the precision of all PERMATRAN-
W Model 101K systems. With highly reproducible types of systems, each individual system will yield
results which are very nearly the same as the other individual systems when performing tests with
the same parameters, barrier, and test gas.
Resolution
Minimum discernible difference in the change of output signal of an instrument
RH
Abbreviation for Relative Humidity. See Relative Humidity.
RH Probe
Housing for the RH sensor. See sensor.
RH Sensor
Patented infrared sensor that detects the amount of water vapor in the nitrogen carrier gas and
reports it as a corresponding electrical voltage.
RS-232C
Industry standard for asynchronous serial data communications. The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
offers an RS-232C output port for communication with an external device.
RS-232C Port
Serial data communication port(s) on a computer, usually designated COM 1, COM 2, or COM 3.
The RS-232C port is used to communicate with an external device. Not to be confused with the
parallel communications port normally used by the printer(s) designated LPT 1, LPT 2 or LPT 3.
RS-485
Industry standard asynchronous serial data communications scheme. The PERMATRAN-W Model
101K uses an RS-232 port, a RS-232 to RS485 converter, and RS-485 communication form there to
the modules in the system.
Scalping
Unwanted absorption of a gas or vapor into a barrier material.
Sccm
Abbreviation for standard cubic centimeters per minute. The unit of flow rate used in the module.
Sensitivity
Degree to which an instrument responds to a defined incoming quantity of the phenomenon being
detected. A very sensitive instrument will detect very small changes in the area being measured.
Setup Information
Information and individual cell operating parameters for running a test or calibration.

Shelf Life
Length of time a product on be stored and remain suitable for use. Information obtained when
testing for water vapor transmission rate can help determine a product's shelf life when stored in a
particular film or package.
SI
Abbreviation for the International System of Units (Système international d'unités).
Software
Computer program that tells the computer what to do.
Solubility
The equilibrium amount of permeant absorbed into a material per unit volume of material. Solubility
is measured assuming a constant vapor pressure and temperature. Units are usually (gm or cc) of
permeant per unit of volume (cc) of material at a set vapor pressure i.e. (gm/cc). Units of solubility
can also be normalized to vapor pressure i.e. (gm/cc-mmHg). Solubility varies with temperature and
permeant condition.
Solubility Coefficient
Amount of a gas or vapor that will dissolve into a given amount of a barrier.
Sorption
A phenomenon which may be wither adsorption or absorption or a ratio of both. The term is often
used when the specific property is not known.
SPS
Acronym for Standby Power Supply (or Source). These battery-operated devices supply a computer
or other electronic instrument with electricity in case of a power failure.
Status
Current state or condition of a cell or module.
Steady State
State attained when the amount of water vapor absorbed in the barrier is in equilibrium with the flux
of water vapor through the barrier.
STP
Acronym for Standard Temperature and Pressure.
Subambient Temperature
Below ambient temperature; less than normal surrounding temperature.

Surge Protector
Device that filters out short surges of high voltage.
System
Term used to refer to all components of the PERMATRAN-W MODEL 101K, including the computer,
printer and all associated Master and Satellite modules.
TED
Thermal Electric Device that generates the temperature for the cell block in PERMATRAN-W Model
101K S modules.
Tee
A plumbing device with one input port and two output ports, used to route one gas to two locations.
Test Cell
Contained environment within the module where transmission through the test barrier takes place.
There are two test cells in a PERMATRAN-W Model 101K module: A and B. The test cells can also
be modified to accept plumbing to test a package, or to accommodate an environmental chamber.
Test Gas
Gas that permeates the test barrier for detection by the sensor. The PERMATRAN-W Model 101K
uses water vapor generated by sponges saturated with distilled water as the test gas.
Test Gradient
Water vapor transmission rates measured at regularly increasing or decreasing RH percentages.

Test gradients can be produced by setting dry side setpoint.
Transmission
Passing of a gas or vapor through a barrier, normally by absorption of the gas into the barrier the
diffusion of the gas through the barrier, and the desorption of the gas on the opposite side of the
barrier.
Transmission Rate
Quantity of a gas or vapor that will cross a unit of a barrier in a unit of time by diffusion.
UPS
Acronym for Unlnterruptable Power Supply (or Source). This battery-supported device continuously
supplies a computer or other electronic instrument with electricity. The UPS protects the computer
and modules from problems due to brownouts or blackouts. Many UPS' also include power
conditioning capabilities.

Water Vapor
Substance that is used as the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K test gas. Water vapor permeates the
test materials and is carried to the sensor by the carrier gas (Nitrogen).
Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR)
Quantity of water vapor that crosses a unit of a barrier in a unit of time by diffusion. The WVTR is
measured in metric units as gm/m2-day or gm/pkg-day and in foot-pound units as gm/100in2-day or
gm/pkg-day.
WVTR
Abbreviation for Water Vapor Transmission Rate.

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®

7500 Mendelssohn Avenue North

Part Number 143-126

MOCON and PERMATRAN-W are registered trademarks of Mocon, Inc.

For information on applicable patents see: www.mocon.com/patents.html

About This Manual

If you want to set up the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K:

1. Prepare your site:

2. Install the PERMATRAN-W components.

3. Install the software:

See Appendix C “Software Installation” beginning on page C-1.

If you want some background on how the system works:

1. Get an overview of the system:

See Appendix F, “Theory of Operation,” on page F-1 in this manual.

2. Learn about the software.

See Chapter 5 “Using the Computer” beginning on page 5-1.

If You Want To Get Started Measuring Water Vapor Transmission Rate:

If You Have Problems Operating the System:

1. If an error message appears on your computer screen see Chapter 10 “Error

MOCON, Inc. Revision E iii

• Use only HPLC-grade water in the humidity generator.

Maintenance and Service Precautions

WARNING! HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES ARE PRESENT INSIDE THIS INSTRUMENT. SERVICE

AVERTISSMENT: CET INSTRUMENT PRESENTE DES NIVEAUX DANGEREUX DE TENSION.

• Maintenance and service should be performed by qualified personnel only.

iv Revision E MOCON, Inc.

Safety Information ........................................................................................................................................... iv

Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1-1

Chapter 2: Specifications ............................................................................................................................ 2-1

Chapter 3: Setting Up ................................................................................................................................. 3-1

Chapter 4: Module Preparation ................................................................................................................... 4-1

Chapter 5: Using the Computer .................................................................................................................. 5-1

Chapter 6: Before You Begin Testing ......................................................................................................... 6-1

Chapter 7: Calibrating Your System ........................................................................................................... 7-1

Chapter 8: Testing Film Samples................................................................................................................ 8-1

Chapter 9: Maintenance.............................................................................................................................. 9-1

Chapter 10: Error Messages/Troubleshooting .......................................................................................... 10-1

vi Revision E MOCON, Inc.

Appendix A: Site Preparation Instructions .................................................................................................. A-1

Appendix B: Using a Strip Chart Recorder ................................................................................................. B-1

Appendix C: lnstalling the Software ............................................................................................................C-1

Appendix D: Spare Parts ............................................................................................................................D-1

Appendix E: Warranty and Service Policies................................................................................................ E-1

Appendix F: Theory of Operation ................................................................................................................ F-1

Appendix G: Conversion Factors ................................................................................................................G-1

Appendix H: Plumbing and Electrical Diagrams..........................................................................................H-1

MOCON, Inc. Revision E vii

viii Revision E MOCON, Inc.

Read this chapter to get an overview of:

 Functions and capabilities of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.

 Features of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.

 Major system components of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.

 What happens in the test cells during testing.

Overview of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K

Figure 1-1: PERMATRAN-W Model 101K

MOCON, Inc. Revision E 1-1

1-2 Revision E MOCON, Inc.

The basic process for testing consists of the following steps:

1. Setting the nitrogen gas flow

2. Achieving a baseline cell calibration

5. Setting the module to ByPass

Setting the Nitrogen Gas Flow

Baseline Cell Calibration

Conditioning the Sample

Functions and capabilities of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.

Features of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.

Major system components of the PERMATRAN-W Model 101K.

What happens in the test cells during testing.

Module operational capabilities

Computer and printer specifications

Installing the system components.

Connecting system cables.

Attaching the desiccant chamber.

Connecting nitrogen gas lines to your module.

Assigning modules with identification numbers.