Nama ; Jeri alex cahyono

NIM ; 1901056

Teknik Kimia

Resume Buku Karangan William C Dunn Chapter Level.

Introduction

This chapter discusses the measurement of the level of liquids and free flowing solids in
containers. The detector is normally sensing the interface between a liquid and a gas, a solid and
a gas, a solid and a liquid, or possibly the interface between two liquids. Sensing liquid levels fall
into two categories; firstly, singlepoint sensing and secondly, continuous level monitoring. In the
case of singlepoint sensing the actual level of the material is detected when it reaches a
predetermined level, so that the appropriate action can be taken to prevent overflowing or to
refill the container. Continuous level monitoring measures the level of the liquid on an
uninterrupted basis. In this case the level of the material will be constantly monitored and hence,
the volume can be calculated if the cross-sectional area of the container is known. Level
measurements can be direct or indirect; examples of these are using a float technique or
measuring pressure and calculating the liquid level. Free flowing solids are dry powders,
crystals, rice, grain and so forth.

Level Formulas

Pressure increases as the depth increases in a fluid. The pressure is given by

(∆p = g ∆h)

∆p = change in pressure
 g = specific weight

∆h = depth

Note the units must be consistent, i.e., pounds and feet, or newtons and meters. Buoyancy
is an indirect method used to measure liquid levels.

(B = g × area × d)

Where area is the cross-sectional area of the object and d is the immersed depth of the
object. The liquid level is then calculated from the weight of a body in a liquid WL, which is
equal to its weight in air (WA – B), from which we get

(d = Wᴀ-Wᴌ / γ × area)

The weight of a container can be used to calculate the level of the material in the container

(V = area × depth = pr 2 × d)

where r is the radius of the container and d is the depth of the material.

W = gV

Capacitive probes can be used in nonconductive liquids and free flowing solids for level
measurement. the capacitance by a factor m called the dielectric constant of the material.

Cd = Caµ x d/r + Ca

where Ca = capacitance with no liquid

m = dielectric constant of the liquid between the plates

r = height of the plates

d = depth or level of the liquid between the plates

d = (Cd-Ca) / µCa x r

Level Sensing Devices

1. Direct level sensing

Sight glass (open end/differential) or gauge is the simplest method for direct visual reading. this
method can be used with either liquids or free flowing solids. With free flowing solids, agitation
is sometimes used to level the solids. An advantage of the float sensor is that it is almost
independent of the density of the liquid or solid being monitored. If the surface of the material
being monitored is turbulent. the angle of the arm is measured to indicate the level of the
material (an example of the use of this type of sensor is the monitoring of the fuel level in the
tank of an automobile). Although very simple and cheap to manufacture, the disadvantage of this
type of float is its nonlinearity.

F = γ π d² L / 4

where g = specific weight of the liquid

d = float diameter

L = length of the displacer submerged in the liquid

2. Indirect level sensing

The most commonly used method of indirectly measuring a liquid level is to measure the
hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the container. The depth can then be extrapolated from the
pressure and the specific weight of the liquid can be calculated using Eq.

Application Considerations

A number of factors affect the choice of sensor for level measurement, such as pressure
on the liquid, liquid temperature, turbulence, volatility, corrosiveness, accuracy needed, single-
point or continuous measurement, direct or indirect, particulates in a liquid, free flowing solids,
and so forth. Floats are often used to sense fluid levels because they are unaffected by
particulates, can be used for slurries, can be used with a wide range of liquid specific weights,
and flat floats due to their area are less susceptible to turbulence on the surface of the liquid.

Float weight = buoyant force = Ƴι.π.d².h / 4

where Ƴι = specific weight of the liquid

d = diameter
 h = immersion depth of the float

Pressure gauge choice for measuring liquid levels can depend on a number of
considerations, which are as follows:

1. The presence of particulates that can block the line to the gauge

2. Damage caused by excessive temperatures in the liquid

3. Damage due to peak pressure surges

4. Corrosion of the gauge by the liquid

5. Differential pressure gauges are needed if the liquid is under pressure

6. Distance between the tank and the gauge

7. Use of manual valves for gauge repair

Differential pressure gauges can be used in pressurized containers up to 30 MPa and

temperatures up to 600°C to give accuracies of ±1 percent, the liquid depth depends on its
density and the pressure gauge used. Bubbler devices require certain precautions when being
used. To ensure a continuous air or gas supply, the gas used must not react with the liquid. It may
be necessary to install a one way valve to prevent the liquid being sucked back into the gas
supply lines if the gas pressure is lost. The bubbler tube must be chosen so that it is not corroded
by the liquid. Bubbler devices are typically used at atmospheric pressure, accuracies of about 2
percent can be obtained, depth depends on gas pressure available, and so forth.