Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ipeline Design For Transportation Crude Oil From Field To The Importing Sea Port of
Ipeline Design For Transportation Crude Oil From Field To The Importing Sea Port of
SUPERVISOR: Dr.Ayad
Name of project:
✹ Maran Munir
✹Yousif Fadhel
✹ Sazan Luqman
✹ Nahla Abdulkarem
0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ________________________________3-10.
Map ________________________________________ 12
References ___________________________________ 25
Pipeline Design 1
INTRODUCTION
➲ Pipeline Overview
▪ About Pipelines
Pipelines are used for transportation of Gases, Liquids and Solids. Various gases
transported are Natural Gas, LPG and LNG. Most commonly transported liquids
are Crude Oil, Petroleum products and water. Pipelines are also used for
transportation of solids in suspension form e.g. Iron Ore, coal etc. Various
petroleum products like Motor Spirit, HSD, ATF etc. are transported by
pipelines.
Pipeline Design 2
➲ Energy Savings Due to Pipelines:
➲ Types of Pipelines:
Major advantages of pipelines w.r.t. other modes of material transport are low
cost of transportation, accessibility to remote areas, less time for
transportation. Pipelines are environment friendly, require least energy
requirement and have lowest cost of maintenance. They have minimum impact
on land use pattern with negligible loss of product in transit. Their high
reliability and multi product transportation facility makes them attractive mode
of product transport.
Pipeline Design 3
➲ Disadvantages of Pipelines:
❶ The risk associated with the pipeline, in terms of the safety of people,
damage to the environment, and loss of income, depends on the expected
failure frequency and the associated consequence, which is directly related to
the type of fluids transported and the sensitivity of locations of the pipeline.
Pipeline Design 4
▪ Goes through:
This activity is carried out prior to start the detail engineering to ensure
availability of all the required process data by all engineering groups. This
includes the following:
❶ Process data required converting P & ID’s to piping layouts like a proper
identification of valves, strainers, In-line instruments,
❷ Utility summery giving utility consumption for each equipment with duty
conditions like pressure, temperature etc.,
❸ Conceptual equipment layout drawings for process plant reflecting the
process constraints.
❹ Process data sheets for equipment’s.
❺ Hazardous area classification etc.
Pipeline Design 5
➲ Stages of Pipeline Project:
❶ Conceptualization
▪ Establish Requirement
▪ Evaluate Alternatives
▪ Finalize the Concept
❷ Feasibility Study
❸ Basic Engineering
❹ Detailed Engineering
Pipeline Design 6
➲ Introduction to piping design and projects
There are many commercial and industrial fluid handling applications conveying
fluid from one location to another. At the outset, one must ask the following
questions:
Final design emerges from familiarity with piping and pipeline systems,
equipment, instrumentation, plant design, and related disciplines.
Pipeline Design 7
➲ Pump station
▪ Cathodic protection
▪ Metering system
▪ Leakage detectors
▪ Team for check pipeline
▪ Measurement parameter(sensor)
• Temperature measurement
• Pressure measurement
• Flow measurement
▪ PIG Launchers and PIG Receivers system
▪ Valve
✓ Pump required
Pipeline Design 8
➲ Fluid characteristics (Physical properties)
▪ Composition
▪ Density
▪ Viscosity
▪ Vapor pressure
▪ Water content
▪ CO2 and H2S content
➲ Material Selection
▪ Stainless steel
Stainless steel pipe is used when corrosion resistance is required. The addition
of chromium gives stainless steel its corrosion resistance properties. Austenitic
stainless steels, identified with the 300 series, contain a maximum of 0.15%
carbon and a minimum of 16% chromium, along with nickel and/or manganese.
Austenitic stainless steels are nonmagnetic and have the best high-temperature
strengths of all the stainless steels. Ferritic stainless steels, identified with the
400 series, contain 14-27% chromium and are magnetic. Martensitic stainless
steels contain 11.5-18% chromium and are also magnetic. Martensitic stainless
steels are commonly used in valve components. Austenitic stainless steels are
the most commonly used in piping systems. The most common grades used in
piping are 304 and 316. There are subsets of these that contain lower carbon,
making them less susceptible to carbide precipitation. These are designated by
Pipeline Design 9
the suffix “L.” Stainless steels are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking and
so exposure to chloride compounds should be avoided.
▪ Applications
Stainless steel piping is used whenever iron dissolution cannot be tolerated.
Stainless steel is used whenever corrosion needs to be avoided, as in heat
exchangers and boilers.
▪ Cast iron
Cast iron contains between 2% and 6.67% carbon. These metals are strong but
brittle. They exhibit very low ductility and malleability and cannot be drawn,
rolled, or worked at room temperature. A sharp blow with a hammer can crack
a cast iron pipe. Cast irons melt readily and can be cast into complicated shapes
and machined. This property makes them well suited for some valve bodies.
▪ Applications
Since cast iron is so brittle, it is not often used for pressure piping applications,
although ASME B31.3 contains basic allowable stress data for gray cast iron
pipe. Cast iron pipe is used primarily for drain, waste, and vent applications.
Pipeline Design 10
➲ What are PIG Launchers and PIG Receivers?
In simplest terms the PIG launchers and PIG receivers are the sections of the
pipeline which allow the PIG to enter and exit the pipeline. They are generally
funnel, Y-shaped sections of the pipe which can be pressurized or depressurized
and then safely opened to insert or remove PIGs. Most pigging systems use
bidirectional launchers and receivers that can work in either direction. This is
important to allow the PIG to be retrieved by the launcher if there is a blockage
in the pipeline which prevents it from reaching the receiver.
PIG launchers and receivers come with safety valves and locking system to
prevent accidents. They are also optimized to be suitable to the pressure and
temperature requirements of the pipeline. Launchers and receivers may be
horizontal or vertical depending on the needs of the pipeline.
11
❖ Map
Pipeline Design 12
PROJECT DATA
🖎Case Description:
✹ Transportation of Crude oil from Atrush field to the importing sea port of
Jihan (Ceyhan). The following data are available:
❶ The distance between the field and the importing sea port is 450km.
❷ The pipeline capacity should not exceed 650 000 barrels per day.
❸ There are four pumping boosters working within the pipeline. The
distance between each two pumping boosters is 120km.
❹ The net elevation is 122m.
❺ The pipeline should cross a small river and 8 high ways.
❻ There are 4 valleys that the pipe line should cross. The mean depth of the
valleys are 12m.
NOW:
❶ State the steps that you should be followed to make a perfect design for
such a project.
❷ What are the precautions that should be taken in your consideration?
❸ State a map road for designing such a project.
Pipeline Design 13
CALCULATION
➲ Assumption:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
▪ Density = 870 to 920 3 (we will assume 900 3 for our project)
𝑚 𝑚
▪ Viscosity =4 cp
▪ Steel pipe
▪ Spec No: API 5L
▪ Grade: A25
▪ Roughness = 0.05 mm
❸ We will assume that the elevation of the pipe will increase gradually, so we
will divide it between four pumping stations, each will be (30.5 m)
➲ Design steps:
(API RP 145 is a standard reding to minimum and maximum velocity of crude oil
in pipelines)
𝑚
▪ Maximum velocity in the pipe= 3.0 to 4.5 (To avoid erosion)
𝑠
𝑚
▪ Minimum velocity in the pipe= 0.9 to 1.2 (To avoid sediment settling)
𝑠
Pipeline Design 14
𝑄 1.19608
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 A= = = 0.3986 𝑚2
𝑉 3
𝑑= 0.7124 𝑚
𝜋
= 28 in A= 𝑑 2
4
𝑚3
✹ Q = Flow rate ( 𝑠
)
✹ 𝐴 = Area of pipe (𝑚2 )
𝑚
✹ 𝑉 = Velocity of crude oil ( )
𝑠
✹ 𝑑 =Diameter of pipe (𝑚, 𝑖𝑛)
▪ So, we will start are design from NPS 30 in, then we will test 32 in, 34 in, 36
in also.
❷ Pressure Drop:
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
𝜌𝑔
+
2𝑔
+ 𝑍1 + ℎ𝑝 − ℎ𝑓= + + 𝑍2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
ℎ𝑝 = 𝑍2 + ℎ𝑓
Pipeline Design 15
▪ As we assumed before that the elevation increase gradually, we will put
elevation for each section to be = 30.5 m
120 km
30.5 m
Pumping station No.➀ Pumping station No.➁
🅿1 🅿2
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
𝜌𝑔
+
2𝑔
+ 𝑍1 + ℎ𝑝 − ℎ𝑓= + + 𝑍2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
▪ Both ℎ𝑝 and ℎ𝑓 are unknown, we will use moody chart and Reynolds
number (Re) and Relative roughness(r) to find friction factor(𝑓).
- So, we will start by the following steps:
1) Assume Diameter
2) Find ℎ𝑓 from moody chart
3) Find pump required head (ℎ𝑝)
Pipeline Design 16
▪ The bigger the pipe diameter, the smaller pump head will be, so we will test
30 in, 32 in, 34 in, 36 in pipes and make selection and optimizing according
to the cost.
ℎ𝑝 = 30.5 + ℎ𝑓
𝜋
D= 30 in =0.7624 m, A= 𝑑2 =0.45603 𝑚2
4
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 𝑉=A
𝑚3
1.19608 𝑚
= 𝑠
= 2.6226 (Acceptable)
0.45603 𝑚2 𝑠
𝑒 0.05 𝑚𝑚
Relative roughness r= (e in mm and d in mm) = = 6.6 ∗ 10−5
𝑑 762.4 𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝑉𝑑 900∗2.6226∗0.7624
• 𝑅𝑒 = = = 449881 turbulent flow
𝜇 4∗10−3
Pipeline Design 17
(From Moody chart 𝑓 = 0.013503)
Pipeline Design 18
❸ Maximum Pressure: we have three valleys each one 12 m, so the maximum
pressure will be at the bottom of the valley, we need this pressure to find
maximum pressure in the pipe and to select design pressure (we will assume
that the valleys are exactly behind the pumping station ) .
➀ ➁
12 m
Pumping station No.➀ Bottom of the valley
𝑃2 = 𝑍1𝜌𝑔 + 𝑃1 + ℎ𝑝𝜌𝑔
Piping codes: The following standards from the American Natl. Standards Inst.
(ANSI) and the American Soc. of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) specify wall-
thickness requirements.
ANSI/ASME Standard B31.1, Power Piping. This standard applies to steam piping
systems.
ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3, Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping, this
standard applies to major facilities onshore and offshore worldwide.
Pipeline Design 19
ANSI/ASME Standard B31.4, Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons,
Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols, this standard applies
to onshore oil pipeline facilities.
ANSI/ASME Standard B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
This standard applies to gas transmission, gathering, and distribution pipelines
onshore.
Where
Pipeline Design 20
Pipeline Design 21
t = ?
P = internal pressure in pipe, psi, maximum pressure was 78.11 bar, we
will select 85 bar as a design pressure (85 bar *14.5=1232.5 psi)
dO = 30 in.,
SY = 25000 psi from our Grade
F = 0.72 for all locations,
E = 1.0 for ERW welding at 5 f,
1232.5∗30
𝑡= = 1.02708 in
2∗0.72∗1∗25000
▪ We will repeat the same above procedure to other sizes (32,34,36) in then
we will select optimum pipes and schedule:
Pipeline Design 22
• Thickness
• Weight
Pipeline Design 23
➲ double check the calculation with actual inside diameter:
𝐼𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 2 ∗ 𝑡
𝑡 = 0.625 𝑓𝑜𝑟 36 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐ℎ. 30
𝐼𝐷 = 36 − 2 ∗ 0.625 = 34.75 𝑖𝑛
𝑚
Velocity= 2 𝑠
, Re=388128, f= 0.0144
𝐿𝑉 2 120000 ∗ (2)2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 = (0.0144) = 399 𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 400 𝑚
𝐷2𝑔 0.88265 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81
ℎ𝑝 = 𝑍2 + ℎ𝑓 = 30.5 + 400 = 430.5 𝑚
▪ Maximum pressure:
50∗14.5∗36
𝑡= = 0.725 in > 0.625
2∗0.72∗1∗25000
Pipeline Design 24
FINAL DATA
▪ So, we will order Steel pipe: class API 5L Grade= A25 with nominal pipe
REFERENCES
✹ Stewart, M., 2015. Surface Production Operations: Volume III: Facility Piping and
Pipeline Systems. Gulf Professional Publishing.
✹DeGeer, D. and Nessim, M., 2008, January. Arctic pipeline design considerations.
In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Engineering (pp. 583-590). American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection.
✹Dinovitzer, A.S. and Smith, R.J., 1998, June. Strain-based pipeline design criteria review.
In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference (pp. 763-770). American Society of
Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection.
Pipeline Design 25