Ofserv Nigeria Limited

CONTENTS

❑ The seven fundamental areas of competence in the

mechanical engineering discipline
❑ Introduction to Piping
❑ Responsibilities of Piping Engineer and Designer
❑ Scope of Piping-Input and Outputs
❑ Piping Nomenclature and Components
❑ Pipe system essentials
❑ Fundamentals of Piping Equipment, Fittings and
Components
❑ Line Designation and sizing Tables
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THE SEVEN FUNDAMENTAL

AREAS OF COMPETENCE IN
THE MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE
The seven fundamental areas of
cal
competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline

The Engineering Standards for the Mechanical Engineering

Discipline are structured around seven core Topics:

➢ Mechanical Design and Analysis

➢ Engineering Mechanics
➢ System Dynamics and Control
➢ Material Processing and Manufacturing
➢ Measurements and Instrumentation
➢ Thermodynamics and Thermal Systems
➢ Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machinery
The seven fundamental areas of
cal
competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline
Mechanical Design and Analysis:
➢ Mechanical engineers should be able to design and analyze
mechanical and thermal systems, components, products and
processes to meet needs while fulfilling different types of
constraints.
➢ ME graduates should be able to apply principles and
techniques of 3D surface and solid modeling as well as to
design elements to achieve satisfactory level of safety.
➢ Examples: including shafts, screws and fasteners, joining
components, springs, gears, brakes and clutches, etc
The seven fundamental areas of
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competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline

Engineering Mechanics:

➢ Mechanical engineers should be able to define, analyze and

evaluate the kinematics & kinetics of particles and rigid
bodies, the topological characteristics of planar mechanisms
and the static and dynamic forces of machinery.

➢ ME graduates should be able to describe and analyze the

kinematics and dynamics of mechanisms, cams, followers,
balancing of rigid rotors, ordinary and planetary gear trains
The seven fundamental areas of
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competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline

System Dynamics and Control:

➢ Mechanical Engineers should be able to model physical

systems (mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic and
thermal) using Laplace transformation, transfer functions
and block diagrams.

➢ ME graduates should be able to define and apply the basic

concepts of automatic control, dynamic system response and
stability.
The seven fundamental areas of
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competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline

Material Processing and Manufacturing:

➢ Mechanical engineers should be able to distinguish the

structure characteristics and mechanical properties of
metals, polymers and ceramics, to define equilibrium-phase
diagrams and to identify the microstructure of alloys, heat
treatments of plain carbon steels and the basic
manufacturing processes as well as to calculate the forces
involved in manufacturing.
The seven fundamental areas of
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competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline

Measurements and Instrumentation:

➢ Mechanical engineers should be able to define the basic

fundamentals of measuring concepts including uncertainty
analysis, instrumentation specifications, data collection and
analysis.
The seven fundamental areas of
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competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline

Thermodynamics and Thermal Systems:

➢ Mechanical engineers should be able to recognize a

thermodynamic process, apply the thermodynamic laws to
analyze open and closed systems, be able to apply the
different thermodynamic diagrams and use the
fundamentals of combustion principles in the design of
thermo-mechanical components.

➢ Mechanical engineers should be able to differentiate and

apply the basic modes of heat transfer associated with
thermal systems.
The seven fundamental areas of
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competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline

Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machinery:

➢ Mechanical engineers should be able to describe the

fundamentals, physical meaning and governing phenomena
of fluid mechanics, including conservation of mass and
balance of momentum for fluid flow situations.
The seven fundamental areas of
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competence in the mechanical
engineering discipline
Some Examples of Mechanical Engineering Equipment:
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INTRODUCTION TO PIPING
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Introduction to Piping

What is a Pipe?:
➢ A pipe can be defined as a tube made of metal, plastic, wood,
concrete or fiberglass. Pipes are used to carry liquids, gases,
slurries, or fine particles.

➢ A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not

necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey
substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids),
slurries, powders and masses of small solids
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Introduction to Piping

Pipe and Tube:

➢ Pipe is generally specified by a nominal diameter with a
constant outside diameter (OD) and a schedule that defines
the wall thickness.

➢ Tube is most often specified by the OD and wall thickness,

but may also be specified by OD and inside diameter (ID).

➢ Pipe assemblies are almost always constructed with the use

of fittings such as elbows, tees, and so on, while tube may be
formed or bent into custom configurations.

➢ Pipes and Tubes are both made/design using Industrial

Codes and standards.
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Introduction to Piping

Cross-Section of a Pipe and Its Cross-section Area (A):

➢ This cross section of a pipe is the circular view of a pipe. It

basically sees the pipe as a circle for a cylindrical pipe.
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Introduction to Piping

Cross-Section of a Pipe and Its Cross-section Area (A):

➢ The cross section of a pipe consists of the Outer diameter

(Do), the Inner diameter (Di) and the thickness of the pipe
(t).
2
𝜋𝐷𝑖 2 𝜋𝐷𝑂 2 𝜋ሺ𝐷 𝑂 − 𝐷𝑖 2 ൯
𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴𝑂 = 𝐴=
4 4 4

Where:
➢ (Ao) = Area of Outer diameter

➢ (Ai) = Area of Inner diameter

➢ (A) = Cross-sectional Area

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Introduction to Piping

What is the relationship between the Outer diameter, Inner

diameter and Wall thickness of a Pipe?

➢ The cross section of a pipe consists of the Outer diameter

(Do), the Inner diameter (Di) and the thickness of the pipe
(t).

𝐷𝑂 = 𝐷𝑖 + 2𝑡
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Introduction to Piping

Key Element of a Cylindrical Pipe?

➢ Size (i.e Diameter and Schedule)

➢ Area (i.e Cross-sectional area and Curve-surface area)
➢ Volume
➢ Mass/Weight
➢ Density
➢ Length
➢ Material (i.e poison ratio, modulus of elasticity, strength etc)
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Introduction to Piping

Example of a Pipe description?

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Introduction to Piping

Example of a Piping description on a Well Head Platform:

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Introduction to Piping

Example of a Pipe description on a facility:

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Introduction to Piping

What is Piping?
➢ Piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and
gases) from one location to another.

What is a Piping System?

➢ A Piping system is a network of pipes, fittings and valves
intended to carry or transfer fluids from one equipment to
another.
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Introduction to Piping

Piping Engineering Team:

The function of Piping Engineering is to apply the knowledge of
fluid flow, material stress analysis, material properties,
engineering judgment to convert Process parameters and
specification (i.e fluid properties, PFD, P&ID etc) into Piping
drawings and data from which Piping materials, fittings, items
are purchased, fabricated and assembled into Piping Systems
which fulfil the requirement for the process.

This must be done at minimum COST without compromising

quality, safety, durability and functionality.

The Piping systems will function without any physical failure or

excessive pressure loss through out the system design life.
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Introduction to Piping

Piping Engineering Team:

The following are Piping engineering team:

➢ Piping Engineer
➢ Piping Layout/Design Engineer
➢ Piping Stress Analysis Engineer
➢ Piping Material Engineer
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Introduction to Piping

Piping Engineering Team:

➢ Piping Engineer
▪ Defines Piping, fittings, items, material specifications
▪ Defines the Piping routing specification
▪ Interface with other Piping team and disciplines
▪ Reviews all piping deliverables/documents
▪ Follow-up Procurement, Construction etc
➢ Piping Layout/Design Engineer
▪ Layout (Plot plan, Equipment Layout etc)
▪ Piping fitting Classification
▪ Valves Classification
▪ Piping Routing
▪ 3D Modelling
▪ 2D Drafting
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Introduction to Piping

Piping Engineering Team:

➢ Piping Stress Engineer
▪ Defines Piping Stress philosophy
▪ Defines the Piping stress design basis
▪ Prepares piping stress analysis report
▪ Select and provides piping supports loads to other
disciplines
▪ Interface with other piping team

➢ Piping Material Engineer

▪ Defines basis of Material Selection
▪ Select the Cost effective Piping Materials
▪ Relates Corrosion to Material Selection
▪ Interface with other piping team and Vendors
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Introduction to Piping

Typical Piping System:

➢ Note that Piping system consists of:
▪ Pipes
▪ Piping Fittings (Reducer, Elbow, Tee, etc)
▪ Piping Items (flanges, gaskets, bolts, nuts, valves, etc)
▪ Special Piping items (quick coupling, etc)
▪ Piping Supports (Anchor, Guide, U-clamps, Rest, etc
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Introduction to Piping

Typical Piping Engineering System:

➢ This video is to illustrate a typical Piping system.
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RESPONSIBILITIES OF A
PIPING ENGINEER &
PIPING DESIGNER
Responsibilities of a piping engineer &
Piping designer cal
Piping Engineer:
In addition to the duties of a Piping Engineer, outlined in
previous slides, the following are also the roles of a piping
engineer.

➢ Participate as a part of the proposal team in pre-bid

meetings with the client for proposal development
➢ Define the physical scope of the piping effort for the project
➢ Define the piping execution method and the required piping
deliverables
➢ Prepare a labor hour estimate for the piping effort
➢ Prepare a material cost estimate for all piping items
Responsibilities of a piping engineer &
Piping designer cal
Piping Engineer Role:
➢ Prepare a detailed piping discipline work execution schedule
that is coordinated and compatible with the other
engineering disciplines
➢ Plan all aspects of piping activities
➢ Organize electronic or hard-copy data files or data needs
➢ Oversee proper resource (people) requisitioning and
utilization
➢ Recognize and report all scope changes or trends that may
cause a cost impact to the project
➢ Be aware of labor budget expenditure, production, and
productivity
➢ Prepare prompt and accurate status reports
➢ Manage project completion and closeout
Responsibilities of a piping engineer &
Piping designer cal
Piping Designer/Piping Design Engineer:
In addition to the duties of a Piping Engineer, outlined in
previous slides, the following are also the roles of a piping
designer.

➢ Assist in the preparation of CTR’s and man hour estimates

related to drawing deliverables.
➢ Create and respond to technical queries for constructability
review
➢ Prepare & check materials take-offs and bill of materials
➢ Checked design model, orthographic and isometrics
drawings
➢ Study and interpret Piping and Instrumentation drawings
(P&ID's)
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SCOPE OF PIPING-INPUT AND

OUTPUTS
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Scope of Piping-Input and Outputs

Piping Inputs:

➢ Piping Engineering is not a standalone activity. To

successfully finish all engineering aspects, piping engineer
needs to depend on other discipline in terms of input and
output. While designing a piping system, many inputs are
required from other disciplines and at the same time inputs
are given to other disciplines too.
➢ The Piping engineering team outline piping inputs and
output based on the project scope of work or the expectation
from the facility owner (Client)
➢ The Piping engineering team can also scope out a project or
outline piping engineering scope of work based on Client
request.
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Scope of Piping-Input and Outputs

Inputs to Piping Engineering Discipline:

➢ Requirement from client: Plot area and location, statutory
requirement, special requirements, Client specifications,
software to be used etc.
➢ Project design basis, design code, process description, etc.
➢ Process information: Process line list, fluid data, PFDs
(Process Flow Diagram), P&IDs (Piping and Instrumentation
Diagram), PDS (Process Data Sheet)
➢ Civil/Structural layout, drawing: Effluent & drain sewers
layouts and manholes location. Pipe racks and technological
structure foundation drawings. Civil drawings for platforms.
Tank settlement data, Soil Properties, etc
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Scope of Piping-Input and Outputs

Inputs to Piping Engineering Discipline:

➢ Instrument drawing: Tray width requirement on pipe
rack/sleepers. Instrumentation hook-up drawing.
Instruments drawings for control valves, safety valves, inline
instruments etc.
➢ Electrical layout: Tray width requirement on pipe rack/pipe
sleepers and cable trenches width in units/off-site. Electrical
cable tray layout.
➢ Mechanical (Static/Rotary/Package) layout:
Mechanical datasheets for equipment like columns, vessels,
tanks etc. Layout drawing of packages items showing
auxiliary equipment. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
conditioning): Layouts showing the HVAC duct size and the
location.
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Scope of Piping-Input and Outputs

Outputs from Piping discipline:

➢ Inputs to PFD, UFD and P&ID (Line tagging, tie-in points etc)
➢ Overall plot plan showing location of various units, tank-
farms, package units, non-plant buildings, roads, culverts,
pipe racks, sleepers, etc.
➢ PMS (Piping Material Specification)& VMS (Valve Material
Specification).
➢ Pipe rack general arrangement drawing & structures for
equipment support
➢ Piping general arrangement drawing/Layouts showing all
the piping and equipment.
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Scope of Piping-Input and Outputs

Outputs from Piping discipline:

➢ Piping Bill of Materials (BOM) with technical evaluation and
technical bid analysis (TBA).
➢ Piping stress analysis report for the critical lines.
➢ Support loading for critical lines for structure design.
➢ Drawing showing the vessel cleats location for pipe supports
and platform/ladder.
➢ Layout for underground services.
➢ Piping isometrics with bill of material.
➢ Support location plan, support schedule, pipe support
drawings.
➢ Procurement specification for insulation, painting, wrapping
and coating.
➢ Material handling study.
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Scope of Piping-Input and Outputs

Site Visit Report

Piping Engineering Documents: ❑
❑ Project Execution Plan
❑ Piping Design Basis
❑ Piping tie-in List
Software & Tool: ❑ Piping Layout & Material Specification
❑ Valve list, Valve datasheet and specification
❑ Specification for Flanges, Gasket & Bolts
➢ PDMS ❑ Piping Stress Analysis
➢ CAESAR II ❑ Piping specification
❑ Piping Material Specification
➢ AutoPIPE
❑ Piping Support specification
➢ AutoCAD & AutoPlant 3D ❑ Special Piping items
➢ CADWorks ❑ Piping line list
➢ In-house Spreadsheets Tool ❑ Estimated Piping Weight
➢ Codes and Standards – ASME B31.3, ❑ Piping MTO
❑ Pipe Routing (3D Model & 2D Drafting)
B31.1, ASME 16.5, etc
❑ Plot Plan
❑ Pipe rack
❑ Piping Elevation drawings
❑ Piping General Arrangement Drawings
❑ Piping Isometric Drawings
❑ Procurement Support
❑ Construction Support etc.
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PIPING NOMENCLATURE AND

COMPONENTS
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Piping Nomenclature and Components

Piping Nomenclature:

Nominal Pipe Size :

➢ Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of

pipe size. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by
the specific size designation number without an inch symbol.

➢ For example, NPS 6 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter

is 168.3 mm.
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Piping Nomenclature and Components

Piping Nomenclature:

Schedule Number:

➢ For a given NPS, the outside diameter stays constant and the
wall thickness increases with larger schedule number. The
inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness
specified by the schedule number.
➢ Schedule Number = 1,000 x (P/S)

where
P = internal pressure, pounds-per-square-inch-gauge (psig)
S = allowable fiber stress (ultimate tensile strength of the steel
in psi)
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Piping Nomenclature and Components

Piping Nomenclature:

Other Piping Nomenclature are:

➢ Line Number
➢ Line Size
➢ Fluid to be handled
➢ Location of Plant
➢ Material of Construction
➢ Insulation
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Piping Nomenclature and Components

Piping Components:

The most common components of a piping system are pipes,

fittings, flanges and valves.

Pipes: Pipes are long cylinders used to carry or transfer fluids.

The most common fluids are water, oil, steam, air, milk or
finished products like paints, juices. Other uncommon
examples include pulp, acids, alkalis, chemicals etc.

Commercial available pipes normally have a mill tolerance of

12.5% and pipe schedule numbers based in B36.10.
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Piping Nomenclature and Components

Piping Components:
➢ Pipe Fittings: Pipe fittings are used to connect lengths of
pipes to construct a long piping system; commonly used
fittings are flanges, elbows, tees, reducers, expansion bellows

➢ All dimensions are in accordance with B16.9.

➢ Valves: Valves are used to stop, divert or control fluid flow.

Common valve types are gate valves, globe valves, butterfly
valves, ball valves, control valves; the selection is based on
intended function and application.
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Piping Nomenclature and Components

Piping Components:
➢ Flanges: A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves,
pumps and other equipment to form a piping system. It also
provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or
modification. Flanges are usually welded or screwed.
Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges with
a gasket between them to provide a seal.

➢ Flanges are rated to ANSI B16.5 standard, For those up to

24” diameter, they are rated to ANSI 150, ANSI 300, ANSI 600
and ANSI 900.
➢ For flanges of 26” and bigger , ANSI B16.47 applies. The
flanges are usually classified series A and series B. The
material used for these flanges are A181 grade I and A105
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Piping Nomenclature and Components

Piping Components:
In addition, a number of devices like strainers, traps, expansion
loops are necessary for keeping the fluid clean and in good
condition, and to accommodate expansion/contraction due to
temperature variations.
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Piping Nomenclature and Components

Piping Components:
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PIPE SYSTEM ESSENTIALS

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Pipe system essentials

Piping essentials:
➢ Header: A Header is a large pipe or manifold that is used to
collect the discharge from many smaller pipes (a
collecting header) , or can be used to distribute fluid to many
smaller pipes (distributing header)
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Pipe system essentials

Piping essentials:
➢ Take-off: The length of pipe to be removed (taken off) such
that a pipe and a fitting make a specific length. The term is a
concept shorthand used by pipefitters and plumbers.
➢ Stub-in: Piping intersections can take the form of a Y or T
shape. Connections for branch pipes are made with pipe tees
or stub-ins

➢ Expansible fluid: This means

(i) a vapour or gaseous fluid, or
(ii) a liquid under pressure and at a temperature at which the
liquid changes to a gas or vapour when the pressure is reduced
to atmospheric pressure or when the temperature is increased
to ambient temperature
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Pipe system essentials

Piping essentials:
➢ Hydrotest: A hydrostatic test is a way in which pressure
vessels such as pipelines, plumbing, gas cylinders, boilers
and fuel tanks can be tested for strength and leaks.
➢ The test involves filling the vessel or pipe system with a
liquid, usually water, which may be dyed to aid in visual leak
detection, and pressurization of the vessel to the specified
test pressure
➢ Hydrotesting of pipes, pipelines and vessels is performed to
expose defective materials that have missed prior detection
➢ For Piping systems, Hydrotest Pressure is usually 1.5
multiplied by the design pressure
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Pipe system essentials

Piping essentials:
➢ MAWP: The MAOP is less than the MAWP (maximum
allowable working pressure). MAWP being the maximum
pressure based on the design codes that the weakest
component of a pressure vessel can handle
➢ Design pressure is the maximum pressure a pressurized item
can be exposed to. Due to the availability of standard wall
thickness materials, many components will have a MAWP
higher than the required design pressure
➢ MADT: Minimum design metal temperature (MDMT) is the
lowest temp expected in service or the lowest allowable
temp calculated for each individual part. MADT is the
maximum allowable design temperature of a material.
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Pipe system essentials

Piping essentials:
➢ Fracture toughness: is a property which describes the
ability of a material to resist fracture.

➢ Fracture toughness is a quantitative way of expressing a

material's resistance to brittle fracture when a crack is
present.

➢ A material with high fracture toughness may undergo ductile

fracture as opposed to brittle fracture. Brittle fracture is
characteristic of materials with low fracture toughness
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PIPING
EQUIPMENT, FITTINGS AND
COMPONENTS
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Valves and Valve Function:

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls or stop the
flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways.

Different Valves and their basic functions:

➢ Gate Valves: most widely used type; does not control flow,
only opens/closes fully

➢ Globe Valve: used primarily in smaller sizes, for such services

as throttling steam pumps and in control valve bypass lines
(used to control flow manually)
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Fittings and Components

Valves and Valve Function:

➢ Ball Valve: Similar to cock except a ball is used instead of a
tapered plug; used when a quick opening or tight shut off
valve is required (such as with natural gas service or snuffing
steam)

➢ Butterfly Valve: generally used for low pressure and

temperature such as water service (there small face to face
dimensions make them

➢ Cocks (Plug Valve): used where a positive shut off is

required, as in gas service; should only be used when
necessary because they require a lot of maintenance (must
be greased often)
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Fittings and Components

Valves and Valve Function:

➢ Check Valve: used to prevent reverse flow in pipeline
Wafer valve: Is a type of check valve which requires much
less space than the swing type (simply installed between a
pair of flanges)

➢ Control Valve: used to control flow automatically; usually

actuated by compressed air and may have either screwed or
flanged ends

➢ Safety Valves: used to relieve excess pressure on a line or

piece of equipment; have either screwed or flanged ends
(when pipe reaches a certain pressure, the valve opens and
relieves the pipe of the pressure)
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Valve Selection:
Valves are selected based on the following basic criteria:
➢ Nature of fluid service
➢ Function or purpose of the valve
➢ Mode of operation (motorize, gear handle, manual, etc)
➢ Fluid properties and Composition
➢ Installation position, available space etc
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Valve Selection:
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Valve Inspection and Testing:

This involves the inspection of valves and valve testing in the
manufacturing shop/yard. This inspection consists of:

➢ Valve Material Inspection

➢ Valve Welding Inspection
➢ Visual and Dimensional Checking
➢ Valve Low Pressure Air Test
➢ Valve Hydrostatic Testing
➢ Post Hydrostatic Testing
➢ Valve Name Plate Checking
➢ Valve Painting and Coating Checking
➢ Valve Spare Parts, Loose Items and Accessories control
➢ Valve Packing, Marking and Shipping
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Flange Types:
➢ Slip-on Flange: It slipped over end of pipe and welded front
to back (useful where space must be conserved)

➢ Reducing Slip-on: It is used to make a reduction in pipe size

at a flanged joint

➢ Socket Weld Flange: It is Bored to the ID of the pip and

counter bored slightly larger than the OD of the pipe to be
inserted and welded into place (used for 4" and smaller high
pressure systems)
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Flange Types:

➢ Threaded Flange: Is a flange that is similar to slip-on, but

screwed onto the pipe (not very useful because of leakage
and weakness)

➢ Welding Neck Flange: Pipe is butted against the neck of the

flange and they are welded together (the resulting joint is
considered to be as strong as the pipe itself) (most widely
used flange in petrochemical/ refining industry; particularly
recommended where sever vibrations or bending are
encountered)
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Flange Types:

➢ Orifice Flange: Is a flange used in conjunction with orifice

meters to determine the rate of flow of liquids (normally use
threaded and slip on orifice flanges)

➢ Blind Flanges: Is a flange used when it is necessary to

blank-off a flanged connection

Flanges are rated according to the pressure of the fluid flowing

through it. It can be rated class 150, class 300, class 600, class
900, class 1500, class 2500 etc
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Flange Types:
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Gaskets:
➢ The function of gaskets is to interpose a semi-plastic
material between the flange facings, the material which,
through deformation under load seals the minute surface
irregularities to prevent leakage of the fluid.
➢ Gaskets can be generally divided into three main categories
as follows:
▪ Non-metallic Gaskets
▪ Semi-metallic Gaskets
▪ Metallic Gaskets
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Gaskets:
➢ A gasket is a compressible material, or a combination of
materials, which when clamped between two stationary
members prevents the passage of the fluid across these
members.
➢ The seal is effected by the action of force upon the gasket
surface (usually by bolts), which compresses the gasket,
causing it to flow into any surface imperfections.
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Gaskets Types:
➢ A gasket is a compressible material, or a combination of.

Ring type joint Spiral Wound

Jacketed Flat Face

Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Bolts, Nuts and Washer

➢ A Bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male
thread. Bolts are closely related to screws. Bolts are
mechanical fastener that is usually used with a nut for
connecting two or more parts.
➢ Types of bolts:
▪ Anchor bolt.
▪ Carriage bolt.
▪ Elevator bolt.
▪ Flange bolt.
▪ Hanger bolt.
▪ Hexagon bolt/Tap bolt.
▪ Lag bolt.
▪ Machine bolt.
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Bolts, Nuts and Washer

➢ A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are
almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to
fasten multiple parts together.
➢ A nut is a small hexagonal object made out of metal. It is
shaped in a hexagon so that it is easy and firm to grip from
all sides.
Fundamentals of Piping Equipment,
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Fittings and Components

Bolts, Nuts and Washer:

➢ A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole

(typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute
the load of a threaded fastener, such as a bolt or nut.
➢ Other uses are as a spacer, spring, wear pad, preload
indicating device, locking device, and to reduce vibration
(rubber washer)
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LINE DESIGNATION AND

SIZING TABLES
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Line Designation and sizing Tables

Line Sizing:

Pipe Sizing: it involves the determination of the internal

diameter and schedule/wall thickness of a pipe to be used in a
piping system.

For Pipe/Line sizing, consider the maximum flow rate.

In the determination of the pressure drop in a line, the piping

fittings are also considered
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Line Designation and sizing Tables

Line Sizing:
Pipe Sizing Criteria is as per API 14E. The criteria to determine
the internal diameter of pipe are:

➢ Flow velocity of Fluid and

➢ Pressure drop in Fluid

The line can be done for single phase flow (i.e only gas, or only
liquid) and multiphase flow (gas and liquid).

Pipe Wall Thickness can be calculated as per ASME B31.3:

Pi Do
t=
2(SE + PiY )
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Line Designation and sizing Tables

Line Designation Table:

Flow lines should be labeled to show pipe size, line service
identification, line number, line material, line schedule and the
line pressure rating, functional data (Temperature, Pressure,
etc.)
Conclusion cal
Piping Systems are used to transport fluid from one equipment
to the other within a facility. Poor design and fabrication can
results to loss of investment, lives, properties and pollution of
the environment.
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