UNIMAS 2019

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

1) PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

 Definition of Project

A Project is a temporary endeavour to create a

unique product and service. Temporary means that

very project has a definite beginning and a definite

end. Unique means that the product or service is

different in some distinguishing way from one

another.

(Sourec: PMI 2000)

 Unique – one off, one time, rarely repeated

 Finite – definite start and end

 Multi-disciplinary – involve many discplines

 Complex – Use of high technical and skills

 Dynamic – Unexpected issues and problems

abound

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 High Risk – Project performance goals are

usually high

 Project Life Cycle

 Project life cycle can be defined as the

development of a project from original idea to its

completion, operation & end of its life span.

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

As recommended by PMBOK, there are basically 5 phases in the

project management life cycle.

** As recommended in PMBOK

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For all civil engineering projects, the life cycle

experience the following phases (similar to the ones

recommended in PMBOK):

 Phase 1: Original Ideas (Define)

 Original/initial idea stems from either NEEDS

and DEMANDS or SPECIFIC intent for certain

fulfillment of certain purposes.

 Why is the project required?

 What/Who initiate the project?

1. Large portion originate from public demand

 Water Supply Systems, Treatment

plants

 Dams and reservoirs

 Sewer Plants

 Roads, airports, railways

 Power stations

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 Schools, universities, colleges

2. Market demands – for variety products

 Malls/Entertainment Centers

 Industrial Plants

 Manufacturing Factories

 Chemical Plants

3. Enterprise/Individual needs/demands

1. Offices buildings/Shops

2. Showrooms

3. Housing Estates

4. Flats/Condominium

Needs/Demands represent the birth of engineering projects.

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 Phase 2: Project Conceptualisation (Define)

 Once the Owner’s the needs/demands are

identified and confirmed, the project begins to

developed/ evolved

 Project development stage can be split into

following phases:

 Conceptual Stage

i. Conceptual Report, which includes:

a. the clients’ requirement,

identification of the owners’ idea or

needs for the project. It answers the

questions of why the project is to be

undertaken and what it hopes to

achieve, i.e. statement of objectives.

b. Preliminary Investigation Report

(Technical), which consist of

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collection and assembling of

various data on site and coming

out with the possible practicable

options to be presented to the

client. Data include: access, soil

conditions, existing utilities,

topography, survey of boundary,

Sources of material and

equipment, Local transportation.

Local labour availability,

Standards for erection & design

c. Other data can include:

 Statutory requirements for land

acquisition – commercial,

native, agricultural?

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 Planning guidelines and

requirement of various

authorities

 Other Potential sites

 Social study

 Economics study

 Environmental study

 Law and politics

 Alternatives solutions and

material

ii. Feasibility Study, which consist on the

study of the options. It is an investigation

pertaining to the Determination of the best

method to be adopted ~ which one suits the

clients’ need and of course budget. Options

must be technically and economically

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advantageous. This report also will

introduce all the options and

recommendations will be included.

For each alternative, following issues are

being dealt with:

 Probable cost of the works, estimate of

overall cost of design and construction

 Capital

expenditure

 Maintenanc

e charges

 Operational

costs

 Life span of

project

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 Time of

completion

This report consists of full report on the

alternatives & the engineers should provide their

recommendation on which options the clients are

to be picked.

The above (i) to (ii) are usually done by the

owners’ own in house engineers or consulting

engineers can be employed for this purpose and

they will present the clients with what’s call the

Project Investigation Brief.

Upon discussion with the Clients, and the clients

choosing the favored option, Engineers move into

the development stage of the project.

 Development Stage

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 Engineers would then start to collect some design

information to enable further investigations to be

carried out.

 Design information will be obtained

 Detailed examination of selected site

 Soil investigation ~ borelogs

 Studies of all local factors affecting the

design and construction

 Existing facilties for testing of materials &

selection

 Model studies

 Income/revenue forecasts

 Development phase also include Clear definitions

of the project, i.e. what exactly the owners of

project want; option adopted & its

implementation strategy, i.e. Preliminary Design

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Report and Project Management plans are

created.

 General arrangements of works are

developed

 Resources needed are determined

 Preliminary schedule for completion == realistic

 Appropriate commitments & approval from

various authorities/statutory bodies are obtained.

 Public support if necessary

 Financing for the projects are arranged

 Phase 3: Project Planning(Plan+Organise)

At this point the project is a confirmed go-ahead

Engineers proceed with:

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 Preparation of drawings, specifications &

quantities. Engineers prepare the DETAILE D

final design in accordance with the owner’s

requirement with. The design will

subsequently affects the final estimate of the

project cost & also the ACTUAL COST

 Preparation of tender/quotation documents,

calling for tenders and reviewing submissions

 Reliable estimate of costs and drafting out the

budget tables

 Work breakdown structures ~ breaking down

each part of the work and put up for detail

scheduling

 Quotations from material suppliers

 Preparation of monitoring plans, forms, standards

 Preparation of safety requirements

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 Project Organisation chart

 Choosing project team for construction

 Phase 4: Delivery Stage/Realisation

(Organise+Execution+Control)

 This is the actualization stage of a project and

generally known as construction phase

 Comes after the project planning stage, project

and its scope are fully defined

 Items that included are:

i. Bidding/Tendering/Quotation/Negotiation

 Through advertisements, pre-qualification

meetings, negotiations

 Owner may/may not call for bids conforming

with the Engineer’s detailed design and

specifications

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 Sometimes they may request for competitive

design

 May request for construction proposal or work

method statements

 Acceptance of bids on mutually agreed price.

ii. Construction Stage

 Contracts are read and signed

 Contractors are given the site (possession of site)

 Actual works commences

 Contractors undertake construction & organizes

their team/s of labour, machinery, equipment,

material, etc

 Procurement are carried out

 Design engineers may/may not be involved.

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 Contractors own engineers will deal with the

construction phase down to the commissioning

phase.

 Phase 5:Handing

over/Commissioning/Maintenance Phase Close

 Completion of project

 Site together with project given back to owner

 Fit for its intended purpose

 Facilities are placed into operation

 May or may not be done either by an operating

unit or owner’s employed project team

 Phase 6: Close Out

 Finalising any outstanding construction and

contractual areas, providing ‘as built’ to the

clients, close payment account, overall actual cost

are calculated.

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 Revenue/ depreciation begins.

 Post –mortem should be conducted for the

project~ whether it is a success or failure, where

and what goes wrong and what can be done to

prevent the same from happening (don’t

emphasis on who goes wrong, it is supposedly a

team kind of effort). Usually post mortems will

be done at commissioning phase on the design

and construction. Final one should be carried out

at this stage dealing with mainly the maintenance

issues.

 Phase 7: Operation/Functional

 Assets management whereby project must be

kept functional & useful throughout its life span

 Phase 8: Recycling/Demolition/Rehabilitation

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 Upon completion of its lifespan, the project can

be further extended, remodeled or even

demolished depending on the then current

demand

Symptoms of Incomplete “Complete” Project

 Excessive maintenance costs

 Frequent breakdown/Excessive down-time

 Untrained Operators

 Excessive touching up work

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