Recent Advancements, Trends and Future Paradigms in Structural Design of RC Tall Buildings

27-Sep-16
Recent Advancements, Trends and Future Paradigms

in Structural Design of RC Tall Buildings
Naveed Anwar, PhD
Recent Advancements, Trends and Future Paradigms in

Structural Design of RC Tall Buildings
Why this topic ?
Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 2
1
27-Sep-16
Demand is Increasing
Percentage of Urbanized World
2
27-Sep-16
World’s Population Urban-to-Rural Ratio
(www.un.org)
Source: CTBU Report, 2015
3
27-Sep-16
4
27-Sep-16
Complexity is increasing
5
27-Sep-16
The Twisting Turning Towers Trend
Mega
Tall
Super
Tall
Tall
Mid
Low Rise
Rise
<50 m >100 m >200 m >300 m >600 m
6
27-Sep-16
Tall Buildings in Bangkok
Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT
7
27-Sep-16
Public expectations are increasing
Structures to be
• Safe
• Secure
• Serviceable
• Reliable
• Protective
• The contents of the structures are often much more valuable than structure itself
• The loss of service/operations/business is a often larger than repair costs
8
27-Sep-16
Recent Advancements, Trends and Future Paradigms in

Structural Design of RC Tall Buildings
How to tackle these challenges?
Developing appropriate structural systems
9
27-Sep-16
A tussle between Heuristic and the Rational
Should design be based on

“Engineering Judgment” and
intuition,
Or
controlled by explicit computations

and, restrictive limits and fully
rational approaches
It is by logic we
prove, but by
intuition we
discover
10
27-Sep-16
Conventional Systems
Each project is now uniquely

configured using a
combination of many
systems
Façade, Lateral and Gravity System Integrations

• Flag Walls
• Outriggers
• Belts
• Virtual outrigger and Belts
• Diagrids
• Space truss
• Super frames
• Exoskeletons
11
27-Sep-16
Interior Systems
Exterior Systems
12
27-Sep-16
Using the Building Envelop as Structural System: The Diagrid System
Some Award Winning Buildings: Beyond Structural Design
Doha Tower, Qatar KfW Westarkade,

Frankfurt
CTBUH best Tall
CTBUH best Tall Building
Building Award 2012 Award 2011
Mercury City Tower in Moscow – Sky City (Changsha, China)

The Tallest building of Europe Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Linked Hybrid, Beijing Shanghai World
CTBUH best Tall Financial Center, China
Building Award 2009 CTBUH Award 2008
13
27-Sep-16
Using BRB Based Systems (Braces that Don’t Buckle)
Construction Innovations: Modular Construction – 30 story in 15 days - China
14
27-Sep-16
Construction Innovations: Contour Crafting
Improved design approaches, process and procedures
15
27-Sep-16
Is my Structure safe?
(What level of Richter earthquake my structure sustain?

Or what tornado level can it withstand,
or is it safe for explosions or
How long can it withstand the fire?)
31
How long do we have

before the building will
collapse in this fire?
- Asks the Fire Chief from the structural

engineer
1974
16
27-Sep-16
The Towering Inferno (1974)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FagbC09BO2o
Evolution of our Understanding of Structures

Risk integrated based design, and
a more and holistic approach
towards consequence based
engineering.
The introduction of
capacity based design
approaches.
The recognition of the
difference between brittle
and ductile failure.
Performance based
design and more explicit
linkage between demand
and performance.
Formulation of ultimate
strength.
Formulation of limit
state design principles.
Explicit consideration of
partial FOS.
Limits on the allowable stresses to

achieve in-direct FOS
17
27-Sep-16
Design Approaches
Resilience
Based Design
Consequences
and Risk Based
Performance Design
Based Design
Code Based
Design
Intuitive
Design
Design Approaches
Resilience
Based Design
Consequences
and Risk
Performance Based Design
Based Design
Code
Intuitive Based
Design Design
18
27-Sep-16
Development of Formal Buildings Codes
“Rebuilding In 1908 , a
In 1680 AD, In USA, the The Internat
of London In 1904, a formal
“The Laws of London City ional European
Act” after the Handbook of building
the Building Act of of Baltimore Building Union,
“Great Fire of the Baltimore code was
Indies” Spani 1844. first building Code (IBC) the Eurocodes.
London” in City drafted and
sh Crown code in 1859. by (ICC).
1666 AD. adopted.
The Modern Codes – With “intent” to make buildings safe for public
Extremely Detailed
prescriptions and
equations using
(ACI 318 – 11)
seemingly arbitrary,
rounded limits with
implicit meaning
(IS 456-2000)
19
27-Sep-16
The General Code Families
ACI, PCI, CRSI,

ASCE, AISI, British, CP and China, USSR,
UBC, IBC Euro-codes
BS Japan
AASHTO
Are All Buildings Codes Correct ?
• If they differ, can all of them be correct ?
• Did we inform the structures to follow which code when earthquake strikes ?
• Codes change every 3 or years, should we upgrade our structures every 3 or 5 years
to conform ?
20
27-Sep-16
Prescriptive Codes – A Shelter
• Public:
• Is my structure safe ?
• Structural Engineer:
• Not sure, but I did follow the “Code”
As long as engineers follow the code, they can be

sheltered by its provisions
Shortcomings of Code Based Design
• Traditional codes govern design of general, normal buildings

− Over 95% buildings are covered, which are less than about 50 m
• Not specifically developed for tall buildings > 50 m tall
• Prescriptive in nature, no explicit check on outcome
• Permit a limited number of structural systems
• Do not include framing systems appropriate for high-rise
• Based on elastic methods of analysis
• Enforce uniform detailing rules on all members
• Enforce unreasonable demand distribution rules
• Do not take advantage of recent computing tools
21
27-Sep-16
Progression of Seismic Resistance Design
Historical Approach:
Earthquake forces proportional to Traditional Codes:
building mass (Vdes = 5 - 10% of Wt), Elastic earthquake forces reduced for
linear design (Vdes = Vmax /R)
The First Building Code: Code of Hammurabi (1792 BC to 1750 BC)
Clause 229:
If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it

properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner,
then that builder shall be put to death.
22
27-Sep-16
Design Approaches
Resilience Based
Design
Consequences and
Risk Based Design
Performance
Based Design
Code Based
Design
Performance Based Design (PBD)
• An approach in which structural design criteria are expressed in terms of

achieving a set of performance objectives or levels.
• Ensures structures reaches specified demands level in both service and

strength design levels.
• Why it was needed?

• Traditional codes not suitable/adequate
• Explicit verification not specified or required in most codes
• Public does not care about the code, or theories or procedures, they care about
“safety” and ‘performance”
23
27-Sep-16
Prescriptive Vs Performance
Approach Procedure Outcome
Prescriptive Specify “what, and how Implicit Expectation

(emphasis on to do”
procedures)
Make Concrete: 1:2:4 (a strength of 21 MPA is
expected)
Performance Based What ever it takes Explicit Performance
(emphasis on KPI)
(within certain bounds) Concrete less than 21 MPA is

rejected
Define Performance Levels
Based on FEMA 451 B
24
27-Sep-16
Link the Damage to Performance Levels
Consequences
Hazard
Vulnerability
Link Performance other Indicators
Operational (O) Immediate Occupancy (IO) Life Safety (LS) Collapse Prevention (CP)
0% Damage or Loss 99 %
Lowest Casualties Highest

Lowest Downtime for Rehab Highest
Lowest Rehab Cost to Restore after event Highest
Highest Retrofit Cost to Minimize Consequences Lowest
Ref: FEMA 451 B
25
27-Sep-16
How to Work with PBD
Go Beyond
Codes
Stare of Art Sophisticated

Requires: Computer Structural
based tools Modelling
• Detailed modeling
• Nonlinear-dynamic analysis
• Appropriate computing tools, knowledge , skills
and lots of patience
Is this acceptable?
Even though it satisfies CBD and PBD
26
27-Sep-16
Design Approaches
Resilience Based
Design
Consequence
and Risk
Performance Based Design
Based Design
Code Based
Design
Beyond PBD
• For public, the performance criteria

still does reduce the effects of the
events
• Insurance companies want to have
greater reliability of assessment of
risk and damages
27
27-Sep-16
Questions still un-answered
• What if the chance that performance level is not achieved?

Code based was implicit, with
not confirmation of response
• What is the risk ?
PBD is explicit, can help to

• What are the consequences? confirm the response and
performance level
• What if the performance levels are not sufficient?
Why do we need to go Beyond PBD
• For public and society, the performance criteria still does reduce the effects of the
events, but it can reduce the risk level
• The non structural damage is not acceptable in modern buildings
• The disruption and loss goes much beyond the building
• Insurance companies want to have greater reliability of assessment of risk and

damages
28
27-Sep-16
Consequence Based Engineering
The trigger of an event is not important,

the consequences of an event are
• It is not enough to say “Cracking and non-structural damage is acceptable, as long as structure does
not collapse”
• A natural extension of the performance-based design approach
• Structural consequences > DDD (dollars, deaths and downtime) (Porter, 2003).
Consequence Based Engineering
• “Structural consequence and non-structural effects” determined entirely

from the analysis of structural member as well as overall system behavior.
• The consequence-based structural design approach proceeds through
the analysis of expected system consequences, irrespective of the event
triggering these consequences.
• This philosophy requires the structural members to be designed for
variable reliability levels, depending upon their contribution in causing
adverse system consequences.
29
27-Sep-16
Risk Based Design Process
Safety Studies Design

Risk Safety Critical Structure
(Probability and Accidental
Quantification Element Design
Consequence Analysis) Load
Special Purposes Guidelines from USA
National
Federal
Applied Earthquake PEER Tall
Emergency
Technology Hazards Guidelines Buildings CTBUH
Manageme
Council Reduction for Tall Initiatives Guidelines
nt Agency
(ATC) Program Buildings (TBI)
(FEMA) and
(NEHRP)
30
27-Sep-16
What Next: What is still missing
• Adequacy, Performance and Risk reduction of Structure alone is not

enough
• Structure serves a purpose in society, economy, community > Should be

integrated with other aspects
• A more holistic approach, beyond structural design needed
Design Approaches
Resilience
Based Design
Consequences
and Risk Based
Performance Design
Based Design
Code Based
Design
31
27-Sep-16
Resilience Based Earthquake Design
• A holistic approach which seeks to identify all hazard-

induced risks (including those outside the building
envelope) and mitigate them using integrated multi-
disciplinary design and contingency planning to achieve Economic Loses
swift recovery objectives in the aftermath of a major
earthquake.
Loss of Loss of
• The key principle in resilience-based design is to limit
expected damage to structural and architectural
Quality of Community
components and egress systems (elevators, stairs, and Life and Culture
doors)
Go Beyond Life Safety
32
27-Sep-16
Green Buildings Resilient Buildings
Main authors : Arup

Supported by USRC and many others
Tools: How to design efficiently?
33
27-Sep-16
The Growing Computational Requirements: Progressive Collapse
• A new and major concern for structural safety
• Structure should not collapse completely if one or two elements are “destroyed”
• Backup systems, alternate load paths, additional redundancy
Analysing for Construction Sequence
• Structure is normally analysed as if it is already fully built

• Make the model, and apply loads
• Step-wise construction sequence analysis is essential for better and correct understating and design
• Make the model, as it is built
• Apply loads as they are applied
• Consider temporary shoring etc
• Consider in-construction corrections
• Consider the aging effects
34
27-Sep-16
The Role of Computers and Software
• Initially, computers were used to program

the procedure we had
• Now, we develop procedures that are suited

for computing
Design Approaches evolved to match computing revolution
35
27-Sep-16
Some Tools of the Trade
By Computers and Structures Inc. USA
Integrated 3D Bridge Design Software
Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design
Integrated Analysis, Design and Drafting of Building Systems
Integrated Design of Flat Slabs, Foundation Mats and Spread Footings
Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment for 3D Structures
Design of Simple and Complex Reinforced Concrete Columns
A Swing Towards the AI
• Rich Pictures
• Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
• Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

• Genetic Algorithms (GA)
• Expert Systems (ES)
• Fuzzy Logic
• Deep Thinking
• Big Data and Data Mining
36
27-Sep-16
Rich Picture for Choosing Structural System
ANN for Tall Buildings
Preliminary Sizing
Architectural Structural
Layout Response
• Number of story • Column size • Natural period

• Length, Width, • Shear wall size • Drift ratio
Height • Rebar quantities • Base shear
• Grid spacing
• ..
To make design preliminary decisions without explicit calculations
37
27-Sep-16
Mobile computing might change how we design
Control: Making structures smarter
38
27-Sep-16
Smart Everything !
Smart Phone
Smart Car
Smart TV
Smart Home
Smart City
39
27-Sep-16
Why smart structures ?
• Excitation fluctuates so Demand fluctuates • Typically capacity is designed based on “Peak” estimated
demand
• But Capacity is constant • What if peak demand never comes > Un-ecconomical
• What if demand exceeds estimated peak > Un-safe

• Therefore level of safety is not consistent
What a smart structure does?
1 ability to sense any change in external actions
2 diagnose any problem at critical locations
3
measure and process data
4 take appropriate actions to improve system performance while preserving

structural integrity, safety, and serviceability
40
27-Sep-16
Smart structures use smart devices and materials to add

some intelligence to adapt, react, adjust, respond and
handle multiple demands, and levels as and when needed
Help to make the structures safer, specially for earthquakes

and strong winds
Smart Structure Devices
Energy Active or Health Data

Dissipating Passive Control Monitoring Acquisition
Systems Systems Systems System
41
27-Sep-16
Applications for Smart Structure Devices
1 Structures subjected to extraordinary vibrations
Important structures with critical functionality and high safety

2 requirements
3 Flexible structures with high serviceability requirements
Damping Devices and Systems
Damping devices and systems applied to a lateral load-resisting system
42
27-Sep-16
Damping Devices and Systems
Passive Control Semi-active Control Active Control

Hybrid Systems
Systems Systems Systems
�� Moment
Connections to
Beam Braces
Column
Brace
��
Links
Friction
Damper
(a) (b) (c) Slotted Slip

Hinges Joints
Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD)

Direction of Vibration Friction Damper
Friction Devices
��
Rods
Beam
P
Column
Brace
(a) (b)
Yielding
Damper
Direction of Vibration Rod Rings
Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLD) Direction of Vibration

Yielding Damper
Metallic Yielding Devices
43
27-Sep-16
Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLD)
Intelligent Hybrid Control Systems
Working Mechanism of Three Stage Intelligent Hybrid System
44
27-Sep-16
Can we make it safe, sustainable and resilient?
Design of Tall Buildings

Trends and Advancements for Structural Performance
SEMINAR WORKSHOP & SITE VISIT
7-9 Nov 2016 | Sofitel Bangkok 10-12 Nov 2016 | AIT Thailand
www.tallbuildingseminar.solutions.ait.asia
Organized by In collaboration with Supported by
45
27-Sep-16
Thank you
46

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27-Sep-16

Recent Advancements, Trends and Future Paradigms

Naveed Anwar, PhD

Recent Advancements, Trends and Future Paradigms in

Why this topic ?

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 2

Percentage of Urbanized World

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 4

World’s Population Urban-to-Rural Ratio

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 5

Source: CTBU Report, 2015

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 6

Source: CTBU Report, 2015

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 7

Source: CTBU Report, 2015

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 8

Source: CTBU Report, 2015

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 10

The Twisting Turning Towers Trend

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 11

<50 m >100 m >200 m >300 m >600 m

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 12

Source: CTBU Report, 2015

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 13

Tall Buildings in Bangkok

Source: CTBU Report, 2015

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT

Public expectations are increasing

• The loss of service/operations/business is a often larger than repair costs

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT

Recent Advancements, Trends and Future Paradigms in

How to tackle these challenges?

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 17

Developing appropriate structural systems

A tussle between Heuristic and the Rational

Should design be based on

controlled by explicit computations

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 19

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 20

Each project is now uniquely

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT

Façade, Lateral and Gravity System Integrations

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 22

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 23

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 24

Using the Building Envelop as Structural System: The Diagrid System

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 25

Some Award Winning Buildings: Beyond Structural Design

Doha Tower, Qatar KfW Westarkade,

Mercury City Tower in Moscow – Sky City (Changsha, China)

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 26

Using BRB Based Systems (Braces that Don’t Buckle)

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 27

Construction Innovations: Modular Construction – 30 story in 15 days - China

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 28

Construction Innovations: Contour Crafting

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 29

Improved design approaches, process and procedures

(What level of Richter earthquake my structure sustain?

How long do we have

- Asks the Fire Chief from the structural

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 32

The Towering Inferno (1974)

Concrete Asia 2016 Naveed Anwar, AIT 33