Training Course on “Seismic Assessment, Retrofit design and

Construction”

Concept of Seismic Assessment of Existing

Buildings and Various Retrofit Method
Venue: PWD Training Academy
Date: 23 May, 2023

Md. Emdadul Huq

Executive Engineer,
PWD Design Division-2,
 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Is the building safe To earthquake?

 What is the seismic intensity?
 What is the performance objective?
 Age of the building?
 Subsoil condition?
 Irregularity of the building?
 What is the evaluation standard?
 Seismic Assessment of A building?
 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Structural design VS Seismic Assessment of a Building

Structural design of a building.

Structural analysis to assess the forces that could act on a building
and design a building by appropriate materials that will effectively
withstand those forces.

Seismic Assessment of a building.

 It is the check or assessment or evaluation of lateral load/

Seismic Load/ Earthquake load carrying capacity of existing
buildings.

 Checking of seismic capacity with earthquake demand.

 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Seismic performance is described by designating the maximum allowable damage
state for an identified earthquake ground motion. Performance objectives such as
life safety, collapse prevention, or immediate occupancy are used to define the
state of the building following a design earthquake

Factors affecting seismic performance (Ref: Yosuke Nakajima, JICA Expert Team)
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Different Assessment Standards
Methods of Seismic Vulnerability Assessment
1. Rapid Visual Screening (FEMA 154) [Pre evaluation sage]
2. Seismic Evaluation of Existing Building (ASCE/SEI 41-13)
Tier 1 – Screening phase
Tier 2 – Evaluation phase
Tier 3 – Detailed evaluation phase
3. Seismic Evaluation of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings, 2001 [Japanese
standard]
4. Euro Code 8: Part 1-4
5. Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings – National Research
Council Canada
6. Assessment and Improvement of the Structural Performance of Buildings in
Earthquakes by New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering
7. Handbook on Seismic Retrofit of Buildings of India
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Seismic Assessment Manuals of PWD
No guideline in BNBC about seismic assessment and retrofit design
of existing building

PWD prepared manual for ‘Seismic Evaluation’ and ‘Seismic Retrofit

Design’ of existing RC building under CNCRP project
2015 2021

BSPP
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Assessment Level in Japanese Standard
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
1ST Level Assessment

-Use average unit strength and ductility of members

-More conservative
-Inelastic deformability is neglected in this level.
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
2nd Level Assessment

Beam are assumed rigid.

Evaluate ultimate strength & plastic deformation
capacity of vertical members.
X-section, Bar detail & Material strength is required
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
3rd Level Assessment

Qmu Qmu

-Estimate the failure mode and the horizontal

load-carrying capacity of a building in
consideration of all members.

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BSPP TRAINING PROGRAMM
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Response of Different types of structure with lateral load
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Equal Energy Principle: Ideal Non-linear Earthquake Response in a relatively short range
period building. F is developed based on Newmark's principle, and is related to ductility
factor μ as shown below.
`

Cy =Base Shear (Plastic Response)

Ce =Base Shear(Elastic Response)
μ= Ductility(Ultimate Deformation/Yield Deformation)
F = Ductility Factor

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Ref: ‘Seismic Design, Evaluation and Retrofitting of Building ‘ by Akira Inoue, JICA Expert Team
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Equal Energy
Horizontal force Building: A
(Non-ductile type)

Building: B
(Ductile type)

Horizontal displacement

=
Same seismic capacity
 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Seismic Index of Structure

Seismic Index of Structure, Is = E0 × SD × T
E0 = Basic seismic index of structure = C x F
C = Strength index = Qu/W
F = Ductility Index.
SD = Irregularity index.
T = Time Index.
Qu = Shear strength.
W =Weight on vertical member.
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Seismic Demand Index
The response reduction factor or above equation can be subdivided into ductility reduction
factor Rd and over-strength factor, Ω.
i.e. R =Rd × 
The ductility reduction factor, Rd is the ratio between elastic force capacity and force at
structural yield level. According to Japanese standard this Rd is expressed as ductility index F.
The other parameter over-strength factor Ω include design over-strength, material over-
strength and system over-strength.

NEHRP Recommended Provisions (FEMA P-750) 2009 Edition

 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Seismic Demand Index

If seismic parameter of ‘BNBC 2020’ followed then
Seismic demand index, Iso = 0.8 × 2/3 × Z × I × Cs
Z = Zone co-efficient
I = Structural importance factor
Cs = Normalized acceleration response spectrum, which is a
function of structural period and soil type

For low rise residential building on soil type SC at Dhaka

Iso = 0.8 × 2/3 × Z × I × Cs
= 0.8 × 2/3 × 0.2 × 1.0 × 2.875 = 0.3
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Judgment on Seismic Safety
A safe structure shall satisfy both of the following checking:
A) Is ≥ Iso Is = Seismic index of structure Judgment of Seismic safety

Iso = Seismic demand index IS >IS0 : Safe

B) CTU . SD ≥ 0.4 × 2/3 × Z × I × Cs IS <IS0 : Uncertain
CTU = Cumulative strength at ultimate deformation of structure

Judgment to be applied
-Each story
-Each principal horizontal direction
of a building
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Strength Index (C):
A) Shear force (Qmu): Moment capacity of the structural
member

B) Shear strength (Qsu): Shear capacity of structural Member,

Calculated from shear reinforcement
Min{Qmu , Qsu} → Qu: Ultimate lateral load
carrying capacity
C= Strength Index
∑W:The weight of the building including live load for
seismic calculation supported by the storey concerned.
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Ductility Index (F):
Various types of deflection angle (Rmax, Ry, Rsu, Rmu,
Rmp) of column is calculated based on:
1. Column size
2. Clear height of column
3. Axial force ratio
4. Shear force ratio
5. Tensile reinforcement ratio
6. Spacing of shear reinforcement
7. Poor beam column joint for low strength concrete
8. Anchor length for low strength concrete
9. Clear height of column with existence of RC wall
10. Clear height of column with existence of Brick wall
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Ductility Index (F):
1) In Case Rmu < Ry

2) In Case Rmu ≥ Ry

Where:
Ry = Yield deformation in terms of inter-story drift angle, which in
principle shall be taken as Ry=1/150.
R250 = Standard inter-story drift angle, R250 = 1/250.
Rmu = Inter-story drift angle at the ultimate deformation capacity in
flexural failure of the column.
 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Strength Dominant Basic Seismic Index (E0)

 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Ductility Dominant Basic Seismic Index (E0)

 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Shear Modification factor
= Story Shear modification factor

n = Number of stories of a building

i= Number of story is being evaluated

10 0.55
9 0.58
8 0.61
7 0.65
6 0.69
5 0.73
4 0.79
3 0.85
2 0.92
1 1.00
 Concept of Seismic Assessment
Basic Seismic Index
C index Building: C
C index
Building: A C=0.3 Point-X
C=0.3

Point-Y
Building: B C=0.1
C=0.1
F index
F index F=1.0 F=3.0
F=1.0 F=3.0

MAX , +
 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Irregularity Index (SD)

Irregularity Index covers:
1.Regularity
2.Aspect ratio of plan
3.Expansion joint
4.Underground floor Irregularity Index (SD) ≤1.0
5.Story height uniformity
6.Soft story
7.Eccentricity
8.Stiffness/mass ratio
 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Time Index (SD)

Time Index evaluates:

1.Deflection of beam and column
2.Cracking in walls
3.Fire experience Time Index (T) ≤ 1.0
4.Occupied by chemical
5.Age of building
6.Finishing condition
 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Why building assessment is necessary?

 Many building constructed before 1993 not following code

 Many building constructed after 1993 did not consider

earthquake load

 Some buildings designed following code but not implemented

properly at field level.

 Due to updated codal requirements.

 Concept of Seismic Assessment

Challenge of seismic assessment

1. Missing architectural and structural design of existing building.
2. Lack of reliability in construction even if drawing is available.
3. A few study about lateral load resisting system of building of
our country.
4. Effect of infill masonry wall in frame structure.
5. Performance of mixed type (masonry + RC frame) structure.
6. Reinforcing bars of existing structure are significantly
corroded.
 Concept of Retrofit Design

Retrofitting Objectives
Basic policy to meet the demand seismic performance by
improving strength and/or ductility of the building.
 Concept of Retrofit Design
Retrofit Objectives
The required seismic performance of retrofit is obtained by
difference between the demand performance and the
performance of existing building.
 Concept of Retrofit Design

Factors to be consider during retrofitting design

Factors to be consider during retrofitting design

1. Minimum disturbance of existing floor plan
2. Optimizing cost among alternative.
3. Minimum interruption of existing function
4. Feasibility of work procure
 Concept of Retrofit Design
Planning of Retrofit
 Concept of Retrofit Design

Methods of Retrofit

Carbon fiber
wrapping

Wing wall

New Beam
Insertion
 Concept of Retrofit Design

Challenges of seismic retrofitting

1. Expensive and inconvenient

2. Space reduce upon installation of internal wall column
jacketing.
3. The challenge of retrofitting needs to be highlighted, not only
focusing on the benefits of retrofitting .
4. A lack of trust in seismic strengthening techniques.
5. A lack of support for pro-social mitigation behaviors from
public authorities.
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