Seismic Design of R/C Buildings

Concept And Code Preview

By
Dr. Mohammed Sohaib Alama
King Abdulaziz University
 Objective
• To understand the nature of earthquake loading
and building response
• To review the seismic design concept and
methodology
• To provide logical and scientific background to
code-procedures
• To review UBC-97 code procedure
• To note required research to tune our seismic
design criteria
 Outline
• Earthquake cause and effect
• Design for earthquake forces
– Elastic design spectra
– General criteria
– Design concept
• Code procedure
• Recommendation
 Earthquake Cause and Effect
EPICENTER

BASE
FAULT
ROCK
PLANE
Ground A ccel.

HYPOCENTER

Time (sec)
 Response of Buildings to Seismic
Waves
Amplified
Building Response

Ground A ccel.
Amplified
Shaking
Time (sec)

Base Rock Shaking

Earthquake Damage Mechanisms

Earthquakes can damage structures in various

ways such as:
(1) Damage caused by inertial forces generated
by severe ground shaking.
(2) Damage caused by earthquake induced fires.
(3) Damage caused by changes in the physical
properties of the foundation soils (e.g.
consolidation, settling, and liquefaction).
Earthquake Damage Mechanisms

(4) Damage caused by direct fault displacement

at the site of a structure.
(5) Damage caused by landslides, or other
surficial movements.
(6) Damage caused by seismic induced water
waves such as seismic sea waves (tsunamis)
or fluid motions in reservoirs and lakes
(seiches).
 Outline
• Earthquake cause and effect
• Design for earthquake forces
– Elastic design spectra
– General criteria
– Design concept
• Code procedure
• Recommendation
Lateral Load on a Building Due to
Horizontal Ground Movement

Inertia Force

Initial Ground Movement

(Horizontal Component)
Simulation of the Generalized Mode
of Response of a Building With a
Single Degree of Freedom Oscillator

m . (a(t)+ag(t)) + c . v(t) + k . d(t) = 0

a (t) ag(t) a (t)

ag(t)

k m
Time (sec) c
ag(t)
Generation of Elastic Response Spectra
ag(t) a (t) Sa
ag(t)

Time (sec)

Sa
5% critical damping

Period (T)
 Elastic Design Response Spectra

Elastic response spectra

For multiple records
Sa
Elastic design spectra

Period (T)
 Estimation of Maximum Design
Elastic Lateral Load on a Building
From Elastic Design Spectra
Get
design 3 design Sa
Times mass

Sa Get Design
Lateral Loads

5
1 Period (T)
Find “T”
2
Elastic Base Shear
4
 Outline
• Earthquake cause and effect
• Design for earthquake forces
– Elastic design spectra
– General design criteria
– Design concept
• Code procedure
• Recommendation
Aim of General Design Criteria

• Safeguard against loss of

life by mitigation of seismic
hazard in buildings.
Example of Seismic Non-
structural Damage
Example of Seismic Local
Building Collapse
 General Current Design Criteria
Stated:
• Structures must resist light and frequent
earthquakes without any damage.
• Structures must resist moderate earthquakes
with minor structural damage but with some
non-structural damage
• Structures must resist severe earthquakes with
structural damage but without total collapse.
 Outline
• Earthquake cause and effect
• Design for earthquake forces
– Elastic design spectra
– General criteria
– Design concept
• Code procedure
• Recommendation
Seismic Design Concept for Buildings
Building response to seismic loading is
expected to go into the inelastic range due to:
• Uncertainty in the level and characteristics
of the expected earthquake
• It is un-economical to design all building to
respond elastically to any earthquake
 Requirements to Control Inelastic
Behavior
Structures must have sufficient ductility and energy
dissipation capacity to avoid local or global collapse during
inelastic excursions

Ductility
Strength Stiffness

Structures must acquire Structures must have sufficient

enough strength to react stiffness in order to reduce P-
to member actions due Delta effects and reduce non-
to inertial loading structural damage caused by
inter-story drift
 Elaborate on Ductility

Ductility : Capability to sustain

inelastic deformations without
significant loss of strength

Member Ductility

Building Ductility
 Elastic Vs Inelastic Response of
Building to Lateral Loading
Base Shear

Pe u 1

Pe u 2

Pi u 1&2 Inelastic Response

No Low High
Ductility Ductility Ductility
Inter Story Drift
 Balance Between Ductility and
Strength Demand in a Building
Base Shear

Pe u 1
Pe u 2 Elastic Strength Demand

Pi u 2
(1) Low
Ductility
Pi u 1
(2) High
Ductility
Inter Story Drift
Balance Between Ductility and
Strength Demand in a Building
Stated

Strength Demand decreases as

ductility and energy dissipation
supply increases
 How to Assure Ductility and Energy
Dissipation Capacity of R/C Systems
•At ultimate state, encourage ductile failure
modes associated with yielding of tension steel by
suppressing non-ductile failure modes of
structural members
•Provide sufficient confinement at hinging
regions of structural members
•Avoid failure in vertical supporting elements
 Reduction of Spectral Elastic Base
Shear to Ultimate Design Base Shear
Veu = Elastic ultimate load demand
Veu (from elastic design spectra)
Base Shear

Vy = Structural system yield load

V = Load correspond to
Vy first member yield
Typical V-Drift Response
V Idealized Response
Elastic Response
Inter Story Drift
 Reduction of Spectral Elastic Base
Shear to Ultimate Design Base Shear

V = Veu / R

R = Rm * W

Rm = reduction due to ductility = Veu / Vy

W = reduction due to over-strength = Vy / V

 Examples of Non-ductile Failure
Modes of Members

Beams:
1) Diagonal compression failure or shear failure.
2) Bond slip between rebars and concrete.
3) Buckling of compression reinforcement.
4) Pre-mature crushing of compressive concrete.
 Examples of Non-ductile Failure
Modes of Members

Columns:
1) Diagonal compression failure or shear failure.
2) Buckling of compression reinforcement.
3) Overall buckling of column
 Examples of Non-ductile Failure
Modes of Members

Shear walls:
1) Diagonal compression failure or web crushing.
2) Shear sliding.
3) Pre-mature failure of boundary columns under
compression.
 Outline
• Earthquake cause and effect
• Design for earthquake forces
– Elastic design spectra
– General criteria
– Design concept
• Code procedure
• Recommendation
UBC-97 Basic Earthquake Loads
for Zones 1 and 2

E = Eh + Ev
E= Earthquake load to be used in design load
combinations
Eh = Earthquake load due to base shear, V
(in ultimate condition according to the
ultimate strength design of the ACI-318)
Ev = Load effect due to vertical earthquake
component = 0.5 Ca I D
 UBC-97 Seismic Procedures
• Static lateral load procedure
• Dynamic procedure
- response spectrum analysis
- time history analysis
-elastic time history analysis
-inelastic time history analysis
Summary of Static Force Procedure

Cv I 2.5 Ca I
V= W less than: W
T R R
Ft
F t = 0.07 T V < 0.25 V
= 0 when T < 0.7 sec.
Fx

(V - F t) w x h x
Fx = n
‫ ه‬w ih i
i=1 Design Base Shear

V
 Definition of “Ca”
Ca = Seismic Coefficient, UBC-97 Table 16-Q
Function of
1) Seismic zone number
2) Soil Type
= Design maximum ground acceleration
at building foundation after
magnification due to soil deposit
 Definition of “Cv”
Cv = Seismic Coefficient, UBC-97 Table 16-R
Function of
1) Seismic zone number
2) Soil Type
= Design maximum ground acceleration
as controlled by maximum ground
velocity
 Seismic Zone Numbers for
Selected Cities in the Kingdom
Seismic Zone
City Number
Makkah 1
Madina 1
Riyadh 0
Jeddah 2A
Dammam 0
Quassim 2A
Haql 2B
Jizan 2B
 Definition of “R”
R = Numerical Coefficient, UBC-97 Table 16-N
Function of
1) Inherent Over-strength
2) Overall ductility and energy dissipation
characteristics of the lateral-force resisting system
Structural System Coefficient, “R”
(for Moment Resisting Frame)
Frame System Material UBC-97 UBC-94
Category (R) ( Rw )
SMRSF * CONCRETE 8.5 12

IMRSF @ CONCRETE 5.5 8

#
OMRSF CONCRETE 3.5 5
* Designed According to ACI 318-99 Including Ch-21
@ Designed According to ACI 318-99 Including
Section 21.9
# Designed According to ACI 318-99 Excluding Ch-21
Definition of “I” , “T” and “W”
I = Importance factor, UBC-97 Table 16-K
Function of Occupancy Category
T = Elastic fundamental period of vibration.
UBC-97 section 1630.2.2
Function of building mass and stiffness
W= Building seismic weight
 UBC-97 Design Response Spectra &
Design Base Shear
2.5Ca
Spectral Acceleration

Design Response
2.5Ca/ R Spectra (Elastic)
Base Shear, V

Cv/ T Design Base

Shear Factor
Ca Cv/ T R (Inelastic Spectra)

Period (T)
Design Response Spectra For
Low to Moderate Zones
.
. SA
Zone-
.
Zone- A
Sa
/g

.
Zone- B
.

T (sec)
Design Response Spectra For
Different Soil Condition
.
.
. SA
. Zone 2A SB
. SC
Sa
/g

. SD
. SE
.

T (sec)
 Review of Elastic Response
Spectra Procedure
• Determine significant modal periods
• Determine Cv and Ca according to the soil
type and seismic zone
• Get spectral acceleration for each
generalized mode of vibration
• Get member loads associated with scaled
mode shapes
 Review of Elastic Response
Spectra Procedure
• Obtain combined modal solution using
statistical method (SSRS)
• Reduce the member actions by R
• Apply load combination to get final design
actions
 Factored Load Combinations

UBC-97 UBC-94 and before

1.4 D
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 Lr 1.4 D + 1.7 L
1.2 D + 1.0 E + 0.5 L 1.05 D + 1.28 L +1.4 E
0.9 D ± 1.0 E 0.9 D ± 1.43 E
 Available Software

STAAD-3 STAAD-Pro

SAP-2000 E-TABS

ROBOT-97
 Shear Strength and Ductility Assurance
in OMRF Beams

1) Use empirical equation that estimate a lower bond

For the shear strength provided by concrete

fc ’
Vc = bw d
6
Shear Strength and Ductility Assurance
in OMRF Beams

2) Limit usable shear strength capacity such to keep

low shear stress condition and associated diagonal
compression and prevent concrete crushing

fVnVu
Vn=Vc+Vs

Limit Vs to (2/3) fc’ bw d

Shear Strength and Ductility Assurance
in OMRF Beam-column Connection
Provide enclosure at connections
Confinement
consisting of external concrete or
Closed Ties
internal closed ties, spirals, or
stirrups.
Confinement is essential
at connections to assure
that the flexural capacity of
the members can be
developed without
deterioration of the joint
under repeated loadings.
Failure of Column-beam Joint
Due to Lack of Confinement
 Shear Strength and Ductility Assurance
in OMRF Flat Plate and Flat Slab
1) Use empirical equations that estimate a lower bound
For the punching shear strength provided by concrete
 Shear Strength and Ductility Assurance
in OMRF Flat Plate and Flat Slab

2) Limit usable shear strength capacity such to keep

low shear stress condition and associated diagonal
compression

fVnVu
Vn=Vc+V
s
 Shear Strength and Ductility Assurance
in OMRF Flat Plate and Flat Slab

3) Use slab stirrups or stud rail to enhance ductility even

if these are not required for strength

4) Use drop-panels

5) Provide closed ties along the column within the

slab-column joint
Local Buildings Designed for
Zone 2A
AL-KHOZAMA TOWERS
Jeddah
 Local Buildings Designed for
Zone 1
SAUDI BUISINESS CENTER
Jeddah
Local Buildings Designed for
Zone 2A

FARSI CENTER
Jeddah
Local Buildings Designed for
Zone 2A
CORNISH GARDENS
Jeddah
 Recommendation

• Research
- micro-zonation
- characteristics of local materials and
structural systems
• Education in seismic design and
detailing
 Recommendation

• Progressing with and implementing of

our national building code
Thank You