ME165-4

MICRO-HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT DESIGN

MODULE 1 Prepared by:
Week-1 Lecture: Introduction To Hydro-Electric Power Generation Engr. Estelito V. Mamuyac, PME
2020-2021/ 3T 15 March 2021
 ME165-4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (LOs)

LO1. Describe the current energy demands and resources. (CO1)

LO2. Discuss the available renewable sources energy in power
generation. (CO1)
LO3. Discuss the early applications of hydro power. (CO1)
LO4. Discuss the global and local applications of hydro power.
(CO1)
LO5. Discuss the basic theory of hydro power generation. (CO1)
 GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM

Four large-scale shifts in the global energy system set the scene for
the World Energy Outlook 2017: the rapid deployment and falling
costs of clean energy technologies, the growing electrification of
energy, the shift to a more services-oriented economy and a cleaner
energy mix in China, and the resilience of shale gas and tight oil in
the United States.
These shifts come at a time when traditional distinctions between
energy producers and consumers are being blurred and a new
group of major developing countries, led by India, moves towards
center stage.
SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
 GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM

GROWING ENERGY DEMAND

In the New Policies Scenario, global energy needs rise more slowly
than in the past but still expand by 30% between today and 2040.
This is the equivalent of adding another China and India to today’s
global demand.

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
 GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM

A global economy growing at an average rate of 3.4% per year, a

population that expands from 7.4 billion today to more than 9
billion in 2040, and a process of urbanization that adds a city the
size of Shanghai to the world’s urban population every four months
are key forces that underpin our projections.

The largest contribution to demand growth – almost 30% – comes

from India, whose share of global energy use rises to 11% by 2040
(still well below its 18% share in the anticipated global population).

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
(2017)

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
 GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
(2017)

Improvements in efficiency play a huge role in taking the

strain off the supply side: without them, the projected
rise in final energy use would more than double.
Renewable sources of energy meet 40% of the increase
in primary demand and their explosive growth in the
power sector marks the end of the boom years for coal.

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
 GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
(2017)

Since 2000, coal-fired power generation capacity has grown

by nearly 900 gigawatts (GW), but net additions from today to
2040 are only 400 GW and many of these are plants already
under construction. In India, the share of coal in the power mix
drops from three-quarters in 2016 to less than half in 2040. In
the absence of large-scale carbon capture and storage, global
coal consumption flatlines.

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
 GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
(2017)

Oil demand continues to grow to 2040, albeit at a steadily

decreasing pace. Natural gas use rises by 45% to 2040; with
more limited room to expand in the power sector, industrial
demand becomes the largest area for growth. The outlook for
nuclear power has dimmed since last year’s Outlook, but
China continues to lead a gradual rise in output, overtaking
the United States by 2030 to become the largest producer of
nuclear-based electricity.

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
 GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
(2017)

BRIGHT FUTURE FOR RENEWABLES

Renewables capture two-thirds of global investment in
power plants to 2040 as they become, for many
countries, the least-cost source of new generation.

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
(2017)

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
(2017)

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
POWER GENERATION BY SOURCE
(IEA 2018)

SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
 CURRENT ENERGY DEMANDS AND RESOURCES
Electricity - production (kWh) 2018 Country Ranks, by Rank

Source: DOE Power Statistics 2011

PHILIPPINE TOTAL ENERGY MIX, BY FUEL (% SHARES)
 WORLD TRENDS IN HYDROPOWER
• Global hydropower (2016) =4,102 TWh.
• About 31.5 GW of new hydropower capacity was added in 2016, increasing
total global capacity to approximately 1,246 GW.
• By far the most capacity was installed in China (29 GW), with significant capacity
also added in Turkey, Brazil, Vietnam, India, and Russia. Growth in the industry has
been relatively steady in recent years, fueled primarily by China’s expansion.
• Modernization of ageing hydropower facilities is a growing global market. Some
countries are seeing a trend towards smaller reservoirs and multi-turbine run-of-
river projects.
• There is also increasing recognition of the potential for hydropower to complement
other renewable technologies, such as variable wind and solar power.
WORLD TRENDS IN HYDROPOWER

Source: International
Hydropower
Association
WORLD TRENDS IN HYDROPOWER

Source: International
Hydropower
Association
THE WATER CYCLE
 THE WATER CYCLE

• THE WATER CYCLE (H2O CYCLE), DESCRIBES THE CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT OF WATER ON,
ABOVE AND BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
• ALTHOUGH THE BALANCE OF WATER ON EARTH REMAINS FAIRLY CONSTANT OVER TIME,
INDIVIDUAL WATER MOLECULES CAN COME AND GO, IN AND OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
• THE WATER MOVES FROM ONE RESERVOIR TO ANOTHER, SUCH AS FROM RIVER TO OCEAN,
OR FROM THE OCEAN TO THE ATMOSPHERE, BY THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF
EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, PRECIPITATION, INFILTRATION, RUNOFF, AND SUBSURFACE
FLOW.
• IN SO DOING, THE WATER GOES THROUGH DIFFERENT PHASES: LIQUID, SOLID (ICE), AND
GAS (VAPOR).
 THE WATER CYCLE

• THE WATER CYCLE INVOLVES THE EXCHANGE OF HEAT, WHICH LEADS TO TEMPERATURE
CHANGES.
• FOR INSTANCE, WHEN WATER EVAPORATES, IT TAKES UP ENERGY FROM ITS
SURROUNDINGS AND COOLS THE ENVIRONMENT.
• WHEN IT CONDENSES, IT RELEASES ENERGY AND WARMS THE ENVIRONMENT.
• THESE HEAT EXCHANGES INFLUENCE CLIMATE.
• BY TRANSFERRING WATER FROM ONE RESERVOIR TO ANOTHER, THE WATER CYCLE
PURIFIES WATER, REPLENISHES THE LAND WITH FRESHWATER, AND TRANSPORTS
MINERALS TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE GLOBE.
• IT IS ALSO INVOLVED IN RESHAPING THE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE EARTH,
THROUGH SUCH PROCESSES AS EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION.
 THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROPOWER

• THE WORD “HYDRO” ORIGINALLY COMES FROM A GREEK WORD THAT

MEANT WATER. OVER THE COURSE OF CENTURIES, THE HUMAN KIND HAS
LEARNED TO DISCOVER THE MANY FACETS OF WATER THAT COULD HELP TO
FACILITATE THEIR DAILY TASKS.
• THE MECHANICAL POWER OF FALLING WATER IS AN AGE-OLD TOOL. IT WAS
USED BY THE GREEKS AND ROMANS TO TURN WATER WHEELS FOR
GRINDING WHEAT INTO FLOUR MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS AGO.
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
• EARLY ROMAN MILL corn feed

• THE FIRST CLEAR DESCRIPTION OF A GEARED WATERMILL

OFFERS THE LATE 1ST CENTURY BC ROMAN ARCHITECT
VITRUVIUS WHO TELLS OF THE SAKIA GEARING SYSTEM AS
millstones
BEING APPLIED TO A WATERMILL.
• VITRUVIUS'S ACCOUNT IS PARTICULARLY VALUABLE IN THAT IT
SHOWS HOW THE WATERMILL CAME ABOUT, NAMELY BY THE
COMBINATION OF THE SEPARATE GREEK INVENTIONS OF THE gearing

TOOTHED GEAR AND THE WATER WHEEL INTO ONE EFFECTIVE

water wheel
MECHANICAL SYSTEM FOR HARNESSING WATER-POWER.
• VITRUVIUS WATER WHEEL IS DESCRIBED AS BEING IMMERSED
WITH ITS LOWER END IN THE WATERCOURSE SO THAT ITS
PADDLES COULD BE DRIVEN BY THE VELOCITY OF THE
RUNNING WATER.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

• ROMAN FLOUR MILL AT BARBEGAL

• THE MILL AT BARBEGAL WAS BUILT IN THE FOURTH
CENTURY AD NEAR THE PORT OF ARLES, ALONG AN
AQUEDUCT THAT HAD ONCE SUPPLIED WATER TO THE
CITY.
• IT WAS A SERIES OF SIXTEEN OVERSHOT WHEELS FED
BY AN ARTIFICIAL AQUEDUCT, A PROTO-INDUSTRIAL
GRAIN FACTORY WHICH HAS BEEN REFERRED TO AS
"THE GREATEST KNOWN CONCENTRATION OF
MECHANICAL POWER IN THE ANCIENT WORLD".

http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/barbegal/
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
• ISLAMIC WORLD
• A NORIA IS A MACHINE FOR LIFTING
WATER INTO A SMALL AQUEDUCT,
EITHER FOR THE PURPOSE OF
IRRIGATION OR, IN AT LEAST ONE
KNOWN INSTANCE, TO FEED SEAWATER
INTO A SALTERN (SALT MAKING). THE
ROTATING WHEEL LIFTS A SERIES OF
JARS, RAISING WATER FOR IRRIGATION.
UNLIKE THE WATER WHEELS FOUND IN
MILLS, A NORIA DOES NOT PROVIDE
MECHANICAL POWER TO ANY
PROCESS.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriac
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

• ANCIENT CHINA
• WATERPOWER WAS IMPORTANT
SOURCE OF ENERGY IN ANCIENT CHINA
CIVILIZATION. ONE OF THE MOST
INTRIGUING APPLICATIONS WAS FOR
IRON CASTING. ACCORDING TO AN
ANCIENT TEXT, IN 31 AD THE ENGINEER
TU SHIH "INVENTED A WATER-POWERED
RECIPROCATOR FOR THE CASTING OF
[IRON] AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS."
SMELTERS AND CASTERS WERE
"INSTRUCTED TO USE THE RUSHING OF
WATER TO OPERATE THEIR BILLOWS."
http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/waterwheels/
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

• Norse Mill
o The simple “Norse” mill had a
paddle wheel turned on its
side, horizontally, to catch a
stream of water.
o This was directly linked to
round mill stones grinding
grain only a few feet above
the water.

http://sustainablehistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/norsemill3.gif
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

• Fourneyron Water Wheel Turbine

http://www.machine-history.com/node/575 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

▪ Fourneyron Water Wheel Turbine

o The runner consists of a circular
plate with curved blades around its
rim and a central shaft.
o It spins under the force exerted by
water flowing outwards between the
fixed guide vanes and across its
blades:
a) vertical section
b) flow across guide vanes and
runner

http://www.machine-history.com/node/575
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

• FROM AGRICULTURE TO SEA TRAVELING WATER IS AN OMNIPRESENT ELEMENT THAT HAS

BECOME A REAL ASSET FOR MANKIND.
• IN THE 1700'S, MECHANICAL HYDROPOWER FROM WATER WHEELS WAS USED
EXTENSIVELY FOR MILLING AND PUMPING.
• IN 1752, WITH THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRICITY, LITTLE DID BENJAMIN FRANKLIN KNOW
THAT HE HAD JUST FOUND A NEW TASK FOR WATER. WATER COULD NOW SERVE A NEW
AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION: HYDROPOWER THAT CREATES HYDROELECTRICITY.
• IN 1826, THE FRENCHMAN JEAN-VICTOR PONCOLET PROPOSED A MACHINE INVOLVING A
FULLY ENCLOSED WATERWHEEL, WHERE WATER WOULD FLOW INTO THE WHEEL RATHER
THAN ALONG THE WHEEL.
• FOLLOWING THIS CONCEPT, THE AMERICAN SAMUEL HOWD PATENTED THE FIRST TURBINE
IN 1838.
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

• JAMES FRANCIS LATER PERFECTED IT BY CURVING THE BLADES. KNOWN AS THE

FRANCIS TURBINE, THIS BECAME THE FOREMOST WATER TURBINE IN USE.
• TURBINES SLOWLY REPLACED THE WATERWHEEL IN DRIVING SAWMILLS AND TEXTILE
MILLS. THE TURN OF THE CENTURY IN THE US WAS A GOLDEN ERA FOR HYDROPOWER.
• THOUSANDS OF SMALL-SCALE HYDRO SITES WERE SCATTERED ABOUT THE
COUNTRYSIDE, WITH HUNDREDS OF TURBINE MANUFACTURERS IN EXISTENCE.
• BY THE EARLY 1900'S, A NEW USE WAS FOUND FOR THE WATER TURBINE: PRODUCING
ELECTRICITY. HYDROELECTRICITY IS A RENEWABLE FORM OF ENERGY THAT IS LESS
WASTEFUL AND CREATES ALMOST NO POLLUTION.
• HYDROELECTRIC POWER GREW QUICKLY, AND ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN 40% OF
THE ELECTRICITY GENERATED IN THE US DURING THE 1920S.
 BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS
OF HYDRO POWER

• WITH THE INCREASE IN DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER FORMS OF ELECTRIC POWER

GENERATION AND THE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM, HYDROPOWER'S
PERCENTAGE HAS SLOWLY DECLINED AND TODAY PROVIDES ABOUT 10% OF THE
ELECTRICITY IN THE US. ONE BY ONE, THE MICRO HYDRO TURBINE BUILDERS WENT OUT
OF BUSINESS, WATERMILLS WENT SILENT AND TURBINES WERE ABANDONED AS POWER
LINES RACED ACROSS THE COUNTRY.
• HOWEVER, TODAY HYDROPOWER IS BEING REVIVED AS A CLEAN AND RENEWABLE
ENERGY SOURCE. MODERN HYDRO PLANTS RANGE IN SIZE FROM THE “MICRO-HYDRO”
TURBINES THAT POWER REMOTE CABINS OR SMALL HOMES, TO THE GIANT DAM
SYSTEMS LIKE THE HOOVER DAM, PROVIDING ELECTRICITY TO MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
DAILY.
 GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

• GLOBAL HYDRO POWER SCENARIO

• THE RANKING OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC CAPACITY IS EITHER BY ACTUAL ANNUAL
ENERGY PRODUCTION OR BY INSTALLED CAPACITY POWER RATING.
• HYDRO ACCOUNTED FOR 16 PERCENT OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION, AND 3,427 TERAWATT-HOURS OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
IN 2010, WHICH CONTINUES THE RAPID RATE OF INCREASE EXPERIENCED
BETWEEN 2003 AND 2009.
• HYDROPOWER IS PRODUCED IN 150 COUNTRIES, WITH THE ASIA-PACIFIC
REGION GENERATED 32 PERCENT OF GLOBAL HYDROPOWER IN 2010.
 GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
• GLOBAL HYDRO POWER SCENARIO (CONT’D.)
• CHINA IS THE LARGEST HYDROELECTRICITY PRODUCER, WITH 721 TERAWATT-HOURS OF
PRODUCTION IN 2010, REPRESENTING AROUND 17 PERCENT OF DOMESTIC ELECTRICITY
USE.
• BRAZIL, CANADA, NEW ZEALAND, NORWAY, PARAGUAY, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND, AND
VENEZUELA HAVE A MAJORITY OF THE INTERNAL ELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER.
• PARAGUAY PRODUCES 100% OF ITS ELECTRICITY FROM HYDROELECTRIC DAMS, AND
EXPORTS 90% OF ITS PRODUCTION TO BRAZIL AND TO ARGENTINA.
• NORWAY PRODUCES 98–99% OF ITS ELECTRICITY FROM HYDROELECTRIC SOURCES.
• THERE ARE NOW THREE HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS LARGER THAN 10 GW: THE THREE
GORGES DAM IN CHINA, ITAIPU DAM IN BRAZIL, AND GURI DAM IN VENEZUELA.
 GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

The Three Gorges Dam is the largest operating hydroelectric power station, at
22,500 MW. Annual power output of the plant is estimated at 85 TWh

Source: www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam

 GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

The Itaipu Dam's 14,000 MW installed capacity is second to the Three Gorges Dam's 22,500 MW. It
produced 98.2TWh in 2012, which made it the biggest generating hydropower plant in the world.

Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Dam
 GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

The Guri Dam is the third-largest in the world, with 10,200 MW capacity. The dam alone supplies 73% of
Venezuela's electricity. The Guri power station supplies around 12,900GW/h of energy for Venezuela.

Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Dam
 GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
World’s Largest Dams
Max
(Rank) Name Country Year Capacity

(1) Three Gorges China 2009 22,500 MW

(2) Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 14,000 MW

(3) Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW

(4) Tucurui Brazil 1984 8,370 MW

(5) Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW

(6) Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW

(7) Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW

(8) Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW

(9) Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW

Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity
 GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
World’s Largest Dams (as of 2014)
Installed Annual Area
Ran
Name Country River Years of completion capacity production flooded
k
(MW) (TW-hour) (km²)
1 Three Gorges Dam China Yangtze 2008 22,500 98.8 1,084
Brazil
2 Itaipu Dam Paraná 1984/1991, 2003 14,000 103.1 1,350
Paraguay
3 Xiluodu China Jinsha 2014 13,860 55.2
4 Guri Venezuela Caroní 1978, 1986 10,235 53.41 4,250
5 Tucuruí Brazil Tocantins 1984 8,370 41.43 3,014
1942/1950, 1973,
6 Grand Coulee United States Columbia 1975/1980, 6,809 20 324
1984/1985
7 Xiangjiaba China Jinsha 2014 6,448 30.7 95.6
8 Longtan Dam China Hongshui 2007/2009 6,426 18.7
Sayano– 1985/1989,
9 Russia Yenisei 6,400 26.8 621
Shushenskaya 2010/2014
10 Krasnoyarsk Russia Yenisei 1972 6,000 15 2,000

Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity
 GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
Ten of the largest hydroelectric producers as at 2009
Country Annual Hydroelectric Installed Capacity % of Total Capacity
Production (TWh) (MW)
China 652.05 196.79 22.25
Canada 369.5 88.974 61.12
Brazil 363.8 69.080 85.56
United States 250.6 79.511 5.74
Russia 167.0 45.000 45.000
Norway 140.5 27.528 27.528
India 115.6 33.600 33.600
Vednezuela 85.96 14.622 14.622
Japan 69.2 27.229 27.229
Sweden 65.5 16.209 16.209

Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity
 LOCAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
(Partial) List of Hydropower Plants in the Philippines
Station Capacity Commissioned Community Status
(MW)
Agus 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant 80 1994 Marawi City, Operational
Lanao del Sur
Agus 6 Hydroelectric Power Plant 200 1953,1977 Iligan City, Operational
Lanao del Norte
Angat Dam 408 1968, 1978, Norzagaray, Bulacan Operational
1992
Casecnan Irrigation and Hydroelectric 140 2002 Pantabangan, Operational
Plant Nueva Ecija
Kalayaan Pumped Storage Power 685 1983 Kalayaan, Laguna Operational
Plant
Magat Dam 360 1984 Ramon, Isabela Operational

Pulangui Hydroelectric Power Plant 255 1986 Maramag, Bukidnon Operational

Pantabangan - Masiway Hydroelectric 112 1977,1980 Pantabangan, Operational

Power Plant Nueva Ecija

San Roque Dam 345 2003 San Manuel and San Operational
Nicolas Pangasinan

Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_plants_in_the_Philippines#Hydroelectric
LOCAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

Ambuklao and Binga

LOCAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

Magat at Isabela
 LOCAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

Bukidnon Hydro Electric Plant

LOCAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

Agus Hydro Power Plant, Mindanao

LOCAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER

Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija

 HYDROELECTRICITY

• HOW IT WORKS?
• THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND HYDROPOWER IS QUITE SIMPLE: A DAM IS BUILT TO
TRAP WATER IN A LOCATION WITH AN ALREADY EXISTING WETLAND.
• THROUGH THE SIMPLE PRINCIPLE OF GRAVITY, WATER FLOWS DOWN THE
TUNNELS IN THE DAM AND REACHES THE TURBINES THAT CONSEQUENTLY
ACTIVATE THE GENERATORS.
• “THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MOVING WATER IS TURNED INTO
MECHANICAL ENERGY AS IT MAKES THE TURBINE SPIN AROUND.
• THE TURBINE IS CONNECTED VIA A SHAFT TO THE MAGNETS WHICH IN
TURN SPIN AROUND INSIDE THE COILS OF A CONDUCTOR”
 HYDROELECTRICITY

• THE HIGHER THE HEIGHT OF THE WATER FALL THE GREATER THE PRESSURE
ON THE TURBINE THAT PROVIDES MORE ENERGY TO THE TURBINE.
• ONCE THE ACTUAL DAM IS BUILT THIS SYSTEM PROVIDES ENERGY THAT IS
VIRTUALLY FREE AND MOST IMPORTANTLY RENEWABLE.
• THIS FORM OF “NATURAL” ENERGY IS MUCH MORE RELIABLE THAN OTHER
ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES LIKE WIND OR SOLAR ENERGY.
• WITH WATER, ENERGY CAN BE PRODUCED AND GENERATED CONSTANTLY
WITHOUT ANY PROBLEMS.
HYDROELECTRICITY
 TERMINOLOGIES

• DAM IS THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE THAT ENCLOSES THE RESERVOIR TO RETAIN WATER
AND UNDERGROUND STREAMS.
• DRAFT TUBE IS A DEVICE THAT CONNECTS THE TO TURBINE OUTLET TO THE TAIL
WATER SO THAT THE TURBINE CAN BE SET ABOVE THE TAIL WATER LEVEL.
• GENERATOR IS A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS THE MECHANICAL ENERGY OF THE TURBINE
INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
• HEAD WATER IS THE WATER IN THE RESERVOIR.
• HYDRAULIC TURBINE IS A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS THE ENERGY OF WATER INTO
MECHANICAL ENERGY.
• PENSTOCK IS A CHANNEL THAT LEADS THE WATER FROM THE RESERVOIR TO THE
TURBINE.
 TERMINOLOGIES

• RESERVOIR STORES THE WATER COMING FROM THE UPPER RIVER OR WATER
FALLS.
• SILT SLUICE IS A CHAMBER WHICH COLLECTS THE MUD AND THROUGH
WHICH THE MUD IS DISCHARGED.
• SPILLWAY IS A WEIR IN THE RESERVOIR WHICH DISCHARGES EXCESS WATER
SO THAT THE PLANT STRUCTURAL STABILITY COULD BE MAINTAINED.
• SURGE CHAMBER (OR SURGE TANK) IS A STAND PIPE CONNECTED TO THE
ATMOSPHERE AND ATTACHED TO THE PENSTOCK IN WHICH WATER LEVEL
RISES OR FALLS SO THAT THE WATER WILL BE AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
 TERMINOLOGIES

• TAIL RACE IS A CHANNEL WHICH LEADS THE WATER FROM THE TURBINE TO
THE TAIL WATER.
• TAIL WATER IS THE WATER THAT IS DISCHARGED FROM THE TURBINE.
• TRASH RACK IS A SCREEN WHICH PREVENTS THE LEAVES, BRANCHES AND
OTHER WATER CONTAMINANTS TO ENTER THE PENSTOCK.
• VALVE IS A DEVICE THAT OPENS OR CLOSES THE ENTRANCE OF THE WATER
INTO THE PENSTOCK.
 REFERENCES

• TEXTBOOKS
• RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, JEAN-CLAUDE SABONNADIERE, 2009
• ENERGY CONVERSION, D. YOGI GOSWAMI, FRANK KREITH, 2008
• POWER PLANT ENGINEERING, 3RD EDITION, PK NAG, 2008, TATA MCGRAW HILL

• WEB
• HTTP://WWW.RENEWABLEENERGYWORLD.COM/REA/TECH/HOME
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/RENEWABLE_ENERGY
• HTTP://GA.WATER.USGS.GOV/EDU/WATERCYCLE.HTML
• HTTP://GA.WATER.USGS.GOV/EDU/WUHY.HTML
• HTTP://WWW.WATERWIDEWEB.ORG/HYDROELECTRICITY.HTML
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/WATER_CYCLE
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HYDROELECTRICITY
• HTTP://WWW.GREENRHINOENERGY.COM/RENEWABLE/MARINE/TIDAL_RANGE.PHP
• HTTP://WWW.ERG.COM.NP/HYDROPOWER_GLOBAL.PHP
• HTTP://GA.WATER.USGS.GOV/EDU/WATERCYCLESUBLIMATION.HTML

• YOUTUBE
• HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=XBRH_JZ8-LK
• HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ZFOWHTUBCSC
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=WVXUZF4LVGW
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=TPIGNNTQIX8