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Oxford {Jniversity Pless, Greąt Clarendon Street, Oxfordoxz 6oł Contents

Oxford New York
Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai
Dar es Salaąm Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata
Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Notęs on contributors vii
Sdo Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Abbreviations ix
puhlighed in the united states
|)refacę xi
by Oxfurd University Press Inc., New York
Maps xiii

,ll$}.ń
@ The British Acarlemy 2007
lrrtroduction xxv
Databąse right The British Academy (maker ) AVERIL CAMERON

,,:::';?::"::r::,"n l, PBW: thę Project and the Colloquium 1

All rights reserved, may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieyal system, ot transmitted, in any form or by any means, MICHAEL JEFFREYS
without the prior permission in writing of the British Academy,
or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate ] Pilgrims and Crusaders in Western Latin Sources 5
graphic s r ight s or gani z at ion. Enquir ie s c o nc er ning r ep ro duc t ion
r epro
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH
outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Department,
The British Academy, 10 Carlton House Terrace, London SWl Y 5AH
Crusader Sources from the Near East (1099-1204) 23
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover PETER EDBIIRY
and you must impose this sąme condition on any acquirer

Data available li .l. Latin Sources and Byzantine Prosopography: Genoa,

Venice, Pisa and Barcęlona 39
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data i' MICHEL BALARD
Data avąilable
'fhe vęnetian chronicles and Archivęs as sources for the
ISBN 9784 I9_726378_5
ISSN 006B_1202 llistory of Byzantium and the Crusades (99Z-l204) 59
Typeset by MICHAEL ANGOLD
J&L Composition, Filey, North Yorkshire
printed in Great Britain Vcnice: A Bibliography 86
on acid-free paper by
MICF{AEL ANGOLD AND MICHEL BALARD
The cromwell press Limited
Tłowbridge, Wilts '|'he South Italian Sources 95
VERA VON FALKENHAUSEN

Visitors from North-Western Europe to Byzantium.

Vornacular Sources: Problems and Perspectives L23
KRIJNIE CIGGAAR

$ilirvonie sources l51

SlMON FRANKLIN
l) ( icorgian Sources l83
s,I,lł,tlEN H. RAPP Jr.

t)it l tłoinll
vl Conłłnts

l0 Armenian sources
TlM GREENWOOD

l1, Syriac Historiographical Sources

Notęs on contributors
WITOLD WITAKOWSKI

12. sources in Arabic Mlchnel Angold is Professor Emeritus of Byzantine History at the University
CAROLE HILLENBRAND tll'lidinburgh.
13. Arabic Sourcęs for Sicily
JEREMY JOHNS Mlchel Brlard is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Paris l
l'urrtlrćon- orbonne and president of the Society for the Study of the
14. Jewish sourcęs ('rumdes and the Latin east.
NICHOLAS DE LANGE

Jewish Sources: A Bibliography Arcrll Cameron is Wardęn of Keble College, Oxford and former chair of the
JOSHUA HOLO ctlltttttittee of the Prosopography of the Byzantine World project.

Index l:l|nlc Ciggaar is actively engaged in publishing on relations between

llyzrrlrtium and westęrn Europe; she is currently working in particular on
Altlitlch during the period 969-1268.
Nlchrllns de Lange is Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Studies at the
l |rlivcrsity of Cambridge and editor of thę Bulletin of Judaeo-Greek Studies,

lblcr t]dbury is a professor in the Cardiff School of History and

Ą rclrrrcology, University of Cardiff.

Hhnon l'ranklin is Professor of Slavonic Studies at the University of

('ntlrlrridge and a Fęllow of Clare College, Cambridge.

'|'lln (ireenwood is Lęcturęr in Byzantine and Eastern Christian Studięs in the

l}cllłtrtrnent of Mędiaeval History, University of St Andrews.

('nxlle Hillenbrand is Profęssor of Islamic History at the University of

litlirlllurgh.

,ltnhun Holo is Associate Professor of Jewish History at thę Hebrew Union

( illlcgc Jewish lnstitute of Religion, Los Angeles, California,

Mlthtel Jeffreys is Research Manager for the Prosopography of the

llyrrrntine World project; until2000 he was Profossor of Modęrn Greek at the
t Irtivcrsity of sydney.
vlll Nołes on contrihulors

Jeremy Johns is Director of the Khalili Research Centre for the Art and
Material Culture of the Middle East, and Lecturer in Islamic Archaeology in
the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Abbreviations
Stephen H. Rapp Jr. is Associate Professor of Medieval Eurasian and World
History at Georgia State University, Atlanta, and is diręctor of the Program tl Annales islamol o giques
in World History and Cultures. t()łl Actą Orientalia Hungarica
,.l,\,/ Archivio storico italiano
Jonathan Riley-Smith is the recęntly retired Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical ll lłc l Bulletin des ćtudes orientales
History University of Cambridge. ał, By z antinis che Fors chungen
lll l( i Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca
Vera von Falkenhausen is Professor of Byzantine History at the Universitd di lll l l. Bibliotheca Hagiographi ca Latina
Roma Tor Vergata. 1,Il"Ao Bulletin de l'Institut franęais d'archćologie orientale
du Caire
Witold Witakowski is Associate Professor at the Institute of Linguistics and il(i Bulletin of Judaeo-Greek Studies
Philology, University of Uppsala, Sweden; his ręsearch interests arę in the trMGS Byzantine ąnd Modern Greek Studies
fields of Semitic studies, especially Syriac. lrs()AS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African
Studies
l,,ł By z ant ini s ch e Z e i t s c hr ift
ti.1,: Byzantion
(,(,(,M Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis
(,tvl classica et Mediaevalia
(,!i(,O Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium
(,s(,o, sS Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium,
Scriptores Syri
lr()r Dumbarton Oaks Papers
łiIl R English His tor ical Rev iew
tłll(,A Hebrew Union College Annual
,l łl ( ):i Journal of the American Orientąl Society
,lli,lIIo Journal of the Economic and Sociąl History of the
Orient
J lIs Journal of Hellenic Studies
,|,l,\ Journal of Jewish Studies
,lMII Jourrtal of Medieval History
,lÓB Jahrbuch der ósterreichis chen Byzantinistik
,lQlł Jewish Quarterly Review
,lRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
.l,\AI Jerusalem studies in Arabic and Islam
./,\,,l, lournal of Semitic Studies
M( jH Monumenta Germaniaę Historica, ęd. G.H. Pertz
and others (Hanover, Weimał Stuttgart and Cologną
l826-)
x Abbrcviutian,y

MGHS Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores,

(l82G)
38 vols. so far
MGHS Scriptores Ręrum Germanicarum in usum scholarum Preface
in usum scholarum separatim editi, 75 vols. so far (1839-)
MGHS rer. Germ. n.s. Scriptores Ręrum Germanicarum. Nova series, 18
vols. so far (|922-) tl, tlns BEEN A pLEAsuRE AND A pRtvILEGE to edit this volume. I have learndd
MGWJ Monatsschrift fiir Geschichte und Wissenschaft des rt grcat deal from the scholars who have contributed and have been assisted
Judentums lty tlreir courteous and patient discussion with a non-specialist on numerous
PAAJR Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish ;xlints of detail. I would particulaĄ like to single out Jeremy Johns who
Research 1ltrrtluced the chapter on Arabic sourcęs for Sicily with great efficiency at
PBW Prosopography of the Byzantine World cxtremely short notice. I have enjoyed the support of stalwart colleagues on
PG Patrologia Graeca lltc Prosopography of the Byzantine World project:* the original idea for this
PL Patrologia Latina lxxlk came from Michael Jeffreys, and he and Tassos Papacostas have always
Po Patrologia Orientalis hecIt ready to listęn and discuss issues. Tassos has also cheerfully provided a
nź,ą Revue des ćtudes armćniennes grerrt deal of advice and practical help; it was he who found the striking cover
aEa Reyue des ćtudes byzantines ltttrrgc.At an earlier stage their predecessors, John Martindale and Dion
nźt Revue des ćtudes islamiques lilrrythe were my kindly mysta'ljogues in the art of prosopography. Harold
aźl Revue des ćtudes juives tilttlrt, Director of the Centre for Computing in the Humanities at King's
RHC Recueil des historiens des croisades ( 'rlllcge London, under whose aegis the prosopography project falls, has been
RHC Oc Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens crlttsistently supportive, characteristically optimistic and always ready with a
occidentaux, ed. Acadómie des Inscriptions et 1rrrtctical suggestion. In particular he offeręd thę services of the Cęntre for
Belles-Lettres, 5 vols. (Paris, l844-95i) wtlrk on the maps and put me in touch with Martyn Jessop who began the
RHGF Recueil des historiens des Gąules et de la France, ed. lrtlk. The final artwork was produced by Hafed Walda, who collaborated
M. Bouquet and M.-J.-J. Brial, 24 vols. (Paris, ctttltusiastically with Tassos to produce ęxcellent clear results from diverse
l738-1904) rtlttl sometimes difficult raw materials. Jamęs Rivington, Publications Officer
RRH R. Róhricht, ed., Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani rrl the British Academy, has been upbeat and imaginative, while Colin
( MXCVII*MCCXCI) (Innsbruck, 1893; addita- llłrlelwin has been a patient copy-editor. I am grateful to Tony Eastmond
męntum l904;rcpr. New York, 1960) lirr irdvice on a cover image, to Alicia Correa for taking on the task of com-
RoL Reyue de l'Orient latin 1lilirrg the index, and to George MoĘeaux for męticulous checking of it. My
R, BN Rivista di studi bizantini e neoellenici rrwtl work has been partly funded by a British Academy Larger Research
R,s1 Rivistą s torica italiana (it,itnt, one of many debts over a long period that the British prosopo-
UEAI Union europćenne des Arabisants et Islamisants ptrrphy project owes to the Academy, Finally I would like to pay tribute to
VV viz ant iis kii v r emme nnik Avcril Cameron for firm but generous leadership, conrmon sęnse and
WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes cxt raordinary humanity.

Mary Whitby
Octobęr 2006

'lrt tp:iiwww.pbw.kcl,ac.uk
 Maps

l, Boundaries of the Byzantine empire in 1025

2, T'hc Byzantine world, t2OŁ6I
l, Mrin crusader and pilgrim routes, 1025-1204
ł, l'hc Near East in the crusader period
t, Stluthern Italy and Sicily before the Norman conquest

ó, North-western Europe and Byzantium

1, cities and cultural centres of the orthodox slavonic world
T, Armenia and Georgią
9, The lslamic world, c. 1l00

l(l, Jcwish communities in the crusader period

Notł
Arr l'ur as possible spelling follows that of the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
nrttl the Encyclopaedia of Islam (Znd edn.) as appropriate. Maps 1-4 draw on
llutps lbund inthe oxford Dictionary of Byzantium and Map 9 on one in the
lnr,vt:lopaedia of Islam; Map 5 was prepared by Paolo Vitti.
 Introduction

l lll, <,lłtlliADps HAVE ACQuIRED A NEW AND uRGENT RELEVANCE in relati,on to

llrr t.vcnts of the past few years, as a result of which western and eastern, and
lrtrlł*rl Christian and Muslim, relations have again become tense and uncer-
tiltrt. In addition, the eight hundredth anniversary in 2004 of the sack of
{ 'ł rttslitntinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 stimulated several conferences

ntlrl itcitdemic essays. That event came as an enormous psychological shock

lrr tlte l}yzantines, who were driven from the capital city in which they had
ltl,rtl lilr nearly nine hundręd years, and hardly less so to thę westernęrs. The
llvzrttltines set up a court in exile at Nicaea in Asia Minor, while the crusaders
rvlt,c lcll to form aLatin government in constantinople, the fabled capital of
*tr ittlcicnt and prestigious empire whose riches they had desired but which
llrcy tlicl not understand. The city's greatest treasures were looted and its
ttltlst sacred relics carried off to western Europe where they servęd to bolster
lltc elitirns of Louis IX, later St Louis, to a sacral kingship meant to evokę
llll(l ttrpa s that of the Byzantine emperors.
'|'his violent clash of east and west was the dramatic culmination of a
iłttsi<ltt which had bęen felt since before the First Crusade in 1095. The
ltttivitl of western knights in Byzantine territory on their way to the Holy
I lrrttl confronted the Byzantines with a variety of difficult decisions. The
llyzirntine historian Anna Komnene presents us with a highly prejudiced and
lrrlstilc view of thę newcomers, in a namative designed to show her father the
|,tttlrctor Alexios I Komnenos in the best possible light. In fact his position
wrts ttnenviablę as he tried to deal with these difficult and potentially uncom-
lłrr,{itbIe allies. The story was more complex than Anna suggests; yet the fact
rvits tltrrt from now on thę Byzantines had somehow to deal with the unwel-
lrlttte l'act of western intrusion into thęir own territory at a time when they
rvct,c also experiencing encroachmęnt by the Turks. Indeed, the Byzantine
{,ltll)cfor himself in 1095 asked Pope Urban for help against the Seljuks, and
1llcłlgcd Byzantine assistance to the crusaders. However it was not solely a
tttittlcr of expeditions launched in the name of religion and with the aim of
rłr:rlvcring the Holy Land. The Byzantine empire in this period was in prac-
lrt,c experiencing the impact of an aggressive expansion of western Europe,
lvlriclr inevitably disturbed the geopolitical balance.l It is hardly surprising to
lrtltl that the two sides did not understand ęach other. on the othęr hand, it

| |icc l{,I). Bartlett, The Making of Europe.

Conquest, colonization and cultural change, g50 1350
{lł-itrcetttn, l993); D. Abulafia, The Mediterranean in Eistory (London, 2003),
xxvl Introduction
is also true that the mutual hostility present in some of the contemporary
sources can make it difficult to appreciate thę influence and interaction which
werę also part of the story. There are lessons for today in contemplating these
complex and changing relationships.
Recent scholarship has done something to rędręss the excęssivęly western
perspective of research on the period coveręd by the crusades.2 It has also
questioned the applicability of the term 'cru adę'for every expedition which
set out, mostly for the east, after 1095, as well as the appropriate numbering
of the major crusading venturęs.3 However, this book goes considerably fur-
ther, by showing that the issue is not simply one of west and east, Latin and
Greek.a The changes in the Islamic world cleaĄ need to be part of the story
too: thę parameters of world power were changing. In order to do justice to
the subject, it is necessary to realise the full complexity of the late medieval
world, both eastern and western, in the elęvęnth and twelfth centuries, and
this entails coming to grips with historical sourcęs extant in a wholę variety
of languages,
The starting-point of the book came from ongoing work on Byzantine
prosopography, that is, the attempt to collect and analyse all known informa-
tion about Byzantine individuals. This is the aim of related pĄects in Britain
and in Germany, which were set up with the aim of covering between them thę
wholę of the Byzantine empire from ep 64l to 1261.5 As work proceeded on
the British project for the period ln 1025-1261, and especially in view of con-
temporary events, it became clear that it was nęcęssary to widen the scope of
the research to match the enormously more complicated world in which the
Byzantines found themselves, in particular the interplay bętween east and west
that now came more sharply into relief, Contrary to popular perceptions, the
2 See especially Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh, eds., The Crusades from the
Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World(łtrashington, 2001),
] See Giles Constablą 'The historiography of the crusades', in Laiou and Mottahedeh, eds.,
Crusades,IJŻ.
a For the complex questions of western influences on Byzantium during the eleventh and twęlfth
centuries, see A. Kazhdan, 'Latins and Franks in Byzantium: perception and reality from the
eleventh to the twelfth century', in Laiou and Mottahedeh, eds,, Crusades, 83-100.
5 John Martindale, ed., Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire, vol. 1 (641-8ó7) (Aldershot,
2001) [CD ROM]; work in progress: http://www.pbw.kcl,ac.uk. This pĄect, now renamed
Prosopography of the Byzantine World (PBW) in recognition of its expanded scope, has been
mainly financed by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and is also a British Academy
Research Project. F. Winkelmann, R.-J. Lilie, C. Ludwig, T. Pratsch, L Rochow and others, eds,,
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, Abt. I, 641-867: Prolegomena, Bde I,VI
(1998-2002); work in progless: http://wwwbbawde/forschung/pmbz, This project is funded by
the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. The Palaiologan period is covered
by E. Trapp, with R, Waltheą H.-V. Beyer, K, Sturm-Schnabel, E. Kislinger, LGh. Leontiades,
S. Kaplaneres and others, eds., Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, 12fasciclęswith
index, addenda and corrigenda (Vienna, 1916-96).
Introduttion xxvll
llyrrrtltitlc empire was not simply a Greek empire; moreover it was surrounded
łtttl itltpitctcd on by a variety of other peoples and states. lt was soon realised
lltrtl ttrl łclequate, and certainly no accessible, guides existed to much of the
ltttfc!{$ilry source material in othęr ręlęvant languages. Thus it was necęssary to
t,rltttttlission a range of specialists who might fill this need. The essays in this
vrlltttnc. all by leading scholars, present, in many cases for thę fust time, Ęoth
llvcrvicws of particular bodies of material and detailed anall,tical biblio-
pt,rt1llrical guides to the historical sourcęs from particular areas or in specific
lłttgttitges. It would bę hard to underęstimate either the difficulty or the value
rrl' lhis undertaking, Thę volume provides an entirely new scholarĘ guide,
wlrieh will at the same time serve to underline the fact that a ftaditionally
wcltern-centric approach to this period is no longer acceptable. In historical
wliting. as well as in modern political and cultural relations, it is necessary to
lly t() dojustice to all thę available evidence and perspectives.
'l'he foundations for this volume were laid by a colloquium generously
ltrrrtetl by the British Academy in Dęcęmber 2002, and organised by Professors
,ltltlitlt Herrin and Michael Jeffreys on behalf of the Prosopography of the
llyzrrntine World (PBW).6It has been edited by Dr Mary Whitby, who has beęn
ll ttlclnber of the research tęam of PBW since 1999. As thę current chair of the
rrrntnrittee of PBW (the change of title from Prosopography of the Byzantine
lłllrllire to Prosopography of the Byzantine World follows the principles set out
ttlxrvc), I would like to pay tribute to Mary Whitby's skills as editor in putting
lrlptthcr such a complex volumą with contributions by specialists in such a
witle variety of fields. I would also like to thank the British Academy once
rt;łrtitt lbr its support of this part of the research of the project, and indeed for
ilr crlntinued support of thę PBW pĄect. Lastly our thanks are again due to
llrc Academy's Publications Committee for accepting the volume as a British
Ącrtdcmy publication.
Averil Camęron
, |,lrt,thc history of the project, see also Averil Cameron, ed., Fifty Years of Prosopograpłty. The
l Illl,r lłoman Empbe, Byzantium and beyond (Oxford, 2003).