The Human Body &

its Systems

By Remay Berhane
HSBII Period 5
This system is made up of the skin, sweat glands, hair, The average
and fingernails. Skin is an organ whose main function y m onth
r amount of
is to act as a barrier. The skin protects us from wear Eve ave a
h
and tear, against infection and chemicals, and against you new
head hair is
ultraviolet rays. Sweat glands regulate temperature
o l e
and remove waste by secreting water, sodium salts, and wh f ski
n. 120,000.
r o
nitrogenous waste (such as urea) onto the skin surface
through sweat. When it's cold outside, tiny muscles
laye
surrounding the hair follicle cause the hairs to stand
up, to trap more heat near the body, regulating our The integumentary system is quite literally
body temperature. This is the function of the hair. all over your body. It covers your body, or is
on the outside of your body.
One example of a threat to this system is
burns. They threaten this system by
possibly extending into the epidermis and
You
will dermis, destroying the tissue and affecting
40lb shed the nerve endings and sensory function.
s of Another example is alopecia. This is when
sk
lifet in in a the immune system attacks hair follicles
ime. and results in hair loss. Lastly is melanoma,
which is a type of skin cancer. If it doesn’t
get treated, it can spread to other organs
and become life threatening.
 n
ss ca
The immune system is made up of the thymus and bone Stre e way
marrow, lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, and skin. The ct th
ms can affe mmune
Some ger
bone marrow is where the different types of immune
i
system cells are created. The thymus produces progenitor
healthy your orks
keep you
cells, which mature into T-cells. The body uses to T-cells em w
help destroy infected or cancerous cells. When a syst
pathogen is found, nearby lymph nodes, start to activate
cells, chemically signal, and expand the the number of
immune system cells. Then, vessels and nodes transport
and filter lymph fluid containing antibodies and
lymphocytes and bacteria. The spleen is important in Some threats to this system include, but aren’t
protecting people from bacterial infections. Skin serves as limited to: Type 1 diabetes which is when the
a barrier from many disease-causing agents. immune system attacks the cells in the
pancreas that make insulin; insulin then
removes sugar in the blood to use as energy,
Positive emotions and Lupus, a disease that attacks body tissues,
a healthy lifestyle may including the lungs, kidneys, and skin, and
Leukemia, is a cancer of blood cells, what
boost your immunity.
happens is replacement of the bone marrow
with malignant, leukemic cells. This can cause
enlargement of the spleen, liver, and other
organs.
 The parts that make up this system are the skeletal muscles, which
are attached to bones. These move the body around. (Smooth muscle Muscles are
tissue and cardiac muscle tissue also work with other systems). The approximately
The heart pumps 5
function of this system in general is to move the body, move materials 40 % of your
within the body, and generate heat. The muscular system is located quarts of blood per weight
all over your body, under your skin. Some threats to this system
minute and 2,000
include: Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that weaken the
muscular system and make it harder to move. The diseases usually gallons daily.
get worse over time - and affect proteins causing the death of muscle
cells. Another disease is Tendinosis. It is a degenerative disease that
causes tendons to break down and form scar tissue when the tendons
are no longer able to repair themselves after an injury. Lastly is
Mitochondrial myopathy, which is a defect in how ATP is produced
in mitochondria. It makes it hard for the mitochondria to produce
energy from the food you eat, which causes muscle cells to become
damaged and feel weak.

A muscle called the

masseter in the jaw
is the strongest
muscle by weight
 Your han
ds
and feet
contain
The parts that make up this include the bones,
over half
your bon
cartilage, and joints (ligaments and tendons). The
are es
bones produce blood cells, give shape to your body, Babies
ith
and protect vital internal organs. This system also born w s
ne
300 bo
works with the muscular system to help you move. The
job of the cartilage is to keep joint motion fluid by
coating the surfaces of the bones in our joints and by
cushioning bones against impact. The function of the
joint is to hold the skeleton together and support
movement. The skeletal system is located all over your
body, under the skin, from head to toe. One threat to
this system is Osteoporosis, which is a disease in
which the bones become fragile and more likely to 1% of people
become fractured. Another threat is Arthritis. An are born with
inflammation of the joints. This can cause pain and a a 13th rib
limited range of movement. Lastly is Osteopenia. This instead of the
disease causes bone loss. usual 12
The parts of this system include the heart, blood Your
hea
vessels, and blood. The function of this system is
Your heart will b rt
to Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells abou eat
pumps about t 115,0
throughout the body, carry waste materials away 2,000 gallons times 00
from all the cells. It is also the main distribution of blood each each
day
system for all sorts of chemical signals. The day!
cardiovascular system also helps regulate body
temperature. Like all of the systems I’ve done so
far, this system is located all over your body. A
threat to the system is Atherosclerosis, which is a
hardening of the arteries, and can lead to a stroke. The heart can
Another threat is Mitral stenosis. This means the continue to beat
mitral valve is abnormally narrow which can even when it is
disconnected
prevent the blood from flowing smoothly or
from the body.
quickly through it. Lastly is high cholesterol.
Everyone needs cholesterol but too much can form
a thick layer on the inside of the vessels, blocking
blood flow.
 Lungs c
an
float on
water !
The parts of this system include the Most people
nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, only breathe
and the diaphragm. This system through one
inhales oxygen and allows it to be nostril at a
dissolved into the bloodstream and time
removes carbon dioxide from the
bloodstream and exhales it. This
system is located inside your body
under your chest and neck. Threats to
out
this system include: bronchitis - an
e l o se ab er
W at
. of w
inflammation of the lungs larger
airways, emphysema – disease of the 12 oz hrough
t
alveoli of the lungs, and asthma daily ation
r
which is caused by narrowing of the res ip
airways, and causes wheezing and
breathlessness.
 Female
kangaroos
have three
The parts of this system are the testes, vaginas
A female can
ovaries, vagina, uterus, and the penis. give birth to
The function of this system is to about 35
babies in a
produce offspring through sexual This system
lifetime
contains the
reproduction. This system is mainly largest and
located around the pelvic area of your smallest cells
body. Threats to this system are: HIV
- which affects women and men with
infertility, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
(PCOS) - which causes infertility and
cysts, and Pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID) - can lead to problems like
infertility, blocked fallopian tubes, and
ectopic pregnancy.
 Th
mo ere a
r r
cel e ne e
hu ls rv
m in th e
tha an b e
r
A newborn baby's ar n th ain
es ere
The parts of this system are the brain, brain almost triples the tars
M in
Wa ilky
spinal cord, and nerves. This body system in size during the
controls and coordinates the functions of y.
course of its first
the body, receives signals, processes
year.
information, and transmits responses to
other organs. This system is also located
all around your body, under your skin. One
part of this system is located in the skull.
Threats to this system are Alzheimer’s - There are
this affects brain function, memory, and
100 billion
behaviour, Huntington's disease (HD) - an
inherited disease that causes certain nerve neurons in
cells in the brain to waste away, and brain your brain
tumors - is a growth of abnormal cells in alone.
the tissues of the brain.
 e ’T
s canIbSN
Hiccupacah
mby cuhurnrcee of
a ge
ceasutso
ed
o
inpsaepr pen
a t
Th in taem
This system breaks down food, m o ns!
ove
n m h the th tdigt dehdsetni ly.
e h a
absorbs useful substances, and gets rid c a su
ody oug en
o u r b d thr m ev
Y o yste e
of waste. The parts in this body r fo s ar
you estive e you your
i g i l n th
system are the mouth, esophagus, d wh ing o ks wi ge
nd or
sta . It w les. av era ces
e u
stomach, liver, small intestine, large d
hea mu
sc Th prod liva
so n sa
intestine, rectum, and anus. This per ints of ay
2 p ach d
system is located at the mouth, all the e
way down to the anus. Threats
include: Gastritis - inflammation of the
stomach lining, Inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) - long-lasting
inflammation in the digestive tract,
and Hemorrhoids - they are painful,
swollen blood vessels in the anal canal
 ic n
hat
ly mp er tha
The is bigg scular
em ova ves
This system takes fluid that has leaked out of syst cardi nd mo e
ed h e a th
opp e
t em ice a
blood vessels and returns it to the cardiovascular
t st syst out tw uid on
If i ing w ab t of fl
is.
k
wor ld die oun bas
system. The parts of the respiratory system are:
am daily
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and wou 24-48
in
spleen. This system is located all over the body as with ours
h
a network of tubes. These are some threats to the
system Lymphedema - a chronic swelling in one There are around
arm or leg caused by too much lymph fluid, 500 different
lymph nodes in
Lymphoma - which is cancer of the lymph nodes
the body
and starts when lymphocytes grow and multiply
uncontrollably, and Castleman disease - which is a
disease refers to a group of inflammatory disorders
that cause lymph node enlargement and result in
multiple-organ dysfunction.
 s were
et e y
Diab tested b
once ng urine
tasti
This system’s job it to regulate and control growth,
The term
development, and different body functions by hormone has
releasing hormones into the bloodstream. The parts only been used
of it are: various glands throughout the body, such since the early
1900s then
as the pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands; and The bod
y
also ovaries in women and testes in men. This almost 3 makes
0 differ
system and its organs are also located all hormon ent
throughout the body. One disease of this system is
es
Cushing's disease. Cushing’s disease is an
overproduction of a pituitary gland hormone, which
leads to an overactive adrenal gland. Another threat
is Diabetes mellitus which is when the pancreas
either cannot produce insulin, or the provided
insulin cannot be used. Last is Acromegaly. This is
a disorder where the pituitary gland overproduces
growth hormone.
 r
in ou
e b lood 400
h
All t tere
d
is fil the
body through y.
s da
The function of The urinary system is to remove time s every
n ey
The human kid
excess fluid and dissolved waste products from the
bladder can
body and the excretory releases the body’s liquid stretch to hold
and gas waste products. The parts that contribute about 400ml of r
ou
to this are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urine. d in 00
loo d4
urethra. It is located in your lower back area to h e b tere the
lt l h .
Al y is fi roug day
your pelvis area. Some threats are: Enlarged o d t h ry
b es e
ev
prostate - in men, this makes it difficult to empty tim neys
kid
the bladder or urinate, Incontinence - when urine
leaks out of the urethra, and last but not least,
kidney failure. This is what happens when the
kidneys cannot remove waste from the blood.
 Male/Female Reproductive System

● 11 Surprising Facts About the Reproductive System

● Interesting Facts about Human Reproductive System
● Most Common Female Reproductive Problems
Integumentary System
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work
● 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System – Anatomy
& Physiology Nervous System
● 10 Interesting Facts - Integumentary System
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B ● 10 fun facts about the nervous system
● Nervous System Diseases | Neurologic Diseases
Immune System ● Overview of Nervous System Disorders
● Nervous system diseases | healthdirect
● Fun Facts About the Immune System
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B
● Disorders of the Immune System
● Parts of the Immune System
Digestive System
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B
● Digestive System Fun Facts
Muscular System
● 10 Common Digestive Disorders
● What are the main functions of the muscular system? ● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B
● Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Muscular System | Boundless Anatomy
and Physiology Lymphatic System
● Muscular System: Injuries & Disorders - Video & Lesson Transcript
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B ● Ten fast facts about the lymphatic system
● 10 Fast facts about the lymphatic system
Skeletal System ● Lymphatic System: Facts, Functions & Diseases
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B
● 11 Surprising Facts About the Skeletal System
● Skeletal System Overview
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System

● Fun Facts About the Heart You Didn’t Know ● 20 Fun Facts about the Endocrine System
● 15 circulatory system diseases: Symptoms and risk factors ● https://www.healthgrades.com
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B ● Endocrine Diseases
● Endocrine System
Respiratory System ● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B
● 20 Fun Facts about the Respiratory System Excretory/Urinary System
● Respiratory system
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B ● Excretory/Urinary System
● Interesting Facts about Urinary System
● Interactive: Organ Systems at Work | Slide B