ABSTRACT

This paper refers to the control to intensity of street light. During the whole night the street lights
on the highways or bridges remains ON which is the total wastage of electricity. There is a need
to save the electricity as sources of energy is decadent. We can save this electricity by sensing
the approaching vehicle then switches on the block of street light ahead of the vehicle.
This can be achieved with the use of microcontroller, IR transmitter and receiver, we can control
as vehicle passes the intensity of street light. Presently HID lamps are used which is more power
consumable and we cannot control the intensity. To overcome this problem, we will use LEDs,
which is low power consumable.
As the vehicle is sensed by the IR sensor, it sends command to the microcontroller to glow the
LEDs at full intensity. The intensity of the LEDs can be done by using pulse width modulation.
by the intensity of trailing lights will becomes 10% after some delay.
1 INTRODUCTION
This system provides a solution for energy saving. This is achieved by sensing an approaching
vehicle and then switches ON a block of street lights ahead of the vehicle. As the vehicle passes
by, the trailing lights switch OFF automatically. Thus, we save a lot of energy. So when there are
no vehicles on the highway, then all the lights remain OFF. However, there is another mode of
block of street lights switch to 100% intensity and then as the vehicle passes by, the trailing
operation where instead of switching OFF the lights completely, they remain ON with 10% of
the maximum intensity of the light. As the vehicle approaches, the lights revert back to 10%
intensity again. High intensity discharge lamp (HID) presently used for urban street light are
based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not controllable by any voltage
reduction. White Light Emitting Diode (LED) based lamps are soon replacing the HID lamps in
street light.
Intensity control is possible by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) generated by the
microcontroller. Sensors used on either side of the road senses vehicle movement and sends logic
commands to microcontroller to switch ON/OFF the LEDs. Thus this way of dynamically
changing intensity ON/OFF helps in saving a lot of energy. The project uses 8051
microcontrollers. The Street lights are the major requirements in today’s life for safety purposes
and avoiding accidents during night. Providing street lighting is one of the most important and
expensive responsibilities of a city. Lighting can account for10-38% of the total energy bill in
typical cities worldwide. Street lighting is a particularly critical concern for public authorities in
developing countries because of its strategic importance for economic and social stability. The
fixtures of street lights indirectly have assisted the public and government in reduction of crime
rate and accidents in the area. It also encourages social inclusion by providing an environment in
which people feel they can walk in hours of darkness. Despite that in today’s busy lifestyle no
one bothers to switch it OFF/ON when not required. Inefficient lighting wastes significant
financial resources each year, and poor lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy efficient
technologies and design can cut street lighting costs dramatically.
Basic purpose of this project is to make street lights intelligent so that it can turn it on and off
itself. Another feature of this project is that street lights intensity vary according to intensity of
light and number of vehicles on road. Followings are the main features of this project:
Street lights turns itself on automatically during night or darkness. They turn themselves of
automatically during day time and during visible intensity of light. Street lights controls its
intensity automatically according to intensity of light. For example, in evening intensity of light
start decreasing at the same time street lights start increasing its intensity. When there is no
intensity of light in after evening, street lights turn themselves on with full intensity till midnight
at 12:00 am.
There is another feature included in this project that is vehicle detection. Infrared sensor circuit is
used to detect vehicles on road. After 12:00am street lights start decreasing their intensity. At
1:00am street lights turn off automatically. After 1:00 am function of vehicle detection starts. If
there is any vehicle on road after 1:00am, street lights turn on for 2 minutes. After that they turn
off automatically. In other words, after 1:00am street lights turn on only if there is any vehicle on
road. Otherwise they remain off. This process remains till morning. But after having visible
intensity of light during mooring street lights turn off automatically. Advantages of auto intensity
control of street lights: As it names suggest suggests it makes use of street lights very easy. Some
of the main advantages of them are given below:
 No need to control street lights manually.
 Electrical power saving.
 Increases life time of street lights.
 intelligent street lights.
 vehicle detection.
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The main purpose of this project “automatic street light control with different light intensity” is
to minimize the cost & loss of electricity and also man power to manually on- off the street light.
Generally high way street lights are switched on for whole night and during the day, they
are switched off. But during the night time, street lights are not necessary if there is no traffic
that means that if there is no vehicle movement. Thus in our project we are proposing to decrease
the consumption of energy when there is no traffic. saving of energy is very important factor
these days as energy resources are getting reduced day by day. Alternatives for natural resources
are very less and our next generations may face lot of problems because of lack of these natural
resources. Thus we have to decrease the energy consumption and the manpower required.
1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

In his project we developed a simulation program for street lights that glow on vehicle
movement detection along the high way in order to minimize the power consumption. Here the
primary goal is to limit the street lights energy consumption which is proportional to how much
time per day those lights are turned on. Those street lights should be automatically turned ON or
OFF using infra-red sensors that will detect the vehicle movement and transmit the information
to the microcontroller which in return will take action to operate the street lights. The practical
application of our project will be limited in the countries having a shortage of electrical power
energy and in need of reducing the cost of energy consumption; it cannot be generalized or
applied in countries that have enough electrical power or need continuous illumination along
their high ways.
1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

To design and simulate automatic street light control system using light dependent resistor

1.3.2 Specific objectives

1) To study the existing street light control systems.

2) To design energy efficient street light control System.
3) To develop the hardware of control unit.
 4) To test and validate the designed system.

1.4 PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGY

The existing work is use the High intensity discharge lamp (HID). HID presently used for urban
street light are based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not been controllable by
any voltage reduction method as the discharge path is broken.
Disadvantages of Previous System:
 HID lamps consume more power.
 The life time of the HID lamps is very less.
 It cannot be used in all outdoor applications.

1.5 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY

The LED technology is preferred as it offers several advantages over other traditional
technologies
like energy saving due to high current luminous efficiency, low maintenance cost, high color
rendering index, rapid start up speed, long working life etc.
 White Light Emitting Diode (LED) based lamps are soon replacing the HID lamps in
street light.
 As these LEDs can switch faster than HID lamps we can apply PWM concept to these
LEDs.
 LEDs consume less power compared to HID lamps.
 Life time of LEDs is also more.

Fig 1 Different LEDs

IR Sensors & LEDs: - In our project we have used four IR sensors which will detect the object.
(It will detect the presence of vehicles). IR transmitter will transmit IR rays, if any object
(vehicle) comes in range of this IR ray then the object will reflect this IR rays which is sensed by
IR receiver. When object (vehicle) is detected IR Sensors & LEDs: - In our project we have used
four IR sensors which will detect the object. (It will detect the presence of vehicles). IR
transmitter will transmit IR rays, if any object (vehicle) comes in range of this IR ray then the
object will reflect this IR rays which is sensed by IR receiver. When object (vehicle) is detected
it will transmit the signal to the Microcontroller. Initially all the LEDs will be OFF. When
vehicle comes near to the first IR sensor then IR sensor will detect it & first LED will glow with
full intensity & second LED will glow with dim (less) intensity. As vehicle moves forward the
2nd IR sensor will detect its presence, consequently second LED will glow with full intensity as
well as first & third LED will glow with dim (less) intensity. Similarly, when vehicle comes near
to the 3rd IR sensor, 3rd LED will glow with full and 2nd& 4 th LED will glow with dim (less) of
intensity. When no vehicle is detected all LEDs will be off. PIC Microcontroller: - It is the most
important part of our project. When the object (vehicle) will pass through the Street then the IR
sensors will detect the object and then it will give the signal to the corresponding pin of PIC
microcontroller. It will receive the signal from IR Sensor, check conditions and process them
according to program. After that it will give output and control the street lights. It will give full
intensity to the corresponding street light of detected vehicle by IR sensor.it will transmit the
signal to the Microcontroller. Initially all the LEDs will be OFF. When vehicle comes near to
the first IR sensor then IR sensor will detect it & first LED will glow with full intensity & second
LED will glow with dim (less) intensity. As vehicle moves forward the 2nd IR sensor will

detect its presence, consequently second LED will glow with full intensity as well
as first & third LED will glow with dim (less) intensity. When no vehicle is detected all
LEDs will be off.
PIC Microcontroller: - It is the most important part of our project. When the object (vehicle)
will pass through the Street then the IR sensors will detect the object and then it will give the
signal to the corresponding pin of PIC microcontroller. It will receive the signal from IR Sensor,
check conditions and process them according to program. After that it will give output and
control the street lights. It will give full intensity to the corresponding street light of detected
vehicle by IR sensor.
Fig 2 Circuit diagram without vehicle

Fig 3 Circuit diagram with vehicle

1.6 OPERATION OF SYSTEM

There are two basic modes of operation,

1. Transition of streetlights from dark to bright state.
2. Transition of streetlights from dim to bright state.
In the first mode of operation, when the vehicle is not present, all the streetlights will be in dark
state. When a vehicle is sensed then the streetlights is illuminated in front of the vehicle. In the
second mode of operation, initially when the vehicle is not sensed, all the streetlights will be in
dim state. This is achieved by use of pulse width modulation technique through the program
stored in the microcontroller. When a vehicle is not present on the highway, then the streetlights
are made to glow for about 1ms and then for 100ms they are switched off. Thus, we get
streetlights with less brightness. When a vehicle is sensed, all the streetlights are illuminated for
1ms and the streetlights are illuminated for 100ms. Thus we have a PWM wave of 99% duty
cycle.
1.7 APPLICATIONS
 This circuit can be used in real time street lights and highways also.
 This can be used for lights in parking areas of industries, hotels, restaurants, etc.
 This circuit uses LED Bulbs, so it is very low cost and it has more life span.
 Maximum energy can be saved.
 Garden Lights.
 Township Management.
 Museums.
ADVANTAGES
 Complete elimination of manpower
 Reduced energy costs
 Reduced maintenance costs
 Higher community satisfaction
 Higher security aspects
 Fast payback
DISADVANTAGES
 The only disadvantage of this project is that the Capital Cost is high.

1.8 Light Dependent Resistor

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.
Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000000 ohms, but when
they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. Photo sensors are the devices that
alter their electrical characteristics, in the presences of visible or invisible light. The best-known
devices of this type are the light dependent resistor, the photo diode and the phototransistors.
Light dependent resistor as the name suggests depends on light for the variation of resistance.
LDR are made by depositing a film of cadmium sulphide or cadmium selenide on a substrate of
ceramic containing no or very few free electrons when not illuminated. The longer the strip the
more the value of resistance. When light falls on the strip, the resistance decreases. In the
absence of light the resistance can be in the order of 10kΩ to 15kΩ and is called the dark
resistance. Depending on the exposure of lightthe resistance can fall down to value of 500 Ω.
Light dependent resistors are available as discs 0.5cm to 2.5cm. The resistance rises to several
Mega ohms under dark conditions. The figure-1 shows that when the torch is turned on, the
resistance of the LDR decreases, and allows the current to pass through it.

Fig 4 Light dependent resistor

1.8.1 Features of LDR are as follows:

1. High reliability.

2. Light weight.

3. Wide spectral response.

4. Wide ambient temperature range.

2 Literature Review

R. Husain proposed that LED lighting in the street light provides a greater amount of power
consumption in comparison to high pressure sodium lamp due to its various advantages. The
system was designed for automatically turn OFF during the day time and automatically turn ON
during the bad weather and night time.

M. Saad, etal proposed that manual operation for the street light specifically lighting street
light at a particular time of the day and switching them off at another specific time consumes to
be wastage of a lot of electric energy. The proposed paper uses two kinds of sensors, light
sensors and photoelectric sensors. The light sensor will detect darkness to activate the ON/OFF
switch, so the street light will be ready to turn on and the photoelectric sensor will detect
movement to activate the street light. LDR varies according to the quantity of light falling on its
surface.The LDR is controlled by microcontroller PIC16F877A.

G. W. Denardin proposed a control network for LED street lightning system. LEDs have
higher lifetime and higher luminous efficiency and higher CRI, and hence re considered to be the
promising solution to modern street light system. In the proposed control network, during the
peak load time, street lighting system disconnects from the mains, and hence decreases its impact
upon distributed power system automatically. Also management cost is also reduced. In order to
meet the system requirements, a wireless sensor network based on IEEE 802.15.4TM standard is
employed.

Suganya, etal proposed a system which uses LED lamps over high pressure sodium lamps,
etc. This proposed system makes use of infrared photoelectric sensor (G123C3PA) for vehicle
detection. It uses the microcontroller AT89S52. The IR diodes are placed on one side of the road
and photodiodes are placed on the other side of the road, directly facing the IR diodes. When a
vehicle obstructs the IR radiation path, IR radiation is blocked and it does not fall on the
photodiode, which implies that photodiode doesn’t conduct.

R. Priyasree proposed a system for reducing the power consumption of lightning and hence
reducing the insufficient wastage of financial resources. This is done by dimming the street lights
during the less traffic hours. PIR sensors have been used for this purpose. The paper also
discusses
Understand about
the reducing the fatal Review
crashes of
and road
past o accidents caused due to the consumption of
Circuit diagram
alcohol. This is done by using skinreported
project concept sensors related
which are placed in vehicles doors and using breath
design, write
sensors inside
and relevant the vehicle. works, papers,
simulation
2.1theories
Materials required journals etc
program
 Microcontroller
 Sensor
 LED
 LCD
 LDR
 Crystal oscillator

2.2 Methodology

The street light control system adopts a dynamic control methodology.

 Collecting of reference books and project papers relevant to our project
 Drawing a circuit diagram by using proteus software
 Writing a simulation program in micro pro software
 Running the project simulation using proteus software
 microcontroller programming device will be used to upload the software into the
pic microcontroller IC

2.3 Flow chart of methodology

Understand the
 v

Loading the Run the

Checking theFlow chart illustrating the methodology
software into project
results
microcontroller simulation

REFERENCE
[1] Electrical Safety of Street Light Systems, Giuseppe Parise, Fellow, IEEE, Luigi Martirano,
Senior Member, IEEE, and Massimo Mitolo, Senior Member, IEEE, VOL. 26, NO. 3, JULY
2011.
[2] Design and fabrication of automatic street light control system, M. A. Wazed, N. Nafis, M.
T. Islam and, Vol. 5, No. 1,June 2010, pp 27-34
[3] “Survey on Street Lighting System Based On Vehicle Movements” - ISSN: 2319-8753
[4] www.microcontrollerslab.com/auto-intensity-control-street-lights-using-pic-
microcontroller/s
[5] Ahmed sharique Anees, Anupriya, Ayushy Chowdhary, Shalini Dubey, Shweta Verma "Solar
Powered Led Streetlight With Automatic Intensity Control," International Journal Of Innovative
Research In Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation And Control Engineering, vol. 3, no. 6, pp.
32-36, June 2013.