Chapter 1

IMNW 6211
Mobile Broadband and

Multimedia Networks
Presented by,
Dr. M. Viju Prakash,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science,
College of Informatics,
Kombolcha Institute of Technology (KIoT),
Wollo University, Ethiopia.
Assessment and Grading System
• Assignment(s) – 20%
• Project(s) – 30% (Practical/Laboratory)
• Final Written Examination – 50%
Chapter - 1
1. Mobile Broadband Communication
1.1. Introduction and Evolution
1.2. Future Trends
1.3. Key Technological Issues and Ongoing Activities
1.4. Mobile Broadband Convergence Network
Introduction and Evolution
Broadband - Introduction
• In telecommunications, broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which
transports multiple signals and traffic types. There are two types.
1. Fixed Broadband
2. Mobile Broadband
• Broadband includes several high-speed transmission technologies such as:

1. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
2. Cable Modem
3. Fiber
4. Wireless
5. Satellite
6. Broadband over Powerlines (BPL).
NB:- Bandwidth means a range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that
used for transmitting a signal.
Broadband - Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• DSL is a wireline transmission technology that transmits data faster over
traditional copper telephone lines already installed to homes and businesses.
DSL-based broadband provides transmission speeds ranging from several
hundred Kbps to millions of bits per second (Mbps). The availability and speed of
your DSL service may depend on the distance from your home or business to the
closest telephone company facility.
• The following are types of DSL transmission technologies:
• Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) – Used primarily by residential

customers, such as Internet surfers, who receive a lot of data but do not send
much. ADSL typically provides faster speed in the downstream direction than the
upstream direction. ADSL allows faster downstream data transmission over the
same line used to provide voice service, without disrupting regular telephone
calls on that line.
• Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) – Used typically by businesses for
services such as video conferencing, which need significant bandwidth both
upstream and downstream.
Broadband - Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Broadband – Cable Modem
• Cable modem service enables cable operators to provide broadband
using the same coaxial cables that deliver pictures and sound to your
TV set.
• Most cable modems are external devices that have two connections:
one to the cable wall outlet, the other to a computer. They provide
transmission speeds of 1.5 Mbps or more.
• Subscribers can access their cable modem service by simply turning

on their computers, without dialing-up an ISP. You can still watch
cable TV while using it. Transmission speeds vary depending on the
type of cable modem, cable network, and traffic load. Speeds are
comparable to DSL.
Broadband – Cable Modem
Broadband - Fiber
• Fiber optic technology converts electrical signals carrying data to light and
sends the light through transparent glass fibers about the diameter of a
human hair. Fiber transmits data at speeds far exceeding current DSL or
cable modem speeds, typically by tens or even hundreds of Mbps.
• The actual speed you experience will vary depending on a variety of
factors, such as how close to your computer the service provider brings the
fiber and how the service provider configures the service, including the
amount of bandwidth used. The same fiber providing your broadband can
also simultaneously deliver voice (VoIP) and video services, including video-
on-demand.
• Telecommunications providers sometimes offer fiber broadband in limited
areas and have announced plans to expand their fiber networks and offer
bundled voice, Internet access, and video services.
Broadband - Fiber
Broadband – Wireless Broadband
• Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a
radio link between the customer’s location and the service provider’s
facility. Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed.
• Wireless technologies using longer-range directional equipment provide
broadband service in remote or sparsely populated areas where DSL or
cable modem service would be costly to provide. Speeds are generally
comparable to DSL and cable modem. An external antenna is usually
required.
• Wireless broadband Internet access services offered over fixed networks
allow consumers to access the Internet from a fixed point while stationary
and often require a direct line-of-sight between the wireless transmitter
and receiver. These services have been offered using both licensed
spectrum and unlicensed devices. For example, thousands of small
Wireless Internet Services Providers (WISPs) provide such wireless
broadband at speeds of around one Mbps using unlicensed devices, often
in rural areas not served by cable or wireline broadband networks.
• Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) provide wireless broadband
access over shorter distances and are often used to extend the reach
of a "last-mile" wireline or fixed wireless broadband connection
within a home, building, or campus environment. Wi-Fi networks use
unlicensed devices and can be designed for private access within a
home or business, or be used for public Internet access at "hot spots"
such as restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, airports, convention
centers, and city parks.
• Mobile wireless broadband services are also becoming available from
mobile telephone service providers and others. These services are
generally appropriate for highly-mobile customers and require a
special PC card with a built in antenna that plugs into a user’s laptop
computer. Generally, they provide lower speeds, in the range of
several hundred Kbps.
Broadband – Satellite
• Just as satellites orbiting the earth provide necessary links for
telephone and television service, they can also provide links for
broadband. Satellite broadband is another form of wireless
broadband, and is also useful for serving remote or sparsely
populated areas.
• Downstream and upstream speeds for satellite broadband depend on
several factors, including the provider and service package purchased,
the consumer’s line of sight to the orbiting satellite, and the weather.
• Typically a consumer can expect to receive (download) at a speed of
about 500 Kbps and send (upload) at a speed of about 80 Kbps. These
speeds may be slower than DSL and cable modem, but they are about
10 times faster than the download speed with dial-up Internet access.
Service can be disrupted in extreme weather conditions.
Broadband – Satellite
Broadband – Broadband over Powerline (BPL)
• Broadband over Powerline (BPL) is the delivery of broadband over the
existing low and medium-voltage electric power distribution network.
BPL speeds are comparable to DSL and cable modem speeds.
• BPL can be provided to homes using existing electrical connections

and outlets.
• BPL is an emerging technology that is available in very limited areas. It

has significant potential because power lines are installed virtually
everywhere, alleviating the need to build new broadband facilities for
every customer.
Broadband – Broadband over Powerline (BPL)
Advantages of Fixed Line Broadband
• It's more widely available. If you can get a landline, you can almost
certainly get fixed line broadband. 4G coverage, however, is a lot
more patchy, with most networks covering somewhere between 75%
and 95% of the population. 3G usually has better coverage, but with
far slower speeds.
• It's more reliable. Fixed broadband has much lower latency, making it
better for things like games and video calls.
• Download limits are usually far higher than mobile broadband of the
same price.
Mobile Broadband - Introduction
• Mobile broadband works by connecting to a mobile network with a
SIM card. It's the internet you connect to when you're out and about
with your smartphone, either 3G or the faster and more reliable 4G.
• You can connect to mobile broadband by using a dongle, portable Wi-

Fi hotspot, a SIM card in a tablet or laptop, or by tethering from your
mobile phone.
Advantages of mobile broadband
• It's portable. You can take your dongle, Wi-Fi hotspot, mi-fi, or phone
anywhere - whether you're travelling, moving home, streaming music
in your car, or popping to a local café to do some work. On the other
hand, fixed broadband is, well, fixed, and can only be used at home.
• It's a great way of getting broadband in areas where a fixed line is a
bit iffy or difficult to reach - especially in rural areas.
• There's no need for line rental. All you need is a SIM and a compatible
device.
• Mobile broadband plans are usually a lot more flexible. Some
networks provide monthly rolling contracts or pay-as-you-go deals -
whereas fixed line broadband is almost always on at least a 12-month
contract, and you'll be hard pressed to find it on a pay-as-you-go
basis.
Evolution of Cellular Networks to Mobile Broadband Access
• Since their initial arrival in the late 1970s, cellular networks and technology
have evolved considerably, with successive generations, (2G through 5G)
representing significant milestones in the development of mobile
connectivity.
• First Generation
• Although not called 1G at the time, first generation mobile networks

emerged in Japan in 1979, before rolling out to other countries such as the
USA (1980), and the UK (1985).
• Based on an analogue technology known as Advanced Mobile Phone
System (AMPS), which used Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
modulation, 1G networks offered a channel capacity of 30KHz and a speed
of 2.4kbps.
• 1G networks only allowed voice calls to be made, suffered from reliability
and signal interference issues and had limited protection against hackers.
• First Generation - Drawbacks
• The main drawback of 1g technology is that it uses analog signals rather

than digital signals. This is a less effective means of transmitting
information. It is slower, and the signals cannot reach as far in terms of
secluded areas and such 2G and 3G signal is far more widespread.
• The analog signals are more likely to suffer interference problems. It makes
the use of the mobile phone with the analog signal more difficult.
• 1G mobile phones appears bulky and awkward by modern standards.
• It offers poor voice links. It has no security at all since the voice calls were
played back in the radio towers. So, these calls are susceptible to the
unwanted eavesdropping by the third parties .
• Second Generation (2G)
• Based on digital signaling technology, Global System for Mobile

Communication (GSM), which increased security and capacity, 2G networks
offered bandwidths of 30KHz to 200KHz and allowed users to send SMS
and MMS messages, although at low speeds, up to 64kbps.
• Continuous improvement of GSM technology led to the introduction of so-
called 2.5G, which incorporated packet switching in the form of GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service) and also EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global
Evolution) technology.
• 2.5G enabled data-rates up to 144kbps, enabling users to send and receive
e-mail messages and browse the web.
• Second Generation (2G)
• 2G Technologies ( second generation technologies ) are either time division

multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA).
• TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots. CDMA allocates each
user the special code to communicate over a physical channel.
• The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the
handsets. The lower powered radio signals require less battery power. So,
the phones last longer between the charges & the batteries can be smaller.
• Second Generation (2G) - Advantages
• 2G technology offers improved privacy that was not possible with the
earlier technologies.
• 2G phones are more private than 1G phones which have no protection
whatsoever against eavesdropping.
• The digital cellular calls are harder to eavesdrop on by use of the radio
scanners.
• Second Generation (2G) - Drawbacks
• You can see many advantages of 2G technology, but using the 2G

technology requires powerful digital signals to help the mobile phones
work. But the digital signals could be weak if there is no network coverage
in any specific area.
• The weaker digital signal transmitted by the cellular phone cannot be
sufficient to reach the cell tower in less populous areas.
• The digital signal has jagged decay curve, unlike the analog that has a
smooth decay curve. Under unfavorable conditions, the digital will have
occasional dropouts and may fail completely if the conditions worsen. As
distance increases, the analog reception degrades gradually, but digital
reception abruptly transitions from clear reception to no reception .
• Third Generation (3G)
• The arrival in the year 2000 of 3G, known as UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) in Europe and CDMA2000 in the USA, heralded a
change in the way mobile phones were used and viewed by the end user,
becoming less about voice calls, more about social connectivity.
• Also based on GSM, the main aim of 3G was to support high-speed data and the
original 3G technology allowed data-rates up to 14Mbps. With its ability to
transmit greater amounts of data at higher speeds, 3G enabled users to make
video calls, surf the web, share files, play online games and even watch TV
online.
• Whereas 2G networks would enable a 3-minute MP3 song to be downloaded in
around 6-9 minutes, the same file would take anywhere between 11 and 90
seconds to download on a 3G network. Today the most common use for 3G
networks is as a backup for 4G.
• Third Generation (3G) - Drawbacks
• The problem with the availability of handsets in few regions & their costs.
• 3G networks need different devices and the power consumption is high.
• 3G technology requires closer base stations and they are expensive.
• The spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs & handset subsidies
subscribers are tremendous. The cost of cellular infrastructure & upgrading
base stations is very high.
• Fourth Generation (4G)
• The introduction of 4G really steered in the era of the smartphone and

hand-held mobile device. 4G is the first generation to use Long-Term
Evolution (LTE) technology to deliver theoretical download speeds of
between 10Mbps and 1Gbps, offering end users better latency (less
buffering), improved voice quality, instant messaging services and social
media, quality streaming and faster download speeds.
• 4G is also the first IP-based mobile network, handling voice as just another
service and the technology is being developed to accommodate the Quality
of Service (QoS) and rate requirements required by applications including
wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video
chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB).
• In the relatively short time since their introduction however, 4G networks are
already struggling to cope with the demands placed upon them.
• Driven by emerging technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality
(VR), autonomous vehicles and the exponential growth of the Internet of Things
(IoT), global demand for mobile bandwidth is growing at an explosive rate.
• Ericsson predicts a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 39 per cent in
global mobile data traffic between now and 2023, equating to a total of 107
Exabytes (EB) (1 exabyte (EB) = 1018bytes = 1,0006bytes = 1000000000000000000
bytes = 1,000 petabytes = 1 million terabytes = 1 billion gigabytes) per month.
• As well as being bandwidth hungry, emerging applications need higher speeds
and lower latencies and the growing number of IoT devices is fueling demand for
ever higher numbers of connections – to over 29 billion by 2022, according to
Ericsson.
• Realizing that 4G/LTE networks will ultimately reach capacity, the International
Telecommunications Union, (ITU), in 2015, defined the requirements
specification for 5G.
What is augmented reality?
• Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world
environment where the objects that reside in the real world are
enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information.
What is virtual reality?
• Virtual reality (VR) refers to a computer-generated simulation in
which a person can interact within an artificial three-dimensional
environment using electronic devices, such as special goggles with a
screen or gloves fitted with sensors.
What is an autonomous vehicle?
• An autonomous vehicle utilizes a fully automated driving system in
order to allow the vehicle to respond to external conditions that a
human driver would manage.
• Fourth Generation (4G) - Drawbacks
• The consumer is forced to buy a new device to support the 4G (your

current equipment cannot be compatible with the 4G network. It has
different network bands for different phones).
• New frequencies means new components in the cell towers make 4G is
expensive & hard to implement.
• 4G technology use many antennae & transmitters. You would experience
much poorer battery life on your mobile, while on this network. So, you
would have to use larger mobile devices with more battery power to be
able to stay online for longer periods of time.
Future Trends
• Fifth Generation (5G)
• Throughputs up to 20Gbps (100 times faster than 4G networks) aim to

satisfy the growing hunger for bandwidth; latencies of 1millisec to
10millisec (10millisec to 20millisec for 4G) will enable near-real time
response rates; and connection densities of 1000 to 1 Million devices per
square kilometer (100 times more than 4G) will support the growing
numbers of IoT devices and sensors.
• NB:- A millisecond is 1/1000 of a second.

• Fifth Generation (5G) - Advantages
• The golden triangle of 5G technology requirements are Latency,

Connection Density and Throughput.
• To reach latency levels below 10ms will challenge the laws of physics and
network layout topologies.
• Low latency is a fundamental requirement for business use cases that
require communications which are instantaneous and ultra-reliable, such
as remote surgical procedures and self-automated driving.
• Moving onto Connection Density - 5G networks can provide up to a million

connections per square kilometer (supporting a mass amount of
concurrent connections).
• With the increase in popularity of IoT applications (i.e. Smart Wearable

Technology, Smart Home Technology, Smart Cities, Smart Grids) the high
connection density of 5G is a vital capability that will enable Mass-Machine
Time Communication (M-MTC) use cases and satisfy the demands of a
digital society.
• The aspiration for 5G is to deliver 10 Gbps throughput that will enable the
use cases for Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), providing an
infrastructure platform for new services such as VR (Virtual Reality), AR
(Augmented Reality) and UHD (Ultra High Definition with a pixel rate of
3840x2160P).
Key Technological Issues and Ongoing
Activities
• Key Requirements for Fifth Generation (5G)
1. Spectral Efficiency
2. NFV/SDN strategy
3. Network Slicing
4. Edge Computing
5. Radio Access Network (RAN)
• Key Requirements for Fifth Generation (5G) – Spectral Efficiency
• Spectrum at higher frequencies with larger bandwidths will be required to

provide the necessary capacity to support a very high number of
connected devices and to enable higher speeds to concurrently connected
devices. Spectral efficiency is commanding as operators begin running out
of capacity on their networks.
• 5G will be introduced in higher frequency bands with many operators
expected to deploy their 5G systems in the mmW (Millimeter Waves)
frequency band level. Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum is a limited natural
resource, supporting the continuous growth of wireless technologies,
systems and services.
• As the available amount of RF spectrum becomes saturated in high-density
environments, new spectrum efficiency methods must be taken into
considerations.
• Massive MIMO technology uses multiple antennas to transmit signals

simultaneously, performing both input and output functions within the
same spectrum allocation, along with beamforming, which is a technique
used to focus radio interfaces into a beam for directional signal
transmission and reception, increasing overall RF spectrum efficiency can
ultimately improving user experience.
• Beamforming is a technique that focuses a wireless signal towards a

specific receiving device, rather than having the signal spread in all
directions from a broadcast antenna, as it normally would. The resulting
more direct connection is faster and more reliable than it would be without
beamforming.
• Key Requirements for Fifth Generation (5G) – NFV/SDN strategy
• Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is the migration of Physical

Network Functions (PNF) into Virtualized Network Functions (VNF) and the
Cloudification of application programs.
• Common VNFs include virtualized routers, firewalls, WAN optimization, and
network address translation (NAT) services. Most VNFs are run in virtual
machines (VMs) on common virtualization infrastructure software such as
VMWare or KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine)
• Key Requirements for Fifth Generation (5G) – NFV/SDN strategy
• Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an extension to the Cloud

Architecture and NFV, performing dynamic configuration of the network
topology from a centralized software-based control pane, based upon load
and demand (i.e. directing additional network capacity to where it is
needed to maintain the quality of customer experience at peak data
consumption times).
• Key Requirements for Fifth Generation (5G) – Network Slicing
• Network Slicing is a function that enables dedicated and logical functional

layers (slices) on top of a shared physical infrastructure, providing an end to
end virtual network across multiple domains.
• Key Requirements for Fifth Generation (5G) – Edge Computing
• Finally we must consider Edge Computing, which is a technology

requirement strongly linked to connected cars as it is function of processing
application data closer to the users at the edge of the mobile network,
enabling the network to deliver ultra-low latency for critical business use
cases (i.e. self-driving car) or enhanced user experiences (i.e. AR/VR).
• Key Requirements for Fifth Generation (5G) – Radio Access Network
• A Radio Access Network (RAN) is the part of a telecommunications system

that connects individual devices to other parts of a network through radio
connections.
• A RAN resides between user equipment (UE), such as a mobile phone, a
computer or any remotely controlled machine, and provides the
connection with its core network.
• The RAN is a major component of wireless telecommunications and has
evolved through the generations of mobile networking leading up to 5G.
• Key Requirements for Fifth Generation (5G) – Radio Access Network
• A handset or other device is wirelessly connected to a backbone, or core

network, and the RAN sends its signal to various wireless end points, so it
can travel with other networks’ traffic.
• A single handset/phone could be connected at the same time to multiple
RANs, which is sometimes called dual-mode handsets.
• Components of the RAN include a base station and antennas that cover a
given region depending on their capacity, plus required core network
items.
Key Technological Issues & Ongoing Activities
• I’ve listed few key technological issues and ongoing research activities on
mobile broadband here.
1. Handoff management
2. Content delivery network
3. Innovative Wireless Technologies
• Handoff management
• Handoff management is the process by which a mobile node keeps its

connection active when it moves from one access point to another.
• There are three stages in a handoff process.
• Initiation: This phase monitors the network status to trigger the migration.
Monitoring can either be performed at the client side (client-initiated
handoff) or at the network side (network initiated handoff).
• Decision: This phase takes care of the selection of a new AP among the
available ones. The decision can either be managed by the client device
(client-controlled handoff) or by the network (network-controlled handoff).
Generally, this phase also includes the discovery of possible target APs.
• Execution: This phase is in charge of dropping the connection to the old AP

and establishing the new connection with the selected target AP. Execution
may also include all those QoS adaptation operations needed to guarantee
service continuity, for example, the execution of multimedia downscaling
to adapt deliver data flows to fit the characteristics of the target wireless
access network.
• Depending on the movement of the mobile device, it may undergo various
types of handoff. In a broad sense, handoffs may be of two types: (i) intra-
system handoff (horizontal handoff) and (ii) inter-system handoff (vertical
handoff).
• Handoffs in homogeneous networks are referred to as intra-system
handoffs. This type of handoff occurs when the signal strength of the
serving BS goes below a certain threshold value.
• An inter-system handoff between heterogeneous networks may arise in
the following scenarios - (i) when a user moves out of the serving network
and enters an overlying network, (ii) when a user connected to a network
chooses to handoff to an underlying or overlaid network for his/her service
requirements, (iii) when the overall load on the network is required to be
distributed among different systems.
• Content delivery network
• A content delivery network, or content distribution network (CDN), is a

geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers.
• The goal is to provide high availability and performance by distributing the
service spatially relative to end users.
• CDN nodes are usually deployed in multiple locations, often over multiple
Internet backbones. Benefits include reducing bandwidth costs, improving
page load times, or increasing global availability of content.
• Innovative wireless technologies
• Here I’ve listed few innovative wireless technologies which are related to
mobile broadband.
1. eSIM
2. Dual Sim
3. Private LTE
4. 6G
• Innovative wireless technologies – eSIM
• The term "eSIM" simply means an embedded SIM card. There are no
physical SIM cards involved and no physical swapping over required by you.
eSIM needs to be supported by the network or carrier and enabled by
them and not all networks support eSIM as yet.
• An eSIM is basically a small chip inside our phone and works in a similar
way to the NFC (Near Field Communication) chip that's used for payment.
• The information on an eSIM is rewritable, meaning we can decide to
change our operator with a simple phone call.
• Innovative wireless technologies – Dual SIM
• Some mobile phones support use of two SIM cards, described as dual SIM
operation. When a second SIM card is installed, the phone either allows
users to switch between two separate mobile network services manually,
has hardware support for keeping both connections in a "standby" state for
automatic switching, or has individual transceivers for maintaining both
network connections at once.
• Dual SIM phones will usually have two unique IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity) numbers, one for each SIM slot.
• Innovative wireless technologies – Private LTE
• Private LTE (P-LTE)s is a network that is run specifically for the benefit of an
organization, such as a utility, factory or police department. Only
authorized users of that organization have access to the network. The
organization decides where there will be coverage, how the network will
perform, who has access and priority.
• This is in contrast to a public LTE network, which would be run for the
benefit of anyone willing to pay the monthly fee.
• Innovative wireless technologies – 6G
• 6G is expected to support data rates of 1 terabyte per second (Tbps) which

means 1024 gigabytes.
• 6G is expected to launch commercially in 2030 around the world.
• 6G is being developed in response to the increasingly distributed radio
access network (RAN) and the desire to take advantage of the terahertz
(THz) spectrum to increase capacity, lower latency and improve spectrum
sharing efficiency.
Mobile Broadband Convergence Network
• What is convergence?
• Convergence in networking occurs when one network provider delivers
networking services for voice, data, and video in a single network offering,
instead of providing a separate network for each of these services. This
allows a business to use one network from one provider for all
communication and cloud-based services.
• Benefits of Network Convergence
• Consistent performance on the same network: Network convergence
allows all network services—voice, data, video—to be delivered over the
same network with consistent performance.
• Universal security: Network convergence also allows large corporate,
government, and university IT departments to apply firewall rules,
automated anti-virus and malware scanning, and other security measures,
universally across all data connections.
• Converged Network Challenges
• Many services across many devices: Running all of a company’s
communications and cloud-based services over a converged network
requires that IT teams carefully manage the dynamic bandwidth
requirements of different services across many types of devices.
• If a cybercriminal breaches security, greater risk: If a cybercriminal is able
to penetrate the security measures for a converged network, all parts of
the network may potentially be vulnerable, not just one siloed area.
• Constraint due to competing standards: Legislation regulating different
spectrum bandwidths or frequencies for specific technologies has
historically constrained converged network solutions. Currently, there are
competing standards for networking that organizations must adhere to.
Fiber connections, broadband, DSL, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, WAN/SAN, and mobile
can all have different requirements for video, text, data, and voice
transmissions.
• Types in Mobile Broadband Convergence Network
1. Fixed to mobile convergence (FMC)
2. Mobile to mobile convergence (MMC)
• Fixed to mobile convergence (FMC) is a transition point in the

telecommunications industry that will finally remove the distinctions
between fixed and mobile networks, providing a superior experience to
customers by creating seamless services using a combination of fixed
broadband and local access wireless technologies to meet their needs in
homes, offices, other buildings and on the go.
• Types in Mobile Broadband Convergence Network
1. Fixed to mobile convergence (FMC)
2. Mobile to mobile convergence (MMC)
• Mobile-to-mobile convergence (MMC) is an innovative technology that

helps mobile devices connect with various kinds of networks and
automatically switch between a cellular network and Wi-Fi connection
without manual intervention. It provides a replacement for standard
cellular and wireless solutions.
• MMC may be enabled on any mobile device with the appropriate

hardware. For example, smartphones, softphone-equipped devices and
cellular phones can use MMC to automatically switch between cellular and
Wi-Fi networks.

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IMNW 6211

Mobile Broadband and

• Broadband includes several high-speed transmission technologies such as:

• The following are types of DSL transmission technologies:

• Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) – Used primarily by residential

• Subscribers can access their cable modem service by simply turning

• BPL can be provided to homes using existing electrical connections

• BPL is an emerging technology that is available in very limited areas. It

• You can connect to mobile broadband by using a dongle, portable Wi-

• Although not called 1G at the time, first generation mobile networks

• The main drawback of 1g technology is that it uses analog signals rather

• Based on digital signaling technology, Global System for Mobile

• 2G Technologies ( second generation technologies ) are either time division

• You can see many advantages of 2G technology, but using the 2G

• The introduction of 4G really steered in the era of the smartphone and

• The consumer is forced to buy a new device to support the 4G (your

• Throughputs up to 20Gbps (100 times faster than 4G networks) aim to

• NB:- A millisecond is 1/1000 of a second.

• The golden triangle of 5G technology requirements are Latency,

• Moving onto Connection Density - 5G networks can provide up to a million

• With the increase in popularity of IoT applications (i.e. Smart Wearable

• Spectrum at higher frequencies with larger bandwidths will be required to

• Massive MIMO technology uses multiple antennas to transmit signals

• Beamforming is a technique that focuses a wireless signal towards a

• Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is the migration of Physical

• Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an extension to the Cloud

• Network Slicing is a function that enables dedicated and logical functional

• Finally we must consider Edge Computing, which is a technology

• A Radio Access Network (RAN) is the part of a telecommunications system

• A handset or other device is wirelessly connected to a backbone, or core

• Handoff management is the process by which a mobile node keeps its

• Execution: This phase is in charge of dropping the connection to the old AP

• A content delivery network, or content distribution network (CDN), is a

• 6G is expected to support data rates of 1 terabyte per second (Tbps) which

• Fixed to mobile convergence (FMC) is a transition point in the

• Mobile-to-mobile convergence (MMC) is an innovative technology that

• MMC may be enabled on any mobile device with the appropriate

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