Week 4:

Grantham University

12/27/2016

QUESTION 6
For each of the following characteristic equations, write the corresponding differential equation
and find all roots whether real, imaginary or complex

a) 4s+9

dy dy 9
4 +9 y=0 + y=0
The differential equation is dt which simplifies to dt 4

The root of equation is evaluated as

4s+9=0

−9
s=
4

b) 2s-4

dy dy
2 −4 y=0 −2 y =0
The differential equation is dt which simplifies to dt

The root of the equation is evaluated as:

2s-4=0

2s=4

S=4/2=2

2
c) s +7 s +1

d2 y dy
The differential equation for the characteristic equation is 2
+ 7 + y=0
dt dt

−b ± √ b2−4 ac
The zeroes of the equation are evaluated using the quadratic formula x=
2a

The coefficient a=1, b=7, c=1

−7 ± √ 49−4
s=
2
The root of the equation are s=(-7+ 6.7082)/2=-0.1459

And s=(-7-6.7082)/2=-6.8541

The roots of the equation are(-6.8541, -0.1459)

2 d2 y dy
d) 5 s + 8 s+ 18 , The differential equation is 5 2
+ 8 + 18 y=0
dt dt

The differential equation is simplified by dividing through by 5 as follows

d 2 y 8 dy 18
2
+ + y=0
d t 5 dt 5

The roots of the equation are evaluated using the quadratic formula as follows:

−b ± √ b 2−4 ac
s=
2a

The coefficients of the equations are a=5, b=8, c=18

−8 ± √ 64−360
s=
10

The equation simplifies to

−8 ± √ −296
s=
10

−8 ±17.205 i
s=
10

Thus the roots of the equation are (-0.8+1.7205i, -0.8-1.7205i)

QUESTION 9

The switch in fig8.55 has been on for ridiculously long time before suddenly being thrown open
at t=0.
a) Obtain the expressions for iL and v in the circuit of fig 8.55 which are valid for all t≥0.

b) Calculate iL(t) and V(t) at the instant prior to opening of the switch at the instant just after the switch
opening and at t=470us
−3
40∗10
a) The time constant of the circuit is L/R= =¿ 0.00047059
85

The current through the resistor iL 10/50=0.2A

The current through the resistor after the switch is turned off is expressed as
−t
IL=Io e τ =0.2 e−2125 t A

−2125t
The voltage across the 25Ω is equal to V=0.2 e ∗25=5 e−2125t V

b) Prior to opening the switch

The inductor acts as a short circuit
10 V
Io= =0.2 A
50 Ω

The voltage across the 25Ω resistor is equal to:

25
V = ∗10 V =7.1429 V
35

After 470us the current through the inductor is equal to:

−6

0.2 e−2125 t=0.2e−2125∗470∗10 =73.6679 mA

The voltage across the 25Ω resistor is equal to:
−6
−2125t
V=0.2 e ∗25=5 e−2125t V =5 e−2125∗470∗10 =1.8417 V

QUESTION 21

We can safely assume the switch in circuit of fig 8.59 was closed for a very long time prior to
being thrown open at t=0.

a) Determine the circuit time constant

−3
The time constant of the circuit is τ =R∗C=21∗50∗10 =1.05 sec
b) Obtain the expression for i1(t)which is valid for t>0
 −t −t
Vo RC 8 1.05
The expression of the current i1 is i1= R e = 21 e

c) Determine the power dissipated by the 12Ω resistor at t=500ms

At a time equal to 500ms the current though the resistor is I=

−3

0.38095∗e−500∗10 /1.05
=0.38095∗0.62115=0.23663

The power dissipated by the resistor P=I^2*R= 0.23663* 0.23663*12= 0.67193W

CHAPTER 9

QUESTION 4

Calculate α, w0, s1 and s2 for a source free parallel RLC circuit if

a) R=4Ω, L=2.22H, and C=12.5mF

1 1
= =10
For a parallel RLC the value α= 2 RC 2∗4∗12.5∗10−3

1 1
= =6 rad / sec
The resonant frequency= √ LC √ 2.22∗12.5∗10−3
The values of s1 and s2 are determined as follows:
s 1=−α + √α 2−w 02=−10+ √10 2−62=−2

s 2=−α −√ α 2−w 02=−10−√10 2−62=−18

b) L=1nH, C=1pF and R is 1% of the value required to make the circuit under-damped
The circuit parameters are L=1nH, C=1pF
The value of R is 1% of the value required to make the circuit under-damped.
R=4*1/100
=0.04Ω
L=2.22H
C=12.5mF
1 1
α= = =1000
2 RC 2∗0.04∗12.5∗10−3
 1 1
= =6 rad / sec
The resonant frequency= √ LC √ 2.22∗12.5∗10−3

s 1=−α + √α 2−w 02=−1000+ √ 1000 2−62=−0.0180

s 2=−α −√ α 2−w 02=−1000−√1000 2−62=−1999.98199

c) Calculate the damping ratio for the circuits in part (a) and (b)
αa 10
Dampingratio= = =0.01
αb 1000

QUESTION 11

The current flowing through a 5Ω resistor in a source free parallel RLC circuit is determined to
−t −8 t
be iR = 2 e −3 e ,t >0

Determine

a) The maximum current occurs when di/dt =0

−t −8 t
The expression for the current is iR(t)= 2 e −3 e

di
=−2 e−t + 24 e−8 t
Differentiating the equation we have dt

Equating the derivative to zero we have

−t −8 t
2 e =24 e

1
=e−7 t
Diving through by 24 we have and e^-t we have 12

Taking the natural logarithms of both sides we have

ln ( 121 )=−7 tlne
-2.4849=-7t
The value of t is equal to 0.35499s

The maximum current is 1.2271A

b) The maximum current is 1.2271A

1% IR(t)=1.2271A/100
=0.012271A
2 e −3 e−8 t=0.01227
−t

Considering the high constant term

−t
2 e =0.01227

e−t=0.0061
Taking the natural logarithms for both sides
−t=ln ⁡( 0.0061)

T=5.0937s
Settling time=5.0937s

c) The time corresponding to the resistor absorbing 2.5W of power.

2
2.5=( 2−t−3 e−8 t ) ∗5

(4 e−2 t + 9 e−16 t −12 e−9 t )∗5=2.5

20 e−2 t + 45 e−16t −60 e 9 t =2.5

Solving the equation gives the value of t to be equal to:
T=1.038s

Question 46

a) The damping ratio is determined as follows:

R 140
α= = =5.8333
2 L 2∗12

b) The resonant frequency

1 1
W 0= = =0.4082rad / sec
√ LC √ 12∗0.5
c) Io-=0.5A
And since the inductor opposes sudden change in current
I0-=I0+=0.5A
I0+=0.5A
d) VC(0-)=140*I(0-)
=140Ω*0.5A
=70V
e) The current after 6sec is calculated as follows: