Chapter 7

Stress and Strain

 Introduction
7.1 STRESS
7.2 PLANE STRESS
7.3 MORH’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS
7.4 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
7.5 STRAIN
7.6 PLANE STRAIN
7.7 MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN
7.8 STRAIN ROSETTE
 Plane strain
 The three-dimensional strain analysis can be analysis based on
two-dimensional strain analysis under special conditions.

 One normal strain and two shear strain are zeros:

𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 𝛾𝑧𝑥 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0

 Transformation of plane strain
Plane strain element Transformation of plane strain element

𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚 𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 𝜸𝒙𝒚
𝜺𝒙′ = + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚 𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 𝜸𝒙𝒚
𝜺𝒚′ = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝜸𝒙′ 𝒚′ = − 𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽

 Mohr’s circle for plane strain
 If the side associated with ɛx
rotates anti-clockwise, point X
is located below the ɛ axis and ∆𝑠
point Y above.
 If the side associated with ɛx ∆𝑠
rotates clockwise, point X is ∆𝑠 + 𝜀𝑥
𝜋
located above the ɛ axis and + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
point Y below. 2

𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚
𝜺𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝟐

𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 𝟐 𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝟐
𝑹= +
𝟐 𝟐 𝑌
 𝜺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜺𝒂𝒗𝒆 + 𝑹

𝜺𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝑹

𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚
𝜺𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝟐

𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 𝟐 𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝟐
𝑹= +
𝟐 𝟐

𝟐𝜸𝒙𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝒑 =
(𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 )
 𝟐
𝜸𝒎𝒂𝒙(𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆) = 𝟐𝑹 = 𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 + 𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝟐
Question:
In a material in a state of plane strain, it is known that the
horizontal side of a 10 × 10 mm square elongates by 4 mm, while
its vertical side remains unchanged, and that the angle at the
lower left corner increase by 0.4 × 10-3 rad. Determine
(a) The principal axes and principal strains
(b) The maximum shearing strain and the
corresponding normal strain.
 Solution:
(a) principal axes and principal strains:
(b) maximum shearing strain and the
corresponding normal strain:

𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑅 = 566 𝜇
 Strain rosette
 Strain gage is the most common device to measure
strain.
 Single gage will yield only a normal strain in the
direction of gage.
When rosette is aligned at 45˚,

𝜀1 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 𝜃1 + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃1 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1

𝜀2 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 𝜃2 + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃2 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2

𝜀3 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 𝜃3 + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃3 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃3

Question:
 Solution:
𝜀1 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 𝜃1 + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃1 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1
600𝜇 = 𝜀𝑥 cos2 30° + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 30° + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30°
600𝜇 = 0.75𝜀𝑥 + 0.25𝜀𝑦 + 0.43301𝛾𝑥𝑦 … (1)

𝜀2 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 𝜃2 + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃2 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2

450𝜇 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 150° + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 150° + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛150° 𝑐𝑜𝑠 150°
450𝜇 = 0.75𝜀𝑥 + 0.25𝜀𝑦 − 0.43301𝛾𝑥𝑦 … (2)
3
2 1
𝜀3 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 𝜃3 + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃3 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃3
−75𝜇 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 90° + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 90° + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛90° 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90°
−75𝜇 = 0 + 0.25𝜀𝑦 + 0 … (3)
𝜃1 = 30°
Solving (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously:
𝜃2 = 150°
𝜀𝑥 = 725𝜇 𝜀𝑥 = −75𝜇 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 173.21𝜇 𝜃3 = 90°
Solution:
𝜀𝑥 = 725𝜇 𝜀𝑥 = −75𝜇 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 173.21𝜇

𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦
𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
2
= 325𝜇 3
2 1
𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
𝑅= +
2 2
= 409.3𝜇

(a) 𝜀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 + 𝑅 𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 − 𝑅

= 734𝜇 = −84.3𝜇

(b) 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒) = 2𝑅 = 819𝜇