SPORTS VISION

GREESHMA G
MPHIL SECOND YEAR

04-10-2016 1
 INTRODUCTION

• Vision plays an important role in sports performance

• Vision care services provided to athletes
• Meeting the visual demands based on the sports

Of all sports, basketball may be

the most demanding in terms of
visual skills used
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1. http://www.allaboutvision.com/sportsvision/treatment.htm
HISTORY OF SPORTS VISION

• Eskimos – first made sports spectacles for hunting

• In 19th centuary Scleral lenses were been used by sports
personnel
• Since 1979 optometrist are involved in sports vision

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 ROLE OF OPTOMETRIST 1,8

• Assessment and management of functional vision inefficiencies

• Specialized CL services- position of gaze factors, emergency, and Visual acuity
• Ophthalmic eye wear services
• Assessment of sports related visual abilities
• Training on enhanced visual abilities
• Prevention and management of sports eye injuries

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ELEMENTS IN VISUAL PROCESSING

Input- Visual system, Analysis and Output- Action

ears, joint sense, integration- system-
muscles and skin Brain body(limbs)

Feedback- refinements,
Sports vision
adjustments and 04-10-2016 5
changes
VISION REQUIREMENTS
• General ocular health
• Visual acuity
• Static ( low demand, medium demand, high demand)
• Dynamic (target or observer is moving)
• Contrast sensitivity
• Stereopsis
• Accommodation
• Eye movements
• Saccades/ pursuits/ vergence
MARSDEN BALL
• Visual motor responses
• Eye hand- eye leg coordination
• Central-peripheral awareness
• Visualization
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BINOCULAR VISION

• Measurement of ocular alignment

• Maddox rod and MIM card
• Assessed at 3m and 40 cm
• Understanding the eso and exo nature is important in the training of precise
fixation
• Athlete whose eso deviation can overshoot during fixation
• Overshoot or undershoot- Brock’s string

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ROTATION PEG BOARD

• Dynamic visual acuity assessments

• Eye hand coordination
• Training for oculomotor pursuit movement
• Visual resolution training
• Perception of stereoscopic effect with monocular vision
• Visual tactile training

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STEREOPSIS

• Perception of depth (static, dynamic)

• Running, chess, swimming- Monocular cues
• Motor racing, skiing- Binocular cues
• Near- polaroid glasses
• Distance- Howard dolman apparatus, Mentor BVAT ( 6m)

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ACCOMMODATIVE FUNCTION

• Triangulation- vergence and accommodation act as

Far
a feedback to maintain clear retinal image
• Testing accommodative amplitudes and responses
• +/-2.00D @40cm and Plano/-2.00D @3m
• Predicts performance of visual system under fatigue
and sustained viewing
• Tennis, Table tennis Near
• Ampires in cricket and base ball

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 EYE MOVEMENTS

• Pursuits
• Saccades
• Vestibulo-ocular movements
• Vergence eye movements

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PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENTS

• To follow a slowly moving object travelling in a consistent direction

• Conjugate movements of eyes in pursuits is lesser than 45
degrees/second
• Tennis ball moves less than 50 degree/sec
• Average latency for initiation of a pursuits is 125milliseconds

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 KING-DEVICK TEST SHEETS.

Eye tracking and oculomotor skills – 3 M

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SACCADES

• Short, rapid, jerky eye movements

• To catch up a rapidly moving proximal object
• Conjugate eye movements between saccades are 400-600 degrees/sec
• Average latency for initiation is 200 milliseconds
• Vision during saccade is reduced due to saccadic suppression

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VESTIBULO-OCULAR MOVEMENTS
• Used to stabilize the ocular fixation during head movements
• Cricket fielding
• Baseball catching
• Hockey passing
NEAR TRANAGLYPHS WITH RED-GREEN SEPARATIONS -
VERGENCE

VERGENCE MOVEMENTS
• Observation of any approaching or receding object
• Test using BI and BO prisms
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SUCCESSFUL PLAYERS SHOULD HAVE

• Fast and smooth pursuits

• Suppression of vestibulo-ocular reflex
• Employ anticipatory saccades from time to time
• Keen dynamic visual acuity
• Quick accurate depth perception
• Smooth and rapid accommodative and vergence facility In archery, it's important to know
which eye is dominant so you can
choose the right bow for alignment
with the target
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VISUAL MOTOR RESPONSES

• Visual motor reaction time- Total time required by visual system to process a
stimulus and to produce a motor response
• Sports vision assessment- Eye hand, eye-foot and overall eye body coordination
• Eg: Wayne saccadic fixator
• Athletes in interceptive sports are superior to nonathletic in their visuomotor
skills7

Easterbrook, Michael; VISION AND SPORTS: An Introduction; Optometry & Vision Science: April 1988 -
Volume 65 - Issue 4 - ppg 320
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EYE HAND COORDINATION

• Visual proaction and visual reaction time is assessed

• Saccadic fixator device
• Press the button next to a red light
• As red light moves athlete is instructed to hit the light
• Number of hits in 30 seconds is recorded as visual proaction time
• Visual reaction time- red-light is programmed to move randomly at the rate of one light per
second. In 30 seconds the response of measured
• Sports vision average- Ratio of Reaction score to proaction score

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• Eg: proaction score- 20 targets
• Reaction score- 30 targets
SVA= VR score/ VP score *100
=20/30= 0.667= 66.7
• Higher the score better the performance
Important in
• Running
• Cricket bowler
• Ice hockey goal tender
• Base ball pitcher
• Tennis( serving is proactive action and receiving is reactive action

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WAYNE SACCADIC FIXATOR

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EYE BODY COORDINATION

• Athlete is positioned on a balance board

• 15 feet away is placed the fixator
• Lights up in 3,6,9 and 12 o clock positions

• Athlete has to switch off the light when it is lit and balance before it appears in
next position

• Used in skating, skiing, foot ball

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BALANCE BOARD TESTING USING THE WAYNE
SACCADIC FIXATOR

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THE BASSIN ANTICIPATION TIMER

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PERIPHERAL FIELD

• Cricket, foot ball and tennis

• Test the extend of visual fields
• Sensitivity in fields
Wayne Peripheral
• Visual response speed to process the peripheral information Awareness Trainer
• Spatial localization of peripheral stimulus

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WPAT

• Test peripheral awareness and reaction time in eight field locations.

• Display the actual reaction time in hundredths of a second for each target light
position.
• Train peripheral awareness by forcing the user to centrally fixate while
simultaneously responding to a peripheral target light.
• Adjust stimulus speed automatically to match the user's proficiency.

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VISUALIZATION

Act of constructing mental images that resembles the

appearance of actual object or event

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VISUAL DEMAND IN SPORTS
Sports Demands
Cycling Near
Martial arts Near
Volley ball Distance, contrast, Dynamic, Direction localization
Basket ball Distance
Shooting Distance, Near, intense demand
Hockey Distance, Dynamic, sustained performance
Base ball Distance, Dynamic
Table tennis Distance, Dynamic
Tennis Distance, Dynamic
Cricket Distance, contrast, Near, Dynamic
Foot ball Distance, Direction localization, sustained performance
Archery
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VISION ENHANCEMENT

• Appropriate refractive correction

• Protective eye wear
• Enhancement of deficient visual abilities
• Enhancement of visually depend motor functions
• Enhancement of visual cognitive functions

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3 STEPS IN VISION ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMS
1. Sports vision task analysis
2. Visual profile skill
• Visual acuity • Visual spatial perception

• Visual sensitivity • Visual processing speed

• Dynamic visual acuity • Visual reaction and response speed

• Accommodation • Eye hand coordination

• Vergence facility • Peripheral vision

• Vergence stability and control • Bio feedback

• Binocular vision

3. Sports person
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LIGHT AND LIGHTING

• Visual reaction time increases by 33 millisecond for each log unit decrease in
light levels from a normal
• Excessive light leads to disability and discomfort glare
• Larger the angle between the light source and the surface lesser the glare

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ADVANTAGES OF CL OVER GLASSES IN SPORTS

• Wider field of view

• Less adaptation
• Less minification and magnification
• Greater stability
• Enhanced depth perception
• Fewer aberrations and reflections
• Less susceptible to dirt
• Protect against peripheral and obliquely incident UV
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 SPORTS INJURIES

• Ocular exposure and point of contact Hockey face mask

• Direction of approach
• Kinetic energy of the projectile
• Projectile size Protective eye wear quality (ASTM F803 industry
standard for sports eyewear)
Eye Protection for Handball
and Paintball

Retego sunglasses by adidas Eyewear are

designed specifically for golf, with
Sports vision distortion-free lenses in a tint that helps
the ball stand out from the background
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NIKE HYPERION III FRAMES HAVE TWO
POLYCARBONATE LENS OPTIONS, FOR SUNNY AND FLAT
LIGHT CONDITIONS

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Wiley X Guard includes three interchangeable, shatterproof lenses in colors of smoke gray, clear and
light rust for variable lighting conditions. The lenses are certified as highly shatter-resistant, even when
hit by a .15 caliber steel fragment fired at a minimum of 640 feet per second. Your own eyeglass
prescription also can be incorporated into these frames

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TINTS RECOMMENDED

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REFERENCES
1. Jameel Rizwana H; 21.Sports vision; Text book of occupational optometry PP Santhanam; Page no: 310-327
2. http://www.wayneengineering.com/PeripheralAwarenessTrainer( Last accessed on 16/11/2015)
3. http://www.allaboutvision.com/sportsvision/treatment.htm( Last accessed on 16/11/2015)
4. http://www.covd.org/?page=sports( Last accessed on 16/11/2015)
5. http://www.ridgefieldfamilyeyecare.com/New-Generic-Page,235828
6. Hitzeman SA, Beckerman SA; What the literature says about sports vision; Optometry Clinics : the Official
Publication of the Prentice Society [1993, 3(1):145-169]
7. Easterbrook, Michael; VISION AND SPORTS: An Introduction; Optometry & Vision Science: April 1988 -
Volume 65 - Issue 4 - ppg 320
8. Gao, Yaping etal; Contributions of Visuo-oculomotor Abilities to Interceptive Skills in Sports; Optometry &
Vision Science: June 2015 - Volume 92 - Issue 6 - p 679–689
9. Joanne M Wood etal; An assessment of the efficacy of sports vision training progams; Optometry and vision
science; 1997;74:646-659

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