Science 9th grade LEARNING OBJECT

LEARNING UNIT Why does helium change the pitch, intensity and
How are the components timbre of our voice?
of the world related?

S/K SKILL 1. Illustrate graphically and compare the

transmission of sound in solids, liquids and gases.
SKILL 2. Set up relationships between the speed of
sound, the propagation medium and the temperature
of the system.
SKILL 3. Classify and organize sounds that amount to
noise pollution in terms of intensity, timbre and pitch.
SKILL 4. Defend refraction and interference as
undulatory phenomena of sound.
SKILL 5. Research into musical instruments that
present stationary waves.
SKILL 6. Explain the ability of the ear to catch waves
and transform them into information.
SKILL 7. Assess the effect of the “Dia sin carro” (No-
car day) event on the environment of a city.
Language English
Socio cultural context of Colombia
the LO
Curricular axis Science, technology and society
Standard competencies Explain conditions of change and conservation in
different systems taking into consideration transfer
and transport of energy and its interaction with
matter.
Background Knowledge Waves, types of waves, circular motion, frequency,
period.
English Review topic • Can vs Could
• Will vs Would
Vocabulary box • Decibel: A unit used to express the intensity of
a sound wave, equal to 20 times the common
logarithm of the ratio of the pressure produced
by the sound wave to a reference pressure,
usually 0.0002 microbar.
• Even: Level; flat; without surface irregularities;
smooth.
• Juxtaposition: An act or instance of placing
together or side by side, especially for
comparison or contrast
• Pinna: Anatomy. Auricle

• Survey: A formal or official examination of the

particulars of something, made in order to
ascertain condition, character, etc.
• Trill: (of birds, insects, etc.) to sing or utter in a
succession of rapidly alternating sounds.
• Undulatory: Having the form or appearance of
waves.
• Yield: To give a return, as for labor expended;
produce; bear.

NAME: _________________________________________________
GRADE: ________________________________________________

Introduction
This experiment allows the study of stationary waves in two dimensions.
The main objective is the visualization of the vibration methods of a
square plate. For this, a metallic square plate is subject to vibrations of
different frequencies and when salt is sprinkled on it, the pattern and
node lines formed on it can be observed; each of them corresponding to
a different type of vibration of the plate.

CHLADNI PLATE

Materials:
Ø Square metallic plate
Ø Salt
Ø Frequency generator
Ø Speaker

Setup:

Figure 1: Chladni
plate

This experimental device uses a square metallic plate. A speaker,

connected to a frequency generator, makes the plate vibrate at different
frequencies. Salt is sprinkled evenly on the plate. The oscillator is
connected to the adequate frequency and the salt begins to move as the
plate vibrates, so that eventually the pattern of stationary waves is
reproduced, drawing figures on the plate.

Answer the following questions:

Why can we see shapes on the plate as the experiment is

•
developed?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________
• What is the relationship between sound and waves?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________

Share your observations and conclusions with your classmates.

Learning Objectives
Ø To analyze some characteristics of sound waves.
Ø To identify the undulatory characteristics of sound and their
correct applications in physics.
Ø To become aware of the fact that high levels of sound intensity are
harmful for your hearing.

ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY1
SKILL 1. Illustrate graphically and compare the transmission of sound in
solids, liquids and gases.
SKILL 2. Set up relationships between the speed of sound, the
propagation medium and the temperature of the system.

SKILL 3. Classify and organize sounds that amount to noise pollution in

terms of intensity, timbre and pitch.

Remember that…

The characteristics of waves are: elongation, amplitude, oscillation,

wavelength, the speed of propagation, period and frequency

SOUND
Sound is a longitudinal and mechanical wave which means that it needs
a material medium for its propagation. This material medium can be
solid, liquid or gas.

Figure 2: Transmission of sound in solids, liquids and gases.

The speed of disturbance propagation will depend on the proximity of

the particles of the medium and their cohesive force. As such, the speed
of propagation will be much higher in solids than in liquids, and
particularly, than in gases. For example, at a normal 1 atm and 20°C
temperature, in a dry environment, the speed of sound is 5600 m/s in
steel, 1460 m/s in water and 340 m/s in air.

Speed of sound

Ø Compressibility: It is said that a material is more compressible

than another if it experiments greater deformation or decrease of
volume when the same pressure is applied to both materials. Less
compressibility of the medium will result in higher speed of sound.

Ø Density: Less density of the medium results in higher speed of

sound propagation. For example, if two solids have equal
compressibility, the sound will propagate faster in the less dense
material.
Ø Molecular mass: In gases, less molecular mass results in higher
speed of sound propagation.
Ø Temperature: In gases, higher temperature means higher speed,
because an increase in temperature results in an increase in
movement of molecules of the medium, and therefore, an increase
in the speed of propagation. Through experimentation it has been
determined that for temperatures between 0°C and 35°C, the
speed of sounds increases 0.6 m/s per each Celsius degree of
temperature increase. At 0°C, the speed of sound in the air is 331
m/s. Consequently, the formula that presents the speed of sound
in the air -expressed in m/s- and the temperature -expressed in
°C- is:
% %
! = 331 + 0,6 × -×°/ 01
& &

Medium Speed of Sound

(m/s)
Air (0 °C) 331
Air (15 °C) 340
Air (100 °C) 336
Helium (0 992
°C)
Hydrogen (0 1290
°C)
Oxygen (0 317
°C)
Water (25 1490
°C)
Aluminum 5100
5.100
Copper 3560
3.560
Iron 5.130 5130
Lead 1.320 1320
Granite 6000
6.000

ATTRIBUTES OF SOUND

When comparing two sounds some differences can be established. For

example, it is easy to identify the voice of a person when we hear it, or
to distinguish a high note from a low note, or a strong sound from a
weak sound. These are the characteristics of sound known as pitch,
intensity and timbre.

Imagine you are in a bus stop waiting for the bus that takes you home,
when suddenly a high-cylinder motorcycle passes by and you hear a
sound that bothers you. We can know the attributes of this sound:

Sound attribute Sound

produced by
the motorcycle
Intensity: It is related to what is
commonly known as the volume of
Strong
sound. This helps us differentiate
loud sounds from weak sounds.
Timbre: The attribute of sound
Motorcycle
that helps us identify its origin.
Pitch: The attribute that refers to
high and acute sounds, or low and
deep sounds. This attribute is
related to the frequency of the
Acute
sound because a higher frequency
produces an acute sound, and
lower frequency produces a Deep
sound.

Example 1: Create a comparative chart about the attributes of sounds

produced by a canary, and sound produced by the rain.

Trill of a canary
Intensity Strong or weak
Timbre Canary
Pitch Acute or Deep

Sound of rain
Strong or
Intensity
weak
Timbre Rain

Acute or
Pitch
Deep

SOUND INTENSITY TIMBRE PITCH

CANARY

RAIN

Learning Activity
Drag and drop: Match the concept to the definition.

Definition Concept
The attribute that refers
to high and acute
sounds or low and deep
sounds. This attribute is
related to the frequency
Intensity of the sound because a
higher frequency creates
a higher sound and a
lower frequency
produces a deeper
sound.
Related to what is
commonly known as the
volume of sound. Allows
Timbre
us to distinguish loud
sounds from weak
sounds.
The attribute of sound
Pitch that allows us to identify
its source.

Discover the correct word:

Ø A material is more ____________ than another if it suffers more

deformation or decrease of volume when the same pressure is
applied to both materials. Less ___________ of the medium
results in higher speed of sound.
Ø Less ____________ of the medium results in higher speed of
sound propagation. For example, if two solids have equal
compressibility, sound will propagate faster in the less dense
material.
Ø In gases with less ____________, the speed of sound propagation
increases.

Activity 2
SKILL 4. Defend refraction and interference as undulatory phenomena of
sound.
SKILL 5. Research into musical instruments that present stationary
waves.

Did you know that…?

Echo is an undulatory phenomenon of reflection that consists in the
change of direction experimented by a wave when it collides with an
obstacle. The wave that moves toward the obstacle is called incident
wave, whereas the wave moving away from the obstacle after colliding
with it is called a reflected wave.

Undulatory phenomena of sound

Figure 5: Refraction of sound.

Refraction can also occur inside the same medium, when its
characteristics are not homogenous, when the temperature increases or
decreases from one point to the next.

For example, when we talk through a paper cup telephone, we can

notice that sound intensity of the wave travelling through the string is
different from the intensity of sound when we talk normally. This
happens because the wave has changed its propagation medium,
because it passes from air to string. Sound is transmitted more
efficiently if the string is tight, not very thick and short.

Figure 6: Sound interference

Interference trajectories are different for sounds with different

frequencies, reason why interference produces distortion in complex
sounds. Two sounds with different frequencies can be combined to
produce a third sound whose frequency is equal to the sum or difference
of the two original frequencies.
Example: Considering the previous example, it is common that when
two people talk at the same time with different frequencies, they will not
understand each other because their waves are colliding out of phase.

Remember that…
A stationary wave is the result of the juxtaposition of two harmonic
undulatory movements of equal amplitude and frequency that propagate
in opposite directions through the same medium.

Musical Instruments

Sound is produced because of vibration in musical instruments. In the

violin, for example, the strings vibrate; in the flute, the column of air
located inside the instrument tube vibrates; and in drums, the solid
membrane vibrates.
To produce musical sounds, a resonance box is required, where the air
particles vibrate with higher amplitude than the original vibration. When
a string vibrates, the resonance box vibrates too, and because it has a
bigger contact surface with the air, it can produce a higher sound wave.
If a stationary wave with two nodes is produced, and the frequency is
doubled, a sound wave with three nodes is generated.

In wind instruments such as the flute, the clarinet and the trombone,
stationary waves can be produced when the air molecules inside their
cavity or sound-tube vibrate.

Example 2:
Do you know how to build a telephone?

Figure 3: Crafted telephone

When we talk, our voice produces a sound that is propagated in the air
as a sound wave. When this wave collides with the bottom of the cup
(elastic, rigid material), the vibration is transmitted to the string
(medium material). Through the string, the vibration reaches the other
cup, where the process is inverted, meaning that the string transmits
the vibration to the bottom of the cup, and the cup to the air, where it is
propagated to the ear of the person at the other end.

WORD SEARCH
Make a word search with the following words:
1. Undulatory
2. Sound
3. Refraction
4. Diffraction
5. Interference
6. Phase
7. Waves
8. Reflection
9. Frequency
10. Harmonic

Fill in the blanks:

In musical instruments, sound is produced thanks to ______________.

In the violin, for example, the strings vibrate; in the flute, the
________________ inside the tube of the instrument vibrates; in
drums, the _____________ vibrates. To produce musical sounds, a
__________ box is required, where the air _______________ vibrate
with greater _____________ than the original vibration.

Activity 3
SKILL 6. Explain the ability of the ear to catch waves and transform
them into information.
SKILL 7. Assess the effect of the “Dia sin carro” (No-car day) event on
the environment of a city.

Did you know that…?

The sensibility of the human ear can perceive sounds with frequencies
between 20 Hz and 20000 Hz. Sounds with a frequency higher than

20000 Hz are called “ultrasounds”, and sounds lower than 20 Hz are

called “infrasounds”.

The Human Ear

The ear is a vital organ for sound research because the acoustic
sensation that is later processed by the brain begins there.
The “hearing” mechanism begins when a sound is captured by the
pinna, which is adequately shaped to offer a more efficient reception
surface. Then, it goes through the external auditory canal, where the
waves are concentrated, and drives those waves to the eardrum. Since
the eardrum is tensed, it vibrates slowly with low pitches and quickly
with high pitches. Eventually the vibration produced by the eardrum is
amplified in the middle ear, thanks to three bones: the malleus
(hammer), the incus (anvil) and the stapes (stirrup).

The vibration is transmitted to the oval window of the inner ear.

Pressure increases because this window is 30 times smaller than the
eardrum. The inner ear is filled with liquids and the force applied by the
stapes on the oval window of the cochlea is transformed into hydraulic
pressure waves that become nervous impulses and are finally
transmitted to the brain through the acoustic nerve. The brain processes
and interprets this information as identifiable and localizable sounds.

“Dia Sin Carro” (No-Car day) in Bogota

A comparative study of audible emissions produced by road traffic,

between a normal day (base line), recorded on Thursday, January 29th,
2015, and the No-Car day, recorded on Thursday, February 5th, 2015,
took place, with the objective of observing changes of sound exposure
under comparable conditions. It must be clarified that the behavior of
environmental noise responds logarithmically to the actual emission of
sound, therefore, the percentage of decrease or increase is not
calculated based on the arithmetic difference in decibels between the
records of the base line and the No-Car day, but rather on a logarithmic
scale that relates both measurements, because the decrease of just one
decibel in environmental noise requires a significant reduction of actual
noise.

The survey during PEAK HOURS yielded the following results:

Based on sound levels recorded during peak hours in both days, a

decrease in sound exposure was evidenced in Avenida Circunvalar with a
variation of 41%, Avenida Carrera 19 with 25%, and Avenida Carrera 80
with 16%. Sound exposure increased in Calle 153 with a variation of
46%, Avenida Carrera 68 with 35%, and Autopista sur with 1%.

Figure 9: Peak hours graphic.

The survey during OFF-PICK HOURS yielded the following results:

Figure 10: Off-pick hours chart

Based on sound level records during off-pick hours in both days, a

decrease can be evidenced in Avenida Circunvalar, with a variation of
57%, Avenida Carrera 19, with a variation of 26%, Avenida Carrera 80,
with 34% and Autopista Sur, with 21%. An increase can be evidenced in
Avenida Carrera 68 with a variation of 34% and no variation was
evidenced in Calle 153.

Figure 11: Off-pick hours

Graph

LEARNING ACTIVITY
True or False
Ø Based on off-peak hour records of both days, a 57% to 21%
decrease of sound exposure was evidenced in the analyzed routes.

Ø Avenida Carrera 68 evidenced an increase of sound exposure of

34%.
Ø An increase of 44% in noise exposure was evidenced in Avenida
Circunvalar, Avenida Carrera 19, Avenida Carrera 80, and
Autopista Sur.
Ø There was no variation in Calle 153.

Word Blaster

The “hearing” mechanism begins when a ___________ is captured by

the pinna, which is adequately shaped to offer a more efficient
___________ surface. Then, it goes through the _________ canal,
where the waves are concentrated, and drives those waves to
the_________. Since the eardrum is tensed, it vibrates slowly with
__________and quickly with high pitches. Eventually the vibration

produced by the __________is __________ in the middle ear, thanks to

three bones: the _______(hammer), __________(anvil) and
________(stirrup).
The vibration is transmitted to the oval window of the___________.
Pressure ____________ because this window is 30 times smaller than
the eardrum. The inner ear is filled with liquids and the force applied by
the __________on the oval window of the cochlea is transformed into
___________waves that become ____________, and are finally
transmitted to the brain through the ___________nerve. The brain
processes and interprets this information as identifiable and
localizable_____________.

ABSTRACT
SOUND
Sound is a longitudinal and mechanical wave which means that it needs
a material medium for its propagation. This material medium can be
solid, liquid or gas. The speed of disturbance propagation will depend on
the proximity of the particles of the medium and their cohesive force. As
such, the speed of propagation will be much higher in solids than in
liquids, and particularly, than in gases. For example, at a normal 1 atm
and 20°C temperature, in a dry environment, the speed of sound is
5600 m/s in steel, 1460 m/s in water and 340 m/s in air.

The speed of sound is regulated by the characteristics of the

propagation medium. These factors are compressibility and density. In
addition to these factors, molecular mass and temperature are also
considered in gases.

Ø Compressibility: It is said that a material is more compressible

than another if it experiments greater deformation or decrease of
volume when the same pressure is applied to both materials. Less
compressibility of the medium will result in higher speed of sound.
Ø Density: Less density of the medium results in higher speed of
sound propagation. For example, if two solids have equal
compressibility, the sound will propagate faster in the less dense
material.
Ø Molecular mass: In gases, less molecular mass results in higher
speed of sound propagation.

Ø Temperature: In gases, higher temperature means higher speed,

because an increase in temperature results in an increase in
movement of molecules of the medium, and therefore, an increase
in the speed of propagation.

ATTRIBUTES OF SOUND

When comparing two sounds some differences can be established. For

example, it is easy to identify the voice of a person when we hear it, or
to distinguish a high note from a low note, or between a strong sound
from a weak sound. These are the characteristics of sound known as
pitch, intensity and timbre.

• Intensity: It is related to what is commonly known as the volume

of sound. This helps us differentiate loud sounds from weak
sounds.
• Timbre: The attribute of sound that helps us identify its origin.
• Pitch: The attribute that refers to high and acute sounds, or low
and deep sounds. This attribute is related to the frequency of the
sound because a higher frequency produces an acute sound, and
lower frequency produces a Deep sound.

Undulatory phenomena of sound

Refraction: The phenomenon in which sound waves change speed and
direction when they move from one medium to another.
Refraction can also occur inside the same medium, when its
characteristics are not homogenous, when the temperature increases or
decreases from one point to the next.
On the other hand, sound interference occurs if two or more sound
waves are out of phase. This generates that the resulting sound is less
intense than the direct sound, without reflection. Interference
trajectories are different for sounds with different frequencies, reason
why interference produces distortion in complex sounds. Two sounds
with different frequencies can be combined to produce a third sound
whose frequency is equal to the sum or difference of the two original
frequencies.

Sound is produced because of vibration in musical instruments. To

produce musical sounds, a resonance box is required, where the air
particles vibrate with higher amplitude than the original vibration. When

a string vibrates, the resonance box vibrates too, and because it has a
bigger contact surface with the air, it can produce a higher sound wave.
If a stationary wave with two nodes is produced, and the frequency is
doubled, a sound wave with three nodes is generated.
In wind instruments such as the flute, the clarinet and the trombone,
stationary waves can be produced when the air molecules inside their
cavity or sound tube-vibrate.

THE HUMAN EAR

The “hearing” mechanism begins when a sound is captured by the
pinna, which is adequately shaped to offer a more efficient reception
surface. Then, it goes through the external auditory canal, where the
waves are concentrated, and drives those waves to the eardrum. Since
the eardrum is tensed, it vibrates slowly with low pitches and quickly
with high pitches. Eventually the vibration produced by the eardrum is
amplified in the middle ear, thanks to three bones: the malleus
(hammer), the incus (anvil) and the stapes (stirrup).
The vibration is transmitted to the oval window of the inner ear.
Pressure increases because this window is 30 times smaller than the
eardrum. The inner ear is filled with liquids and the force applied by the
stapes on the oval window of the cochlea is transformed into hydraulic
pressure waves that become nervous impulses and are finally
transmitted to the brain through the acoustic nerve. The brain processes
and interprets this information as identifiable and localizable sounds.
No-Car Day 2015

It must be clarified that the behavior of environmental noise responds

logarithmically to the actual emission of sound, therefore, the
percentage of decrease or increase is not calculated based on the
arithmetic difference in decibels between the records of the base line
and the No-Car day, but rather on a logarithmic scale that relates both
measurements, because the decrease of just one decibel in
environmental noise requires a significant reduction of actual noise.

HOMEWORK

1- Echolocation is a system used by some animals such as bats and

dolphins, in which they generate sound vibrations to communicate
with the world surrounding them. The echo of the sound produced
helps them determine the position where the reflection was
produced. In order to echolocate small prey, they must generate
waves whose length is equal, or smaller to these objects.
To do so, animals that are capable of echolocation must produce
high frequency sounds. The type of sound generated varies
depending on the species, but ranges from 30000 Hz to 90000 Hz.
High frequencies are useful to locate close objects and avoid
obstacles.
Ø Why do human beings cannot produce or perceive ultrasounds?
Explain your answer and share it with your classmates.
Ø During the last few years, scientists have researched ways to help
blind people by means of echolocation. How could this proposal
become reality?

2- What are the possible consequences of exposure to

excessive noise?
According to research done by groups specialized on noise
pollution, 50% of people between 18 and 27 show some type of
hearing disability, usually due to excessive use of headphones and
noise from concerts or clubs. What would you suggest to avoid
this type of damage to the ears?

3- Work with a group of classmates and build a marimba with glass

bottles full of water. Remember that the amount of water in the
bottles will determine the notes each bottle will produce.

4- Sound waves are produced as a result of:

A. A miss-comprehension of the medium along the direction of
propagation.
B. Dissolution of the medium along the direction of propagation.
C. A compression of the medium along the direction of
propagation.
D. A freezing of the medium along the direction of propagation.

5. Unlike other disturbances that propagate in material media, sound

propagates:
A. In only one dimension.
B. In two dimensions.
C. In three dimensions.
D. Unidimensionally

EVALUATION

1. Fill in the blanks.

-
Ø With lower ______________ mass in gases, speed of sound
propagation __________.
Ø The ____________ of sound is the characteristic that refers to
high and ____________ sounds or low and ___________ sounds.
Ø The hearing process begins when sound is captured by the
___________ of the ear and then moves through the
______________, where waves are concentrated and transported
to the ___________.

2. The speed of disturbance propagation depends on the proximity of

the particles of the medium and its cohesive force.

A. The speed of propagation will be higher in gases than in liquids,

and especially than in solids.
B. The speed of propagation will be higher in solids that in liquids,
and especially, than in gases.
C. The speed of propagation will be higher in liquids than in gases,
and especially, than in solids.
D. The speed of propagation will be higher in a vacuum than in
liquids, and gases, and especially, than in solids.

3. The main characteristic of sound is:

A. Period
B. Frequency
C. Intensity
D. Velocity

4. Frequency is measured in:

A. m/s
B. Hz
C. J
D. °C

5. When the frequency is increasingly higher, sound will be more:

A. Deep
B. Acute
C. Mild
D. Soft

6. The echo of a sound depends on:

A. Interference
B. Reflection
C. Diffraction
D. Refraction

7. The speed of propagation of a sound depends on:

A. Compressibility
B. Pitch
C. Intensity
D. Timbre

GLOSSARY

Ø Longitudinal waves: Those waves in which the particles of the

medium oscillate parallel to the direction of the propagation of the
undulatory motion.
Ø Mechanical waves: Waves that scatter energy through an elastic
medium (solid, liquid or gas). For example, the waves in strings,
in water and sound waves.
Ø Frequency: f. The number of completed oscillations per unit of
time. Because the period is equal to the amount of seconds per
oscillation, it can be inferred that the frequency is reciprocal to the

period or number of oscillations per second. The frequency is

measured in Hz, which are equal to s-1.
Ø Reflection: The change of direction experienced by a wave when
it collides with an obstacle. The wave that moves toward the
obstacle is called an incident wave, whereas the wave moving
away from the obstacle after colliding with it is called a reflected
wave.

Refraction: The phenomenon in which sound waves change speed and

direction when they move from one medium to another.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Information Sources:
• Bautista B. Mauricio, Romero M. Olga, A.(2011). Hipertexto Física 2.
Editorial Santillana.
• Placa de Chladni. Retrieved on June 1, 2016 from:
https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/76-2013-11-08-
10_01_Chladnis_plate.pdf
• La luz y el sonido. Retrieved from:
http://recursostic.educacion.es/secundaria/edad/2esobiologia/2quinc
ena4/pdf/quincena4.pdf
• Informe final: Día sin carro. Retrieved on June 2, 2016 from:
http://oab2.ambientebogota.gov.co/es/con-la-
comunidad/alertas/informes-dia-sin-carro
• Tippens Paul E. (2011). (7ma edición). Física, conceptos y
aplicaciones. México: McGRAW-HILL / INTERAMERICANA EDITORES,
S.A. DE C.V.
• Esta es otra cita (FOSS Physics of Sound Module, 2015).

Images and figures:

• [Figure 1: Chladni Plate]. Retrieved from:

https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/76-2013-11-08-
10_01_Chladnis_plate.pdf
• [Figure 2: Transmission of sound in solids, liquids and gases].
Retrieved from:
http://recursostic.educacion.es/secundaria/edad/2esobiologia/2qui
ncena4/pdf/quincena4.pdf

• [Figure 3: Crafted telephone]. Retrieved from:

http://recursostic.educacion.es/secundaria/edad/2esobiologia/2qui
ncena4/pdf/quincena4.pdf
• [Figure 4: Instrumento de liga]. Retrieved from: (FOSS Physics of
Sound Module, 2015)
• [Figure 5: Refraction of sound]. Retrieved from:
http://www.escolares.net/fisica/fenomenos-asociados-al-sonido/
• [Figure 6: Sound interference]. Retrieved from:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbasees/sound/interf.html
• [Figure 7: Marimba made with bottles]. Retrieved from: (FOSS
Physics of Sound Module, 2015)
• [Figure 8: Peak Hours chart]. Retrieved from:
http://oab2.ambientebogota.gov.co/apc-aa-
files/57c59a889ca266ee6533c26f970cb14a/informe_final_dia_sin_
carro_secretaria_de_ambiente.pdf
• [Figure 9: Peak hours graphic]. Retrieved from:
http://oab2.ambientebogota.gov.co/apc-aa-
files/57c59a889ca266ee6533c26f970cb14a/informe_final_dia_sin_
carro_secretaria_de_ambiente.pdf
• [Figure 10: Off-peak hours chart]. Retrieved from:
http://oab2.ambientebogota.gov.co/apc-aa-
files/57c59a889ca266ee6533c26f970cb14a/informe_final_dia_sin_
carro_secretaria_de_ambiente.pdf
• [Figure 11: Peak hours graphic]. Retrieved from:
http://oab2.ambientebogota.gov.co/apc-aa-
files/57c59a889ca266ee6533c26f970cb14a/informe_final_dia_sin_
carro_secretaria_de_ambiente.pdf