University of Okara

Assignment 2
Submitted by:
M. Waseem Shafi
Roll no:
5294
Class:
Bs Zoology( 2nd semester)
Subject:
Chemistry
Topic:
Summary of organic chemistry
Submitted to:
Dr. Atif Mirza
Chapter no 1 :
Basic concepts in organic chemistry

No Topic

1.1 Localized and delocalized

1.2 Aromaticity
Electron with donating group and electron with drawing group
Formation of nitrobenzene
Nitration sulphonation

1.3 Huckle rule

1.4 Idective effect
1.5 Resonance

1.6 Rule of resonance

Acidic and base strength w.r.t resonance
1.7 Tautomerism
1.8 Hydrogen bonding
1.9 Type of chemical reaction
1 combination reaction 2 decomposition reaction 3 displacement reaction
4 double displacement reaction
1.10 Hyperconjugation
1.11 Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzene

Chapter no 2
Alkyl Halides

No Topic
2.1 Define Alkyl halides and functional group
2.2
2.2 Prepration of alkyl halides
2.3 Reaction of alkyl halides
Nucleophilic substitution reaction
2.4 Elimination
2.5 Gignard reagent

Chapter no 3 :
Alcohols , Phenols and Ether
 No Topic
3.1 Alcohols
3.2 Preparation of alcohol , phenols and ether
3.3 Physical properties of alcohol , phenols and ether
3.4 Uses of alcohol , phenols and Ethers
3.5 Reaction of alcohol phenol and ether

BASIC CENCPT OF ORANIC CHEMISTRY

LOCALIZED BOND

Covalent bond form electron density fix between two nuclei in which electron density fix

Delocalized bond

In which electron density does not fix pi bond shift due to electron shift in which p orbital are exits in
same plane

Hybridization

When two or more orbits mixing tighter to form new orbital called hybridization with help of
hybridization we can find shape geometry angle lone pair and bond pair of atom.

Huckels role

Find out compound aromatic or not aromatic condition of role

 Ring
 Alternate sigma bond
 Planner
 2n+2

Electron displacement effect

 Inductive effect
 Hyperconjugation
 Electron effect
 Resonance effect

Inductive effect

Partial displacement of electron toward more electro- negative atom of sigma bond

Partial charge are developed

Resonance

Resonance is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or ion by the combination of several
contributing structures known as resonance structure.
Rule of resonance

o The total charge on all resonance must be equal

o Position of atom must not change
o Number of electron are same and in form of pair
o P orbital are in same plane then delocalization are possible and resonance also possible
o Staybility of compound depend on resonance structure
o On Electronegative negative charge are favorable
o Bond length and bond angle equal those contribution are more and good canonicle

Electron donating group

Ortho- para director group

Donate electron density to ring and in ring on ortho and para increase electron density

Ring activater

Activate ring to attract toward electrophile

Acidic strength w .r. t resonance

Donate H+ and feel stable ARE more acidic strength and resonance give stabelilty

Basicity

Proton acceptor availability of electron density

Tautomerism

Structural isomer interconvertable In which atom exchange the position

Electron with drawing group

Meta- director group

Electro phile reaction with meta position due to positive charge on ortho and para position

Ring deactivator

When ring electron deficient due to this reaction not feverable because on the ring elecrophilic centre
generate when positive charge on ring called ring deactivator

Type chemical reaction

1. Combination reaction
This reaction is combination of different reactant combine together to farm same product
Example A and b combine together to form c product
2. Decomposition reaction

Reactant convert into simple product

3 Displacement reaction
 Reactant covert into product called displacement reaction
4 Double displacement reaction

In which two reactant interchange part of each other

Electrophile and nucleo phile

Electron loving called electrophile and nucleus loving are called nucleiphile

Chapter no 2

Alkyle halide

2.1:Alkyl Halids: Alkyl halids are compound in which one are more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have
replaced by halogen atoms.

2.2 Preparation of alkyl halides :Alcohols can be converted to alkyl halides by reaction with thionyl
chloride, SOCL , PCL3 ,PCL 5 OR PBr3.

2.3 : Reaction of alkyl halides :two reaction of alkyl halides substitution and elimination

SNI REACTION SN2 REACTION

1. It is unimolecular substation reaction 1 It is bimolecular substation reaction
2. It complete in one step 2 It completes in one step
3. In which first leaving group leave and then 3 Nu attacks and leaving group leave in
NU attacks single step
4. It is first order reaction 4 It is second order reaction
5. Tertiary alkyl halides 5 Primary alkyl halides
6. Polar in nature 6 It occurs in non polar solvent
Elemination reaction :is type of reaction in which molecule are removed from a molecule in either one
or two step mechanism known as E1 and E2 reaction.

2.5 : Grignard Reagents: alkylmagnesium halides RMgX are the most important organometallic
compound and are called Grignard reagent.

Chapter no 3:

3.1: Alcohols ,Phenols and Ethers

 Alcohol: in water molecule one hydrogen replaced with alkyle group called alcohol.
 Phenols :in the water molecule one hydrogen aton replaced with benzene ring it form phenol
 Ether when both hydrogen atom replaced with aryle and alkyle group called ether

Preparation of Alcohol : Alcohol is prepared by Hydration of alkenes , hydrolysis of alkyl halides ,

Grignard synthesis ,and reduction of carbonyl compounds.

Preparation of phenols : phenols is prepared by fussion of sodium benzene sulfonate ,hydrolysis of

chloro benzene , oxidation of cumene.
 Preparation of ether : Ether is prepared by intermolecular dehydration of alcohol , Williamson ether
synthesis.

3.3:Physical properties of alcohols:. Alcohols generally have high boiling points as

Compare to other hydrocarbons having equal molecular masses. Solubility of alcohols in water is
governed by hydroxyl group present.

Physical properties of phenols: due to stronger hydrogen bonds. they are more soluble and have
high boiling point as campare to alcohol

Physical properties of ether: molecule has a net dipole moment due to polarity of c-o bonds. boiling
point is comparable to alkanes lower than alcohols .molecular miscible in water.

Uses of alcohols : Alcohol is used as a solvent for fats oil ,paints, and varnishes
as anti freeze in raidiater of automobiles as drink as fuel pharmaceutical preparation

Uses of phenols :used in widely household products like household cleaners and in mouth wash. Used as
first surgical antiseptic.

Uses of ether : we use dimethyl ether as a refrigerantl ether is common as solvent for oils, gums, resins.
Reaction of alcohol : Alcohols react with metals ,oxidation , dehydration ,substitution and esteriffication.

Reaction of phenols : phenol reacts with a base to form the phenoxide anion, due to removal of the
proton.

Reaction of ether : Ethers are fairly unreactive, but they have do react in three ways: chlorination an
aromatic ether reacts with chlorine to from 2,4,6-trichloroanisole.

Thank you