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Nitrogen in Steels: Part Two ÜCRETSİZ DENEYİN

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The effect of nitrogen on mechanical properties is the result of Arama Bilgileri

interstitial solid solution strengthening by the free nitrogen; Arama yapılacak kelimeyi giriniz:

precipitation strengthening by aluminum and other nitrides; and grain

refinement due to the presence of nitride precipitates.
-e Göre Tam metin Başlıklar
Nitrogen absorbed during steelmaking results in interstitial solid Arama Anahtar kelimeler Özetler
solution strengthening and grain refinement, both of which increase
hardness.
This article belongs to a series of articles. You can
click the links below to read more on this topic.

Effect of Nitrogen on Formability Nitrogen in Steels: Part One (page.aspx?

ID=CheckArticle&site=KTS&NM=202)
Figure 1 shows that the strength of LCAK steels decreases slightly and then
increases with increasing nitrogen. Conversely, the elongation decreases and
the r-value increases with increasing nitrogen. The r-value is the average ratio
of the width to thickness strain of strip tensile specimens tested in various Finding chemical composition data in the
orientations. It is an inverse measure of formability. Hence, high nitrogen Total Materia (page.aspx?ID=Home&LN=EN)
content leads to poor formability of LCAK steels, even after annealing. database

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Figure 1: Effect of nitrogen on yield strength, tensile strength, r-value and Click on the material of interest.

elongation of LCAK steel in the annealed condition

The effect of nitrogen on mechanical properties is the result of interstitial

solid solution strengthening by the free nitrogen; precipitation strengthening
by aluminum and other nitrides; and grain refinement due to the presence of
nitride precipitates.

Effect of Nitrogen on Hardness

/
Hardness is the resistance of a material to surface indentation. The Figure 2 On the subgroup page, click the composition link to
shows that hardness increases linearly with increasing nitrogen content. view chemical composition data for the selected
Nitrogen absorbed during steelmaking results in interstitial solid solution material. The number of chemical composition data
strengthening and grain refinement, both of which increase hardness. records is displayed in brackets next to the link.
Further, the diagram shows that nitrogen absorbed during the steelmaking
process has a more significant impact than that absorbed during batch
annealing in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere, although both have a measurable
effect.

The chemical composition data will be then be

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Figure 2: Increase in hardness of aluminum-killed sheet steel with respect to For you’re a chance to take a test drive of the Total

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Strain ageing occurs in steels containing interstitial atoms, predominantly registered users through the Total Materia Free
nitrogen, after they have been plastically deformed. After deformation, the Demo. (page.aspx?ID=Register&LN=EN)
nitrogen segregates to dislocations causing discontinuous yielding when
further deformed. Not only does strain ageing result in increased hardness
and strength, and reduced ductility and toughness, but it may also result in
the appearance of "fluting" or "stretcher strains" on the surface of deformed
material.

Duckworth and Baird have developed a measure of strain ageing termed

"strain ageing index". This is based on an empirical equation to calculate the
increase in yield stress when deformed material is held for 10 days at room
temperature. Figure 3 shows that increasing nitrogen results in a higher
stain-ageing index, and therefore greater propensity for surface defects.

Figure 3: Effect of nitrogen on strain ageing in mild steels with varying

manganese content

Effect of Nitrogen on Impact Properties

Including Welded Material
The ability of a material to withstand impact loading is commonly known as
toughness. It is sometimes quantified by measuring the amount of energy
that is absorbed by a test piece of known dimensions prior to fracture. It is
further analyzed by determining the fracture mechanism upon impact over a
range of temperatures.

As temperature is decreased, the fracture type will change from

fibrous/ductile to crystalline/brittle. This arbitrary temperature is termed the
"ductile-to-brittle" transition temperature. The lower the transition
/
 temperature the better the impact properties, since failure via ductile
fracture may be less catastrophic than that via brittle failure.

Figure 4 demonstrates that as free nitrogen increases, the transition

temperature increases, and therefore toughness decreases. This is attributed
to solid solution strengthening.

Figure 4: Effect of free nitrogen on impact properties

Conversely, limited amounts of nitrogen present as precipitates have a

beneficial effect on impact properties. Nitrides of aluminum, vanadium,
niobium and titanium result in the formation of fine-grained ferrite. Further,
the smaller the grain size the lower the transition temperature, hence
improved toughness. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully control, not only
the nitrogen content, but also the form in which it exists, in order to optimize
impact properties.

Nitrogen is known to affect the toughness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of

welded steel. This is important, since the weld metal should not be a point of
weakness in a welded structure. This loss in toughness is often referred to as
HAZ embrittlement.

It is thought that this occurs when the nitrides present in the HAZ are
dissociated as a result of the elevated temperatures that exist during
welding. The absence of precipitates results in grains of larger diameter. Also,
the metal cools quickly producing low toughness martensite or bainite, which
contain high levels of free nitrogen further exacerbating the loss of
toughness. Using lower heat input and several passes to prevent dissociation
of the nitrides may prevent this.

Date Published: Jul-2007

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