TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

DNA  ???
 Now that you know about DNA, its replication, and
that it is your genetic code HOW does you body
use/read this DNA in order to make you?

How does this…

ATGGCCATACCCGGATACGCCATCA…
TACCGGTATGGGCCTATGCGGTAGT…
… Turn into you?
FIRST: DNA AND RNA; WHAT’S THE
DIFFERENCE?

 U is Uracil!
TYPES OF RNA
 There are 3 types of RNA you need to know
about
1) mRNA (messenger RNA)
 sends a message outside of the nucleus to the ribosome
(remember those? They make protein!)
2) rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
 makes up the ribosome
3) tRNA (transfer RNA)
 transfers amino acids building blocks of protein to the
ribosome
STOP, PAUSE, AND TAKE NOTES!
 What are the major differences between DNA and
RNA?

 What are the three types of RNA? What do they

do?
STOP, PAUSE, AND TAKE NOTES!
 What are the major differences between DNA and
RNA?
RNA contains ribose sugar, is single stranded, can
travel out of the nucleus, and uses Uracil instead of
Thymine (U binds with A)
 What are the three types of RNA? What do they
do?
mRNA sends message outside of the nucleus
rRNA makes up ribosome
tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosome
SO WHAT DOES RNA HAVE TO DO WITH
ANYTHING?
 When it is time to transcribe a gene (express that
gene) RNA Polymerase separates the DNA strands
and adds complimentary mRNA bases to DNA
Remember, RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine!
TRY TO WRITE THE MRNA CODE!
 DNA- ATCAGGACTA
 mRNA- UAGUCCUGAU

This DNA gene is turned into an mRNA

strand that codes for how to make a
protein!
A gene is just a small portion of DNA
(like a sentence in a book)
TRANSCRIPTION
 Making mRNA from DNA is called Transcription!
We can remember that this happens first because
transCription has a C and transLation has an L
 C comes before L in the alphabet!
STOP, PAUSE, AND TAKE NOTES!

 What is transcription?

 What enzymes are involved in transcription?

STOP, PAUSE, AND TAKE NOTES!

 What is transcription?
Transcription is when DNA is used to make single
stranded mRNA

 What enzyme is involved in transcription?

RNA polymerase- adds complimentary bases to DNA to
form mRNA
OK… SO NOW WHAT?

 The mRNA strand is now able to travel outside the

nucleus to the ribosome! (also made of RNA)
 The ribosome acts like a translator and translates
the RNA language into protein language!

Ribosome!
…Unimpresed
TRANSLATION

 mRNA is fed through a hole in the ribosome

 The ribosome “reads” the mRNA strand
The ribosome can only read 3 bases at a time
 Like reading one word at a time in a sentence
 These 3 bases are called a CODON.
mRNA sequence: AUGUGGCGAAAG

1 2 3 4 codons!
TRANSLATION
 When the ribosome “reads” these codons it
translates the mRNA language into protein
language by attracting tRNA (transfer RNA)
-Remember, tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

 tRNA binds to the mRNA with a complimentary

strand of RNA (called anti-codon)

 Every codon codes for 1 amino acid!

Amino acids are the monomers of protein
20 different amino acids
Use codon table to determine amino acid translation
 Amino acid

tRNA Ribosome

mRNA
CODON TABLE- WHAT AMINO ACID DOES AAG
CODE FOR? Lysine!!!!
STOP, PAUSE, AND TAKE NOTES
 When mRNA leaves the nucleus, where does it go?

 What language does the ribosome translate? (what

 what?)

 What is a codon?

 How does tRNA read a codon?

STOP, PAUSE, AND TAKE NOTES
 When mRNA leaves the nucleus, where does it go?
mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to a ribosome
 What language does the ribosome translate?
(what  what?)
The ribosome helps to translate mRNA language to protein
language
 What is a codon?
A codon is 3 mRNAbases
 How does tRNA read a codon?
tRNA reads the codon which translates to 1 amino acid
ONE AMINO ACID DOES NOT A PROTEIN
MAKE…
 So now there is one amino acid at the ribosome…
but a protein is made up of THOUSANDS of amino
acids!
 The ribosome then reads the next codon, which
attracts a NEW tRNA and its amino acid.
 It joins the 1st and 2nd amino acid together with a
peptide bond.
 AND ON, AND ON, AND ON

 The ribosome continues to read the

mRNA and attract complimentary tRNA
to create a growing polypeptide chain

 One the mRNA has been completely

read and a polypeptide has been
translated the mRNA and polypeptide
leave the ribosome

 The polypeptide then folds up on itself

and the protein is then complete!
TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION ANIMATION
 http://www.wiley.com/college/test/0471787159/biolo
gy_basics/animations/fromGeneToProtein.swf

 Play only “types of RNA” “RNA processing”

“transcription” and “translation”
STOP, PAUSE, TAKE NOTES
 What is the bond between amino acids called?

 Summarize what you have learned today!

STOP, PAUSE, TAKE NOTES
 What is the bond between amino acids called?
The bonds between amino acids are called peptide
bonds
 Summarize what you have learned today!
1) Transcription takes place in the nucleus where the DNA
code is used to make single stranded mRNA
2)mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
where it binds to the ribosome
3)The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence one codon at
a time and attracts tRNA with complimentary bases on one
side and an amino acid on the other
4)mRNA is fed through the ribosome and additional tRNA
add to the growing polypeptide chain