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William Shakespeare
Listen to this: https://youtu.be/eMUSKP9dsCg sonnet 18 sog david gilmore
Sonnet 18
• Structure: . English sonnet (1) 14 lines (1) 3 stanzas with 4 lines each = quatrains and a couplet consisting of two lines (1) The rhyme scheme is ababcdcdefef gg (1)
5 Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c • Shall I compare you to a summer's day?
6 And often is his gold complexion dimm’d; d • You are more lovely and more constant:
7 And every fair from fair sometime declines, c • Rough winds shake the beloved buds of May
8 By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm’d; d • And summer is far too short:
• Theme(THE MEssage): The poet is contrasting the imperfections of a summer’s day with the perfections of a poet’s patron/lover (keeper of....) which have been immortalised
(being able to live forever). The timelessness of love and beauty, death and immortality, and in particular the immortality of art and subject matter.
• Tone/Mood/Emotion: an endearing, deep devotion for a lover. The speaker in the poem emphasizes his adoration of his lover's lasting beauty that will never fade like beauty
found in nature. The lover will live on in the speaker's poem.Starts off optimistic, but becomes frustrated in the second quatrain. He is admiring and affectionate(caring). His
frustration is that nature will never match the perfection of his friend. His disparagement (talking bad or belittling another person) is clear in the second quatrain.
STANZA 1
Line 1
Rhetorical Question: It is a question where no answer is expected and used to focus our
attention on the fact that: the speaker asks whether he should compare his beloved
(addressed directly as "thee") to a summer's day. The poet is asking for advice as he is Line 2
doubtful. ‘thee’ refers to the poet’s beloved The poet identifies two positive features of ‘a summer day’, i.e. lovely and temperate. The speaker suggests
that his beloved is constant and calm, not unpredictable and moody. The word ‘temperate’ suggests
moderation, self-control. He has answered his own question. She is more loving, kind and more perfect. ’Thou’
is also ‘you’ – or the poet’s beloved. Expectation that summer is seen to be the best, good season. The colon
‘:’ an explanation follows as to why she is more lovely and temperate than summer.
Death is personified – portrayed as a person who boasts (brags) about his power over people or brags about his
power to destroy life and beauty. He is portrayed as an unpleasant, over-confident person. The use of the phrase
‘death brag,’ evokes the feelings of dread, disgust and horror. She will sooner or later die a physical death and
Death will want to brag about it/that she has gone to the darkness/shade. METAPHOR - Death is like the ruler Line 12
(human quality) of the underworld. Coming near to death is compared to someone who walks in the shadow of Eternal lines: the speaker refers to lines of poetry. He states that because these lines of poetry will be read
someone else, who nearly touches the shadow.PERSONIFICATION - Death is like the ruler (human quality) of forever, the beloved’s beauty will live forever. The speaker’s poetry eternalises her youth and her beauty.
the underworld/doom/darkness/hell where the spirits of the dead wander/strolls/walk around aimlessly. Death is Because these lines of poetry by Shakespeare will be read forever, the lady’s beauty will live forever. His
like a vain braggart who will not have the privilege of taking the speaker’s friend. Death is less frightening ig you
poetry eternalises her youth and her beauty. When in the everlasting eternal lines of the poetry, the poem
make it human. ALLITERATION – The repetition of the ‘sh’ emphasises the fact shadows of death. ELISION -
“wander’st” – should be wanderest. This is done for the rhythm of the poem. It says that when death comes she will grow, grow, expand and flourish. as time continues into eternity. As this poem is continuously
around to take her away and she nears death, it will not be able to brag about its power, because it will be read, this lady will grow and grow, because everyone will know about her. The lines of poetry will keep her
powerless. alive for as long as this poem is read. ELISION - “grow’st” – should be growest. This is done for the
rhythm of the poem.
STANZA 4
The beloved will continue to live through this poem the speaker has written (to immortalise the beloved). OR
As long as there are people that are alive on earth and as long as people can read, this poem will live on forever. As long as this poem is read in future and in years to come, the poem itself will be the carrier of the eternal life of
the speaker’s beloved. This poem will make the beloved immortal (eternal) and give life to her beauty. The beloved will live forever in the hearts of the people who read this sonnet (poem). The poem itself is the life-giving force of
the speaker’s beloved.
As long as the human race will exist – people living. METAPHOR - As long as eyes can see – This is a METAPHOR for man’s interest in nature. As long as there are people that are alive on earth and as long as people can read,
this poem will live on forever. This is how long this poem will live and this, the poem gives her life. ‘Lives’ is a verb and life is a noun. His poetry will be alive eternally. RHETORICAL DEVICE –REPETITION – this - Repetition of
the pronoun ‘this’ stresses the importance that Shakespeare attaches to his own poetry The tone is a bit smug here – possibly? The memory of his loved one depends on Shakespeare’s poetic art – in which her merits are
glorified .
6.1 6.1.1 (a) (b) (c) (d) Elizabethan quatrains rhyming couplet iambic (4)
6.1.2 Summer has strong/harsh winds. It is too brief. Sometimes the temperature is too high/the sun is scorching. It is often cloudy/overcast. NOTE: Accept any
TWO of the above. (2)
6.1.3 (a) B / alliteration (1) (b) Everything eventually loses its beauty whether by coincidence/ accident or through natural causes. (2)
6.1.4 (a) Personification (1) (b) The speaker personifies Death which falsely boaststhat it will claim the speaker's beloved. (2)
6.1.5 (a) 'eternal' (1) (b) The speaker will write about his beloved's beauty in this poem/his poetry. (1)
6.1.7 Open-ended. Accept a relevant response which shows an understanding of the following viewpoints, among others: Yes. • The speaker claims his beloved is not
moody/temperamental like the season of summer. • She is not harsh like the wind that could be destructive in damaging the buds. • The beloved's beauty does not change
unlike the sun which is either too scorching or at times hidden by the clouds. • Summer is a short period of time; his beloved's beauty, however, is eternal and not even
death can affect it as it will be immortalised in the poem. OR His beloved's beauty cannot be compared to a perfect summer's day. • Summer is regarded by many as being
a beautiful season. However, the speaker's perception of his beloved's beauty is personalised and not shared by everybody. • Just as summer has imperfections (strong
winds, hot sun), so too does the speaker's beloved (bad temper, mood swings). • Everything is subject to the passage of time. NOTE: Do NOT award a mark for YES or NO.
Credit responses where a combination is given. For full marks, the response must be well-substantiated. A candidate can score 1–2 marks for a response which is not well-
substantiated. The candidate's interpretation must be grounded in the poem. (3)
3.1.2 The poem has 14 lines. It consists of 3 quatrains which has 4 lines and 1 couplet which has 2 lines. The rhyme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.
3.2 Summer has strong/harsh winds. It is too brief. Sometimes the temperature is too high/the sun is scorching. It
is often cloudy/overcast. NOTE: Accept any TWO of the above.
3.3.1 C
3.3.2 Everything eventually loses its beauty whether by coincidence/ accident or through natural causes.
3.4.1 Personification
3.4.2 The speaker personifies Death which falsely boast. that it will claim the speaker's beloved.
3.5 Adoration/affection
3.6 THE ME ssage: The poet concludes that her beauty will be everlasting through his words. Her beauty will live forever
through his poetry.
3.7 He compares the beauty to summer which he concludes is short, too hot, too rough (winds) and comes to the
conclusion that her beauty will last forever through his beautiful words.
3.8 I agree – the poet describes her beauty through his words. As long as there are people on earth who can read and
live, her beauty will live forever through his words.
Answers:
6.1 6.1.1 (a) (b) (c) (d) Elizabethan quatrain rhyming couplet iambic (4)
6.1.2 Summer has strong/harsh winds. It is too brief. Sometimes the temperature is too high/the sun is scorching. It is often
cloudy/overcast. NOTE: Accept any TWO of the above. (2)
6.1.3 (a) B / alliteration (1) (b) Everything eventually loses its beauty whether by coincidence/ accident or through natural causes. (2)
6.1.4 (a) Personification (1) (b) The speaker personifies Death which falsely boasts. that it will claim the speaker's beloved. (2)
6.1.5 (a) 'eternal' (1) (b) The speaker will write about his beloved's beauty in this poem/his poetry. (1)
6.1.6 Adoration/devotion/affection (1)
6.1.7 Open-ended. Accept a relevant response which shows an understanding of the following viewpoints, among others: Yes. • The
speaker claims his beloved is not moody/temperamental like the season of summer. • She is not harsh like the wind that could be
destructive in damaging the buds. • The beloved's beauty does not change unlike the sun which is either too scorching or at times hidden
by the clouds. • Summer is a short period of time; his beloved's beauty, however, is eternal and not even death can affect it as it will be
immortalised in the poem. OR His beloved's beauty cannot be compared to a perfect summer's day. • Summer is regarded by many as
being a beautiful season. However, the speaker's perception of his beloved's beauty is personalised and not shared by everybody. • Just as
summer has imperfections (strong winds, hot sun), so too does the speaker's beloved (bad temper, mood swings). • Everything is subject
to the passage of time. NOTE: Do NOT award a mark for YES or NO. Credit responses where a combination is given. For full marks, the
response must be well-substantiated. A candidate can score 1–2 marks for a response which is not well-substantiated. The candidate's
interpretation must be grounded in the poem. (3)
3.1.1 Elizabethan/English sonnet
3.1.2 The poem has 14 lines. It consists of 3 quatrains which has 4 lines and 1 couplet which has 2 lines. The rhyme is abab, cdcd, efef,
gg.
3.2 Summer has strong/harsh winds. It is too brief. Sometimes the temperature is too high/the sun is scorching It is often
cloudy/overcast. NOTE: Accept any TWO of the above.
3.3.1 C
3.3.2 Everything eventually loses its beauty whether by coincidence/ accident or through natural causes.
3.4.1 Personification
3.4.2 The speaker personifies Death which falsely boaststhat it will claim the speaker's beloved.
3.5 Adoration/affection
3.6 THE ME ssage: The poet concludes that her beauty will be everlasting through his words. Her beauty will live forever
through his poetry.
3.7 He compares the beauty to summer which he concludes is short, too hot, too rough (winds) and comes to the
conclusion that her beauty will last forever through his beautiful words.
3.8 I agree – the poet describes her beauty through his words. As long as there are people on earth who can read and
live, her beauty will live forever through his words.