GEOMORPHOLOGY

COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY-IX
Lec : 42

PITAMBAR PATI
DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES

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Modern coastal conservation
techniques include calculations
of the sand budgets for each
section of a barrier coast
(Oertel et al., 1989; Finkl, 1996)

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ecosystems/placebased-conservation/

To correct negative budgets, additional

sand is provided at the upcurrent end
http://coastalcare.org/2014/02/east-floridas-barrier-islands-natural-vs-man-made/
of each littoral cell.
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The quantities, measured in
1000m3/day (Das, 1971; Komar, 1976),
can be provided only by dredging sand
from the ocean floor well to seaward
of the null line https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/30/science/barrier-islands-feeling-the-
effects-of-climate-change.html

The postglacial rise of sea level seems

to have frequently generated incipient
barriers that were subsequently
overtopped and bypassed and are now
relict submarine sand ridges
https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-3/mineral-resources/deposits-
and-markets/sand-gravel-and-phosphate-from-the-sea/

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lf these ridges are truly relict and not part
of an as-yet-unknown modern shelf
sediment transport system, the sand in
them can safely be used to restore and
maintain modern barriers and other
eroding coasts
http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Sand_ridges_in_shelf_seas

https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/restoration-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/sand-ridge http://archipelago.gr/en/intermediterranean-landcare/ degraded-mangrove-ecosystems

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Muddy Shores Intertidal Mud Flats
Clay-size and silt-size particles settle slowly
from suspension and are carried by littoral
currents as suspended load.
https://pixabay.com/es/photos/aves-marinas-animales-mar-
playa-1637377/
But in seawater,
unlike in rivers, fine
sediment
flocculates into
loose, large
aggregates and http://www.marinespecies.org/introduced/wiki/Dynamics_of_mud_transport

settles out of suspension in quiet water https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tidal_flat_sedimentary_struc

tures.PNG

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Mud in suspension that is
carried out beyond the null
line is lost to the deep ocean
floor, but much of the mud
stirred up in the shore zone, or
carried there by rivers, moves
landward into estuaries, bays,
lagoons, and other shallow, https://slideplayer.com/slide/4653747/

quiet water
Tidal ebb and flow, which might be thought to be comparable to a
river that symmetrically reverses direction every six hours, actually
cause a net shoreward transfer of mud
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Mud on the shoreward, shallow edge of the flood tide reaches the
bottom and coheres, resisting current erosion on the ebb, or
outward, tide

https://www.slideshare.net/UbaidullahShalmani/transitional-environments

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/use-images-explain-prograding-deltas-
yield-deposit-becomes-coarser-grained-upward-whereas--q31736581

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 However, at the end of
the ebb cycle, mud that
moves sea ward and
settles to an equal
depth has not yet
reached the bottom, so
it is carried shoreward
again by the next flood
tide (van Straaten and
Kuenen, 1958; Postma,
1967)
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/using-camp-s-analysis-relationship-calculate-plot-terminal-settling-velocity-iron-particle-q24556552

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This tendency to move mud into shallow, quiet water, while waves
stir and winnow all the mud out of the surf zone, explains why
beaches of clean, well-sorted sand are so commonly backed by
intertidal mud flats, tidal marshes, or muddy lagoons.
Accretion on mud flats is not only a
mechanical process but a biologic
one as well
Many animals burrow in the mud and
feed by filtering suspended.
organic debris out of the overlying
water during tidal submersion. https://www.audubon.org/magazine/fall-2017/louisiana-
restoring-its-barrier-islands-defend

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The waste products, including mud, are
secreted as fecal pellets that are
hydraulically similar to sand grains
except that they tend to stick together

https://bugguide.net/node/view/1007878/bgimage

These pellets of agglutinated

mud account for a significant
proportion of the total mud-flat
accumulation
https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/sciencecommunication/2014/09/19/mudflat-ecology-in-a-nutshell/

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