Science, Technology, & Society Preliminaries
THE SUMMERIAN
The Dreamers - Herbert Kaufman
They are the architects of greatness. Their vision lies
within their souls. They never see the mirages of Fact,
but peer beyond the veils and mists of doubt and pierce
the walls of unborn Time.
Makers of empires, they have fought for bigger things
than crowns and higher seats than thrones.
They are the Argonauts, the seekers of the priceless
fleece- the Truth.
Through all the ages they have heard the voice of
destiny call to them from the unknown vasts.
Their brains have wrought all human miracles. In lace of
stone their spires stab the Old World’s skies and with
their golden crosses kiss the sun.
They are chosen few- the blazers of the way- who never
wear doubt’s bandage on their eyes- who starve and chill
and hurt, but hold to courage and to hope, because they
know that there is always proof of truth for them who
try- that only cowardice and lack of faith can keep the
seeker from his chosen goal, but if his heart be strong
and if he dreams enough and dream it hard enough, he
can attain, no matter where men failed before.
Walls crumble and the empires fall. The tidal wave
sweeps from the sea and tears a fortress from its rock.
The rotting nations drop from off Time’s bough, and
only things the dreamers make live on. They are the
Eternal Conquerors- their vassals are the years.
History
● The Sumerian civilization emerged upon the flood
plain of the lower reaches of the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers about 4000 B.C.
● The origin of the Sumerians is uncertain. They
apparently came from the south through the Persian
Gulf.
● Their literature speaks of their homeland being
Dilmun, which could have been one of the islands in
the Persian Gulf such as Bahrain.
● But no ruins comparable in age and complexity to
those of Sumer have been found in the proposed
locations of Dilmun. However the balance of the
evidence is that Dilmun was the island of Bahrain.
The First Sumerian Cities
● The Sumerian city states rise to power during the
prehistorical Ubaid and Uruk periods.
● The historical record gradually opens with the Early
Dynastic period from ca. the 29th century B.C.E.,
but remains scarce until the Lagash period begins in
the 26th century.
● Classical Sumer ends with the Akkadian Empire in
the 24th century.
● Following the Gutian period, there is a brief
"Sumerian renaissance" in the 22nd century, cut
short in ca. 2000 B.C.E. by Amorite invasions.
● The Amorite "dynasty of Isin" persists until ca. 1730
B.C.E. when Mesopotamia is united under
Babylonian rule.
Periods & Dynasty
● Ubaid period 5300-3900 B.C.E.
● Uruk IV period 3900-3200 B.C.E.
● Uruk III period 3200-2900 B.C.E.
● Early Dynastic I period 2900-2800 B.C.E.
● Early Dynastic II period 2800-2600 B.C.E.
● Early Dynastic IIIa period 2600-2500 B.C.E.
● Early Dynastic IIIb period 2500-2334 B.C.E.
● Lagash dynasty period 2550-2380 B.C.E.
● Akkad dynasty period 2450-2250 B.C.E.
● Gutian period 2250-2150 B.C.E.
● Ur III period 2150-2000 B.C.E.
Geographical Location
● Sumeria is located at the southern part Of
Mesopotamia. It is said that in the 4th Milenium B.C.
Mesopotamia is divided into a dozen of independent
city-states, which were divided by canals and
boundary stones.
● Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the
particular patron god/goddess of the city and ruled
over by a priestly governor (ensi) or by a king
(lugal) who was intimately tied to the city's religious
rites.
Technology
● Fore Runner
● The 360 Degree Circle
● Kiln
● Sumerian Mud Bricks
● The First Hammered Metal Artifacts
Film
● The Sumerian Origin of Humans (Documentary)
Culture
● Sumerian culture may be traced to two main centers:
a. Eridu in the south
b. Nippur in the north
● Eridu and Nippur may be regarded as contrasting
poles of Sumerian religion.
● The deity Enlil, around whose sanctuary Nippur had
grown up, was considered lord of the ghost-land,
and his gifts to mankind were said to be the spells
and incantations that the spirits of good or evil were
compelled to obey.
● The world he governed was a mountain (E-kur from
E= house and Kur= Mountain); the creatures that he
had made lived underground.
● Eridu, on the other hand, was the home of the
culture god Enki, the god of beneficence, ruler of
the freshwater depths beneath the earth (the Abzu
from Ab= water and Zu= far), a healer and friend to
 humanity who was thought to have given us the arts
and sciences, the industries and manners of
civilization; the first law-book was considered his
creation.
● Eridu had once been a seaport, and it was doubtless
its foreign trade and intercourse with other lands that
influenced the development of its culture.
● Its cosmology was the result of its geographical
position: the earth, it was believed, had grown out of
the waters of the deep, like the ever widening coast
at the mouth of the Euphrates.
● Long before history is recorded, however, the
cultures of Eridu and Nippur had coalesced. While
Babylon seems to have been a colony of Eridu,
Eridu's immediate neighbor, Ur, may have been a
colony of Nippur, since its moon god was said to be
the son of Enlil of Nippur.
● However, in the admixture of the two cultures, the
influence of Eridu was predominant.
● The Code of Hammurabi was based on Sumerian
Law. The ancient Sumerian flood myth, similar to
the Epic of Gilgamesh suggests that the
development of City-States was thought to be a way
to ensure that peace would prevail.
● Treaties from ancient Sumeria indicate a preference
for solving disputes through negotiation.
● For the Sumerians, commerce and trade was better
than conflict.
● Though women were protected by late Sumerian
law and were able to achieve a higher status in
Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the
culture was male-dominated.
● There is much evidence that the Sumerians loved
music. It seemed to be an important part of religious
and civic life in Sumer. Lyres were popular in
Sumer.
The Zodiac
Ancient Science developed from the sun
● The year was divided into twelve equal parts, just as
now we divide the year into twelve months.
● The suns helpers are the twelve months, and the
twelve signs of the zodiac, or constellations through
which the sun must pass.
● Thus, most religious stories were based on the
movements of the sun through the heavens of
ancient times, meaning the planets and stars.
● An astrotheologial development that can be found
throughout the planet, because the sun and the
zodiac signs can be observed around the globe.
● Evolving from ancient times these myths, fables, is
merely a mythological formular revolving around
the movement of the sun through what Sumerians
thought were the heavens.
● Such mystery and awe surrounds the Sumerian
Culture. Ancient Sumerians possessed extensive
knowledge of the solar system without telescopes.
THE BABYLONIAN
● Babylonia is an ancient country of Mesopotamia
which came after Sumer and Akkad.
● The Babylonian civilization endured from 18th
century BC to 6th century BC.
● The city of Babylon was the capital of the ancient
land of Babylonia in southern Mesopotamia.
● It was situated on the Euphrates River about 50
miles south of modern Baghdad, just north of what
is now the modern Iraqi town of al-Hillah.
The Word "Babylon"
● Babylon is Akkadian "babilani" which means "the
Gate of God(s)" and it became the capital of the land
of Babylonia.
● The etymology of the name Babel in the Bible
means "confused" (Gen 11:9) and throughout the
Bible, Babylon was a symbol of the confusion
caused by godlessness.
● The name Babylon is the Greek form of the Hebrew
name Babel.
The Early Growth of Babylon
● There is evidence that man has lived in this area of
Mesopotamia since the beginning of civilization.
● The first records indicate that Babylon was
established as a city around the 23rd century BC.
● Before this it was a provincial capital ruled by the
kings of the city of Ur. Then came the migration of
the Amorites.
Ideal for Trade
● Because Babylon was situated on the river
Euphrates it was an ideal place for trade.
● To the north they could trade up the river to Syria
and beyond and could act as a staging post with the
cities of Sumer to the south.
● The Babylonians traded food surpluses for raw
materials like copper, gold, and wood, which they
used to manufacture weapons, household objects,
jewelry, and other items that could be traded.
Geographical Location
● Babylonia was situated in the area known as
Mesopotamia (Greek for "between the rivers").
● Babylonia rests on a flat plain with the two large
rivers flowing through it, the Tigris and Euphrates.
● Their course runs from Anatolia and Syria to the
Persian Gulf. Mountains surround the East and
North sides of the plain, the Zagros chain and
Kurdistan, and the Syrian and Arabian deserts guard
the west and south.
Technology
● Cunieform Tablet (2300-800 B.C)
● Sexagesimal
Film
● The Sumerian Origin of Humans (Documentary)
Culture
Babylonian Civilization
● Throughout the long period of Babylonia history,
the Babylonians achieved a high level of civilization
that made an impact on the whole known world.
● Sumerian culture was its basis, which later
Babylonians regarded as traditional.
● In the area of religion, the Sumerians already had a
system of gods, each with a main temple in each
city.
● The chief gods were Anu, god of heaven; Enlil, god
of the air; and Enki or Ea, god of the sea.
● Others were Shamash, the sungod; Sin, the moon-
god; Ishtar, goddess of love and war; and Adad, the
storm-god.
● The Amorites promoted the god Marduk at the city
of Babylon, so that he became the chief god of the
Babylonian religion, starting around 1100 BC.
● Babylonian religion was temple-centered, with
elaborate festivals and many different types of
priests, especially the exorcist and the diviner, who
mainly were trained to drive away evil spirits.
● Babylonian literature was mainly dominated by
mythology and legends.
● Among these was a creation myth written to glorify
their god Marduk. According to this myth, Marduk
created heaven and earth from the corpse of the
goddess Tiamat.
● Another work was the Gilgamesh Epic, a flood story
written about 2000 BC. Scientific literature of the
Babylonians included treatises on astronomy, math,
medicine, chemistry, botany, and nature.
● One of the main aspects of Babylonian culture was a
codified system of law.
● Hammurapi’s famous code was the successor of
earlier collections of laws going back to 2050 BC.
● The Babylonians used art for the national
celebration of great events/ glorification of the gods.
● It was marked by stylized and symbolic
representations, but it expressed realism and
spontaneity in the depiction of animals.
Ancient Babylon
● Located about 60 miles (100 kilometers) south of
Baghdad in modern-day Iraq
● The ancient city of Babylon served for nearly two
millennia as a center of Mesopotamian civilization.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
● According to legends, the great Babylonian King
Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife,
Queen Amytis.
● It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon
layers of gardens that contained several species of
plants, trees, and vines.
Art of Writing and Education
● The people of Babylon used Cuneiform writing.
● During the reign of Hammurabi, the famous
Emperor of Babylon, education spread in the look
and corner of that land.
● The Babylonian boys put emphasis on writing,
reading and Mathematics and girls were fond of
song and dance.
Literature
● The Babylonians wrote around 2000 books.
● They composed books on religion, science,
mathematics, and astrology.
Code of Hammurabi
● Hammurabi was the First Law Giver of the world
● It contained laws relating to marriage, divorce,
property, contract, trade and commerce, mortgage of
land, religion etc.
● It contained criminal laws concerning murder, theft,
treachery, dishonesty, negligence in duty etc.
Science
● The priests watched the sun, moon planet and star
very carefully and forecast the future.
● The Babylonians also adopted lunar calendar. They
divided one year into 12 months and each month
was divided into 30 days.
● They also used sun dial and water clock to know
time. They also knew the use of numbers from 1 - 9.
● They had acquired knowledge in geography, life
science and astrology.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
● Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River
in large part because the river’s annual flooding
ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops.
● Their inventions and technology had an impact on
many civilizations to come.
● Their technology included the ability to build large
construction projects such as pyramids and palaces,
simple machines such as ramps and levers, and a
complex system of government and religion.
Writing
● Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a
system of writing using symbols, known as
hieroglyphics.
Papyrus
● The Egyptians learned how to make durable sheets
of parchment from the papyrus plant.
● Used for important documents and religious texts.
Ink
● They took juice of plants and prepared ‘ink’ by
mixing gum and water with it.
● In several cases they also prepared ink by missing
gum with black particles found from kitchen house
or lamps.
Cosmetics
● All Egyptians wore makeup, even the men.
● They made a dark eye makeup called kohl from soot
and other minerals.
● The makeup was a fashion statement, but it also had
the side effect of protecting their skin from the hot
desert sun.
● Egyptians also believed that a person wearing make-
up was protected from evil and that beauty was a
sign of holiness.
Wig
● Wigs were used during daily life of the royals, but
also at major festivals and events.
● The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of
the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun.
● After death, people were often buried with their best
wigs. They wanted to appear as wealthy and with
beautiful hair in the afterlife.
● Because of this practice, many wigs have survived
until now and they are parts of exhibitions around
the world.
Water Clock/Clepsydra
● For a more exact measurement of time, the ancient
Egyptians developed a water clock made from stone,
copper, or pottery.
Medicine
● The Ancient Egyptians had a wide variety of
medicines and cures.
● They used honey & human brains to cure eye
infections.
● They also used a whole cooked mouse to help cure
coughs.
● Many of their medicines were accompanied by
spells to ward off the evil spirits making the person
sick.
Mathematics
● They also used math and numbers to keep track of
business transactions.
● For numbers they used a decimal system.
● They didn't have numerals for 2 - 9 or zero. They
just had numbers for factors of 10 such as 1, 10,
100, etc.
● In order to write the number 3 they would write
down three number 1s. To write the number 40, they
would write down four number 10s.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
● The Ancient Greeks made many advancements in
science and technology.
● Greek philosophers began to look at the world in
different ways.
● They produced theories on how the world worked
and thought that the natural world obeyed certain
laws that could be observed and learned through
study.
Mathematics
● The Greeks were fascinated with numbers and how
they applied to the real world.
● Unlike earlier civilizations, they studied
mathematics for its own sake and developed
complex mathematical theories and proofs.
● One of the first Greek mathematicians was Thales.
● Thales studied geometry and discovered theories
(such as Thales’ theorem) about circles, lines,
angles, and triangles.
● Pythagoras also studied geometry. He discovered
the Pythagorean Theorem which is still used today
to find the sides of a right triangle.
● Perhaps the most important Greek mathematician
was Euclid. Euclid wrote several books about
geometry called Elements.
Astronomy
● The Greeks applied their skills in math to help
describe the stars and the planets.
● They theorized that the Earth may orbit the Sun and
produced an accurate estimate for the circumference
of the Earth.
● They even developed a device for calculating the
movements of the planets which is sometimes
considered the first computer.
Medicine
● The Greeks were one of the first civilizations to
study medicine as a scientific way to cure illnesses
and disease.
● They had doctors who studied sick people, observed
their symptoms, and then produced some practical
treatments.
● The most famous Greek doctor was Hippocrates.
Hippocrates taught that diseases had natural causes
and they could sometimes be cured by natural
means.
Biology
● The Greeks loved to study the world around them,
and this included living organisms.
● Aristotle studied animals in detail and wrote down
his observations in a book called the History of
Animals.
● Later Greek scientists continued Aristotle's work by
studying and classifying plants.
Inventions
Watermill
● A mill for grinding grain that is powered by water.
● The Greeks invented the waterwheel used to power
the mill and the toothed gears used to transfer the
power to the mill.
Alarm Clock
● The Greek philosopher Plato may have invented the
first alarm clock in history.
● He used a water clock to trigger a sound like an
organ at a certain time.
Central Heating
● The Greeks invented a type of central heating where
they would transfer hot air from fires to empty
spaces under the floors of temples.
Crane
● The Greeks invented the crane to help lift heavy
items such as blocks for constructing buildings.
Archimedes’ screw
● Invented by Archimedes, the Archimedes' screw
was an efficient way to move water up a hill.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
 The Roman Empire was perceived to be the
strongest political and social entity in the west.
 It was the cradle of politics and governance during
that period.
 Because the Roman Empire was so large, other
civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms
of legislation and codified laws.
 Aside from their contributions in politics, a lot of
discoveries and inventions still relevant today can be
attributed to the Roman Empire.
Aqueducts
 The Romans enjoyed many amenities for their day,
including public toilets, underground sewage
systems, fountains and ornate public baths.
 None of these aquatic innovations would have been
possible without the Roman aqueduct.
 First developed around 312 B.C., these engineering
marvels used gravity to transport water along stone,
lead and concrete pipelines and into city centers.
Concrete
 The Romans first began building with concrete over
2,100 years ago and used it throughout the
Mediterranean basin in everything from aqueducts
and buildings to bridges and monuments.
Newspapers
 The Romans were known to contribute to public
discourse with official texts detailing military, legal
and civil issues. Known as Acta Diurna, or “daily
acts,” these early newspapers were written on metal
or stone and then posted in heavily trafficked areas
like the Roman Forum.
 Acta are believed to have first appeared around 131
B.C. and typically included details of Roman
military victories, lists of games and gladiatorial
bouts, birth and death notices and even human-
interest stories.
 There was also an Acta Senatus, which detailed the
proceedings of the Roman senate.
Welfare
 Ancient Rome was the wellspring for many modern
government programs, including measures that
subsidized food, education & expenses for the
needy.
 These entitlement programs date back to 122 B.C.,
when the tribune Gaius Gracchus instituted lex
frumentaria, a law that ordered Rome’s government
to supply its citizens with allotments of cheaply
priced grain.
Bound Books
 The Romans create the codex, a stack of bound
pages that is recognized as the earliest incarnation of
the book.
 The first codices were made of bound wax tablets,
but these were later replaced by animal skin
parchment that more clearly resembled pages.
 Early Christians became some of the first to adopt
the new technology, using it extensively to produce
copies of the Bible.
Roads and Highways
 The Romans built over 50,000 miles of road by 200
A.D., primarily in the service of military conquest.
 Stone mile markers & signs informed travelers of
the distance to their destination, & special
complements of soldiers acted as kind of highway
patrol
The Julian calendar
 The modern Gregorian calendar is modeled very
closely on a Roman version that dates back more
than 2,000 years.
 Caesar lengthened the number of days in a year
from 355 to the now-familiar 365 and eventually
included the 12 months as we know them today.
 The Julian calendar was almost perfect, but it
miscalculated the solar year by 11 minutes.
 These few minutes ultimately threw the calendar off
by several days.
 This led to the adoption of the nearly identical
Gregorian calendar in 1582, which fixed the
discrepancy by altering the schedule of leap years.
Battlefield Surgery
 The Romans invented many surgical tools and
pioneered the use of the cesarean section, but their
most valuable contributions to medicine came on the
battlefield.
Roman Numerals
 Roman devised their own number system that would
meet their increasing communication and trade
concerns.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 The Chinese Civilization is considered to be the
oldest civilization in Asia, If not the world.
 Also known as the middle kingdom, China is
located on the far east of Asia.
Silk
 One of the things that connected Far East China to
the world is Silk.
 Although silk is naturally produced by silk worms,
the Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produced paper and clothing.
 Silk production resulted in the creation of a product
for trade.
Tea Production
 Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or
boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea
leaves.
 It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a
Chinese Emperor.
 Tea production was developed when an unknown
Chinese investor created a machine that was able to
shred tea leaves into strips.
Great Wall of China
 Once considered the only man made structure that
could be seen from outer space, the Great Wall of
China is said to the largest and most extensive
infrastructure that the nation built.
 It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and
control the borders of China.
 Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other
materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
Engineering technology at that time.
Gunpowder
 The gunpowder is one of the most interesting
inventions in China. Originally, it was developed by
Chinese Alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality.
 They mixed charcoal, sulphur and potassium nitrate,
but instead of creating an elixir of life, they
accidentally invented a black powder that could
generate large amounts pf heat and gas in an instant.
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
 The start of the middle ages was marred by massive
invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent
during this time.
 As such, great technology was needed in the fields
of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
production, and health.
 The wars have resulted in population decline, but
during the latter part of the period, there was
significant rise in population.
 Trade and Commerce among nations increased
which resulted in greater demands for transportation
technology.
Printing Press
 After the Chinese developed woodblock printing,
Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing
press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast
type.
 He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices
from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of
the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into the
piece of paper, which then made an exact
impression on paper.
 This general invention soon evolved to be the
mechanical printing press which was eventually
used all over the world.
Microscope
 To develop the proper medicines for illnesses,
expert must understand the sickness through an
investigation.
 Thus, they needed the device that could magnify
things invisible to the eye.
 Guided by the principles used for the invention of
eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was
able to develop the first compound microscope.
Telescope
 The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument
that helps in the observation of remote objects, was
a great help for navigators during this time.
 Together with the telescope, the invention of the
compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling
easier and safer.
War Weapons
 Since wars were widespread during the Middle
Ages, great development in the weaponry
technology also occurred.
 All sides must develop weaponries not only as
offensive tools but also defensive instruments.
 For open-area battles, people developed cross bows
and longbows so that they could attack the enemies
at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the
protection of walls and fortresses.
MODERN TIMES
 The booming world population during the
nineteenth century onwards demanded that more
goods be produced at a faster rate.
 People needed efficient means of transportation to
trade more goods and cover a larger distance.
 Machines that required animals to operate must thus
be upgraded.
Pasteurization
 Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist,
and chemist, found a way to solve the problem.
 He invented pasteurization, the process of heating
dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow
them to spoil faster.
 Through this process, milk could be stored and
consumed for a long period.
 It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful
bacteria.
Petroleum Refinery
 Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by
refining petroleum.
 Kerosene was later on referred to as “illuminating
oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to
homes.
 After some time, it was applied for heating
purposes.
 The development of kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry.
Telephone
 Important day to day decisions must be discussed
and addressed at the fastest time possible.
 Thus, the development of the telephone by
Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most
important inventions at that time.
Calculator
 Although an earlier version of the calculator had
already been developed, circumstances in the
modern times required a faster way to compute more
complicated equations.
 Computing devices must also be easy to carry since
they would be utilized on a day to day basis.
 The Creation of modern calculators did not only
pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of more complex
processing machines like the computer.
PHILIPPINE INVENTION
 The Philippines also contributes to the global
advancement of science and technology.
 It is quite remarkable to note the ingenuity of the
Filipinos despite the lack in resources.
 The Philippines is known to be one of the most
vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters.
 Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the
Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous
materials or created to adapt.
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
 H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung
and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief
Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave, was able to invent
the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can
cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and
lakes.
 It may also be utilized to travel from island to
island. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the
Salamander is a useful invention that has a lot of
potential.
Salt Lamp
 A young Filipina inventor named Aisa Mijeno was
able to invent a lighting system that utilizes a
material abundant in the Philippines- saltwater.
 She invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting
(SALt) lamp, an environment-friendly light source
that runs on saltwater.
Medical Incubator
 Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the
first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical
School, devised a medical incubator made from
indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on
electricity.
 Dr. del Mundo’s incubator made by placing a native
laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles
were inserted between the baskets to provide
warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen
circulation.
Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
 In 2010, the Department of Science and
Technology-Industrial Technology Development
Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the
Mosquito Ovicidal Larvicidal Trap System, also
known as OL trap.
 This trap system is made of natural ingredients that
are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the
environment.
eJeepney
 The jeepney dominated the Philippine streets and is
considered as the primary mode of transportation of
most Filipinos.
 However, the diesel-powered jeepney produces
large quantities of black smoke and is usually a
major contributor of noise pollution due to its
primitive exhaust system.
 To counter these disadvantages, the electric jeepney
was developed. This modern type of transportation
utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive
diesel.
 It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any
smoke and noise.
Chapter 2
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
Copernican Revolution
 In the early times, people questioned what created
days and nights, they wanted to understand what
heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are.
 The invention of the telescope allowed the people to
take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly,
it is also intrigued them to know what was actually
out there.
 Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1573)
o Polish Catholic Cleric
 o Observed night sky from an observation tower. o The Phallic Stage
o Trying to solve the calendar problem. Age Range: 3 to 6 Years
o Suggested a Sun centered Universe in a book Erogenous Zone: Genitals
titled De Revolutionibus, which was not o The Latent Period
published until the year he died. Age Range: 6 to Puberty
o He was well educated and had read Greek Sexual Feelings/Libido Are Inactive
astronomy. o The Genital Stage
 Copernican Model Age Range: Puberty to Death
o Heliocentric Universe Erogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual Interests
o De Revolutionibus Orbiun Celestium (On  Freud-believed that mental illness is a result of
the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) nurture, not nature. He asked the question: “What
o Idea was opposed by the Catholic Church makes people do things?”
o Copernicus has no clue what stars actually Answer: MOTIVATION - Needs motivate
are or how far they are away\ human behavior (food, shelter, clothing…)
o Earth’s rotation caused daily motion from
east to west.
o Mercury and Venus were inferior planets,
which explained why they are always seen
near the Sun.
o Sun’s annual motion along the ecliptic
(Zodiac) was caused by Earth’s orbital Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
motion (this one was difficult to accept.) (https://bit.ly/3dNRLVa)
o Retrograde motion was a natural
 Physiological needs
phenomenon of one planet passing another o Food, water, warmth, rest
planet as they orbited the Sun.
o Basic needs
o Id Driven
Darwinian Revolution  Safety Needs
 The Darwinian Revolution was considered to be the o Security, safety, protection
one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions
o Basic needs
of its time.
o Id Driven
 Evolution means change over time. A scientific
theory is NOT just a belief, it is a well-supported  Belongingness and Love Needs
tested explanation. o intimate relationship, friends
o Psychological Needs
Freudian Revolution o Id Driven
 In the past, the field of psychology was classified  Esteem Needs
under philosophy. o Prestige and feeling of accomplishment
 Psychology was considered more an art rather than a o Psychological needs
science. o Ego Driven
 In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to  Self-Actualization needs
change people’s perception of psychology with his o Achieving one’s full potential, including
revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. creative activities
 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) o Self-Fulfillment Needs
o Austrian doctor o Ego Driven
o Father of Psychoanalysis
o One of the First Psychologists to study human Ego, Superego, Id
motivation  Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling called a
o Psychiatry vs. Psychology DRIVE OR DESIRE.
o Up until 20th century frontal lobotomies were  Animals respond instinctively, humans learn various
performed on patients ways to respond.
 Theory of Psychosexual Development  Human motivation explains the reasons why people
(https://bit.ly/3dMi4Ly) behave the way they do.
o The Oral Stage  People have DRIVES OR DESIRES in the back of
Age Range: Birth to 1 Year their minds ie: Will to live, will to die. Some of
Erogenous Zone: Mouth these desires cause people to behave irrationally.
o The Anal Stage  People are born with a certain number of instincts or
Age Range: 1 to 3 years DRIVES (human instinctive behavior).
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control
 The human mind has 3 aspects which influence
behavior: Ego, Superego, Id
Id
 According to Freud, the id is the source of all
psychic energy, making it the primary component of
personality.
 The id is the only component of personality that is
present from birth.
 This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious
and includes instinctive and primitive behaviors.
 The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which
strives for immediate gratification of all desires,
wants, and needs.
 If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the
result is a state anxiety or tension.
 For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should
produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink.
Ego
 According to Freud, the ego develops from the id
and ensures that the impulses of the id can be
expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
 The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious,
and unconscious mind.
 The ego is the component of personality that is
responsible for dealing with reality.
Superego
 According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge
at around age five.
 The superego holds the internalized moral standards
and ideals that we acquire from our parents and
society (our sense of right and wrong).
 The superego provides guidelines for making
judgments.
 The superego has two parts:
o The conscience includes information about
things that are viewed as bad by parents and
society.
o These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to
bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of
guilt and remorse.
 The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for
behaviors that the ego aspires to.
Information
 This is been the era in which technology has been
prevalent.
 It is also known as the computer age that has
brought so much change on how we are living
today.
Meso-American/ Mayan Civilization
 It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for
Archeology.
 The temples and pyramids left a lot architecture
leads us to study more of it.
 It includes the entire area of Central America from
Southern Mexico up to the border of South America.
 Maya civilization lasted for approx. 2000 years.
 They incorporated their advanced understanding of
astronomy into their temples and other religious
structures
 Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial
bodies was advanced for their times.
o Predicting eclipses
o Using astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting.
 Mayan is known for measuring time using two
complicated calendar systems. It is useful for their
life especially in planning activities and observing
religious rituals and cultural celebration.
 Mayans also developed technology for growing
different crops and building elaborate cities using
ordinary machineries and tools.
 Mayan built looms for weaving cloth.
 Devised rainbow of glittery paints made from
mineral called MICA.
 Mayan Hieroglyphics – writing system of Mayan.
 Mayan are considered one of most scientifically
advanced societies in Mesoamerica.
 They are skilled in mathematics.
 Created number system based on the numeral 20.
 Developed the concept of zero and positional value
eve before Roman did
Inca Civilization
 Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
festivals and prepare them for planting season.
 The first suspension bridge.
 Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records
that only experts can interpret.
 Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially
prized artistic achievements
 Mandatory Education • Chocolates • Antispasmodic
medication • Chinampa • Aztec calendar • Invention
of canoe
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
 The biggest continent in the world.
 Considered as the home of many ancient civilization
 The host of many cultural, economic, scientific, and
political activities of all ages.
India
 A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of
water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern
boarders.
 Known for manufacturing of iron and in
metallurgical works.
 Indus Valley Civilization – The people in this
civilization tried to standardize measurement of
length to a high degree of accuracy and a designed
ruler. (Mohenjodaro Ruler)
 Aryabhatiya – Introduced several trigonometric
functions, tables, and techniques as well as
algorithms of algebra.
China
 Traditional Medicine – acupuncture
 Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools.
 Astronomy – heavenly bodies, Lunar calendars.
Middle East
 The revolution in the middle east were a product of
the development and growth of individual
Nationalism , imperialism, for the efforts to
westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies
and to push the declining power of the Ottoman
Empire in the Arab region.
African
 The fight against colonialism and imperialism in
Africa.
Important Discoveries in the Timeline of Astronomy
Goseck Circle
 Consisting of four concentric circles, a mound and
two wooden stakes, is believed to be the world’s
earliest sun observatory enabling ancient people to
accurately measure its path during solar year.
Almagest
 Astronomical manual written about 150 A. D. by
Ptolemy
Antikythera Mechanism
 Ancient astronomical computer constructed in
ancient Greece capable of predicting star and planet
positions, as well as lunar and solar eclipses.
Pierre-Simon de Laplace
 He proposes the concept/existence of Black Holes.
Tycho Brahe
 He compiles accurate and comprehensive
observations on the positions of the planets to
further credit the Copernican system over the
Ptolemaic one.
Sir Isaac Newton
 He invented the first reflecting telescope which used
a curved mirror instead of a lens to look further into
space.
Neil Armstrong
 The first human step on the moon.
Apollo 11
 The spaceflight that landed the first two people on
the Moon.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, NATION BUILDING
 The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their
own cultures and traditions.
o Own belief system and indigenous knowledge
o Keeps them organized and sustained their lives
and communities for many years
Pre- Colonial Period
 Aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of
plants and the methods of extracting medicine from
plants.
 They already had alphabet. (alibata), number
system, weighing and measuring system, calendar.
 Shipbuilding, Mining, Weaving, Farming
 The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering by pre-
Spanish era Filipinos.
Spanish Colonial Period
 Spanish introduced formal education and founded
scientific institutions.
 Parish schools were established; religion, reading,
writing, arithmetic, and music was taught.
 Jesuits Founded Schools
o 1640 – Colegio de San Juan de Letran
o 1611 - Colegio de Nuestra Señora del
Santisimo Rosario (Universidad de Santo
Tomás)
o Colleges and Universities.
o University of St. Tomas
o Study of medicine.
 Engineering: Government buildings, Churches,
Roads, Bridges, Ports
Galleon Trade
 Contributed to the change of culture, language and
environment for both Philippines and Mexico.
 The trade was given more focus by the Spaniard due
to the prospects of big profits.
 The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of
European visitors to the Spanish colony some
Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were
probably influenced by the rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by the age of
enlightenment.
American Period
 The progress of science and technology in the
Philippines continued under the American rule of
the islands.
 Science during the American period was inclined
towards agriculture food processing forestry
medicine and pharmacy.
Bureau of Government Laboratories
 Established by the Philippine Commission on July 1,
1901 and was placed under the Department of
interior.
 The bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal,
which was established under the Spanish colonial
era.
 The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases
and laboratory projects.
Bureau of Science
 On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of government
laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of science.
 Became the primary Research Center of the
Philippines until World War II.
National Research Council of the Philippines
 Established on December 8, 1933
Institute of Science
 Replaced the Bureau of Science in 1946.
In a report by the US economic survey to the
Philippines 1950 there is a
a. lack of basic information which were necessities
to the countries industries,
b. lack of support of experimental work and
c. minimal budget for scientific research and low
salaries of scientists employed by the
government
Post-Colonial Period
 In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P.
Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science
Act of 1958 which established the National Science
Development Board
Ferdinand E. Marcos
 During Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, the
importance given to science grew.
 In amended 1973 constitution article XV, section 9
(1), he declared that the “advancement of science
and technology shall have priority in the national
development.”
 On January 23, 1967 in his second state of the
nation address he declared that science was
necessary for the development programs, and thus,
directed the Department of Education to revitalize
the science courses in public high schools.
 On January 22, 1960 in his third state of the nation
address, he recognized that technology was the
leading factor in economic development, and
channeled additional funds to support projects in
applied science and science education.
 In his Fourth state of the nation address on January
27, 1969 he gave a big part of the war damage fund
to private universities to encourage them to create
courses in science and technology and to research.
 On April 6, 1968 he proclaimed 35 hectares in
Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine
science community.
 In his 5th state of the nation address on January 26,
1970 he emphasized that the upgrading of science
curricula in teaching equipment is crucial to the
science development program.
 He added the Philippine coconut Research Institute
to the National Science Development Board
(NSDB) to modernize the coconut industry.
 The NSDB also established the Philippine textile
Institute.
 The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the
NSDB explored the uses of Atomic Energy for
economic development. Marcos assisted 107
institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by
sending scientists to nuclear science and technology
abroad and providing basic training to 482 scientists,
doctors, engineers, and technicians.
 In his 7th state of the nation address on January 24,
1972 he spoke about his major development projects
and reforming sectors of education.
 Such projects includes research and development
schools, technical institutes, science education
centers, and agricultural colleges and vocational
high schools.
 In 1972, he created the National Grains Authority to
provide for the development of rice and corn
industry to fully harness it for economy of the
country. (Presidential Decree No. 4 s.1972)
 He established the Philippine Council for
Agriculture Research to support the progressive
development of agriculture forestry and fisheries for
the nation.
 He provided further support for the promotion of
scientific research and invention with Presidential
Decree No. 49 s. 1972. This decree contains details
on protection of intellectual property for the creator
or publisher of the work.
 He established the Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) under the Department of National
Defense to provide Environmental Protection and to
utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of
the people (Presidential Decree No. 78 s. 1972)
 In 1973 he created the Philippine National Oil
Company to promote industrial and economic
development through effective and efficient use of
energy resources (Presidential Decree number 334,
s. 1973)
 In 1976 he enacted a law under Presidential Decree
No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the National
Academy of Science and Technology which is
composed of scientists and with “innovative
achievement in the basic and applied Sciences” to
serve as a reservoir of scientific technological
expertise for the country.
 In 1978 he created a task force on formulation of
national action program and science and technology
to assess policies and programs of science and
technology. (Executive order No. 512, s. 1978)
 In his 14th state of the nation address on July 23,
1979, he said that the government invested funds
and time in organizations for scientific research,
such as the NSDB, the Philippine Council for
Agriculture Research and Resources, the Plant
Breeding Institute, the International Rice Research
Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry and the
Bureau of Forest Products.
 In 1979 he constituted the Health Science Centers
created by R.A. No. 5163 as an autonomous
member within the University of the Philippines
system to improved the internal organization and
unity of leadership within its units. (Executive order
No. 519, s. 1979)
 In 1980 created the National Committee on
Geological Sciences to advise government and
private entities on matters concerning development
and geological Sciences (Executive Order No. 625,
s.1980)
 In 1982 he reorganized the National Science
Development Board (NSDB) and its agencies into
National Science and Technology Authority to
provide central direction and coordination of
scientific and technological research and
development (Executive Order No. 784, s. 1982)
 He granted salary increases to the people with
teaching positions in the Philippine science high
school due to their necessity in the advancement of
National Science. (Executive Order No. 810, s.1982)
 He enacted a law on the completion of the National
Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at
the University of the Philippines at Los Banos.
(Executive Order no. 840, s. 1982)
 In 1986, he established the Mindanao and Visayas
campuses of the Philippine Science High School to
encourage careers in science and technology and to
be more accessible to the talented students in the
Mindanao and Visayas areas. (Executive Order No.
1090, s.1986)
Corazon C. Aquino
 During her term she encouraged scientists and
inventors to bring the Philippines to its former
position a second to Japan in the field of science and
technology.
 One of the goals of her administration was to
achieve the status of being an industrialized country
by 2000.
 In, 1986 the National Science and Technology
Authority was replaced by the Department of
Science and Technology, giving the science and
technology a representation in the cabinet.
 On August 8, 1988, she created the presidential task
force for science and technology which produced
the 1st science and technology master plan or
STMP.
 The goal of this STMP was for the Philippines to
achieve newly industrialized countries status by the
year 2000.
 R.A. 6655 or the free public secondary Education
Act of 1988 open doors to free education up to the
secondary level, implemented in the education
system together with this was the “science for the
mass program” which aimed at scientific and
technological literacy among Filipinos.
Fidel V. Ramos
 He believes that science and technology was one of
the means wherein the Philippines could attain the
status of new industrialized country.
 During his term he was able to establish programs
that were significant to the field of science and
technology.
 Health care services were promoted through local
programs such as “Doctors to the Barrio Program.”
 The health care programs were innovative and
effective as shown by the change in life expectancy
from 67.5 years in 1992 to 61.9 years in 1995.
 In 1993 Science and Technology Agenda for
National Development (STAND) was established.
Among its priorities were:
o exporting winners identified by the DTI;
o domestic needs identified by President's council
for countryside development ;
o Support industries and coconut industry
development.
 Congress during his term was able to enact laws that
were significant for the field. Among its priorities
were :
o The Magna Carta for Science and Technology
Personnel (R.A. No. 8439 )
o Science and Technology Scholarship Law of
1994 (R.A. No. 7687) and
o Inventors and Inventions Incentive Act ( R.A.
No.7459)
 Republic Act No. 8293 was enacted during his term.
The law provides industrial property rights,
Copyrights and related rights, and technology
transfer arrangements.
Joseph E. Estrada
 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No.
8749) which was designed to protect and preserve
the environment and ensure the sustainable
development of its natural resources.
 Electronic Commerce act of 2000 (Republic Act No.
8792) which outlaws computer hacking and
provides opportunities for new businesses emerging
from the Internet driven new economy.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
 In her administration the Science and Technology
sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the “Golden
age” of Science and Technology by then Secretary
Estrella Albastro.
 The Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was
developed further by strengthening the schools and
education system such as the Philippine Science
High School (PSHS), which focuses on science
technology and mathematics in their curriculum.
 R.A.9367 or the “Biofuels” Act. This act promotes
the development and usage of biofuels throughout
the country. This potential enables a cheaper
alternative to gasoline as a medium producing
energy. Also, this benefits the environment since it
boasts a cleaner immersion compared to regular
fuel.
 In an effort to improve the efficiency of both land
and water the government imposes Republic Act
10601 which improves agriculture and fisheries
sector through mechanization (AFMech).
 R.A. 10601 covers research, development, and
extension (RDE), promotion, distribution, supply,
assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use,
operation, maintenance and project implementation
of agriculture and fisheries machinery and
equipment.

Benigno Aquino III

 Conferred 4 new national scientist for their
contribution in scientific field, Academians Gavino
C. Trono, Angel C. Barba, and Edgardo D. Gomez
was honored in their respective fields.
 Trono’s Contribution help a lot of families in the
coastal populations to the extensive studies he made
on seaweed species.
 Alcala Served as the pioneer scientist and advocate
of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the field
of systematics and herpetology.
 Barba’s Contribution changes the seasonal supply of
fresh fruits to an all-year round availability of
mangoes through his studies on the induction of
flowering of mango and micropropagation of
important crap species.
 Gomez steered the national-scale assessment of
damage coral reefs which led a national
conservation.
1ST Year 2ND Semester Prelims
NURS 1 – 3
RN2024
Sources: PPT (Sir June)
02/26/2020