MIKROBIOLOGI FARMASI Anggun Hari Kusumawati

“FUNGI” M.Si.,Apt

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 FUNGI
It has been duly observed and amply demonstrated that fungi invariably grow
as single cells, as in yeast, or as multicellular filamentous colonies, as in molds
and mushrooms. Interestingly, fungi do not contain chlorophyll (i.e., the nature’s
organic green matter), hence they are saprophytic (i.e., they obtian food from
dead organic matter) or parasitic (i.e., they obtain nourishment from the living
organisms), and above all the body’s normal flora categorically contains
several fungi. However, most fungi are not pathogenic in nature.

The kingdom of organisms that essentially includes yeast, molds, and

mushrooms, is termed as fungi.
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 FUNGI
Molds and Fleshy Fungi The thallus (body) of a mold or fleshy fungus
consists of long filaments of cells joined together; these filaments are called
hyphae (singular: hypha).
Hyphae can grow to immense proportions. Using DNA fingerprinting,
scientists mapped the hyphae of a single fungus in Oregon (a mushroom)
that extended over 4 square miles.
In most molds, the hyphae contain cross-walls called septa (singular:
septum), which divide them into distinct, uninucleate (one-nucleus) cell-like
units. These hyphae are called septate hyphae

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 Dikutip dari Tortora, 2016

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 FUNGI
Importantly, the fungi that essentially cause disease belong to a
specific group known as fungi imperfecti. In immunocompetent
humans these fungi usually cause minor infections of the hair, nails,
mucous membranes, or skin. It is, however, pertinent to mention here
that in a person having a compromised immune system due to AIDS
or immunosuppressive drug therapy, fungi critically serve as a
source of the viable opportunistic infections that may even cause
death ultimately.

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 Dikutip dari Hugo and Rusel’s, 2016
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 The portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients is called the
vegetative hypha; the portion concerned with reproduction is
the reproductive or aerial hypha, so named because it projects
above the surface of the medium on which the fungus is growing. Aerial hyphae
often bear reproductive spores.
When Environmental Conditions Are Suitable,
The Hyphae Grow To Form A Filamentous Mass Called A Mycelium,
Which Is Visible To The Unaided Eye.

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 YEAST
Yeasts are non filamentous, unicellular fungi that
are typically spherical or oval. Like molds, yeasts
are widely distributed in nature; they are
frequently found as a white powdery coating on
fruits and leaves. Budding yeasts, such as
Saccharomyces divide unevenly.
In budding, the parent cell forms a protuberance
(bud) on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the
parent cell’s nucleus divides, and one nucleus
migrates into the bud. Cell wall material is then laid
down between the bud and parent cell, and the
bud eventually breaks away.

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Dikutip dari Ashutosh Kar, 2008 MIKROBIOLOGI FARMASI UBP KARAWANG 11
 FUNGI
In fact, fungi are considered to be mostly saprophytic, making use of
dead organic matter as a source of energy, vital natural organic
decomposers, and destroyers of food stuffs.
While a major segment of species happen to be facultative parasites that
specifically able to feed upon either live or dead organic matter, and a
relatively minor quantum of species may only survive on the living
protoplasms.
These fungi are designated as obligate parasites thereby overwhelmingly
causing disease of man, animals, and plants. They also prove to be of
reasonably great economic and medicaL importance.
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 REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI
A large number of fungi invariably get reproduced both asexually
and sexually. Nevertheless, the ensuing morphology, and the cycle
of these reproductive structures is employed extensively in carrying
out their elaborated and logical classification.

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 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The most common procedure of asexual reproduction is usually accomplished
by the help of spores. In common practice most of them are found to be
colourless (hyaline), while a few of them are duly pigmented as green, yellow,
red, orange, black or brown. In fact, their size may invariably range from
small to large and their shape from globose via oval, oblong, needle-shaped
to helical.
Virtually, the ensuing infintie variation in adequate spore appearance and
their arrangement prove to be of immense utility for proper identification.
Asexual reproduction may be borne particularly in a sac-like structure
termed as sporangium ; and the spores being referred to as
sporangiospores being called as conidia

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 ASEXUAL SPORES
Asexual spores are produced by an individual fungus through mitosis and
subsequent cell division; there is no fusion of the nuclei of cells. Two types of
asexual spores are produced by fungi. One type is a conidiospore, or
conidium (plural: conidia), a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not
enclosed in a sac. Conidia are produced in a chain at the end of a
conidiophore. Such spores are produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus.

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 ASEXUAL SPORES
Conidia formed by the fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, slightly
thickened cells are called arthroconidia. Another type of conidium,
blastoconidia, are formed from the buds of its parent cell. Such spores are
found in some yeasts, such as Candida albicans and Cryptococcus.
The other type of asexual spore is a sporangiospore, formed within a
sporangium, or sac, at the end of an aerial hypha called a sporangiophore.
The sporangium can contain hundreds of sporangiospores. Such spores are
produced by Rhizopus.

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 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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 A FUNGAL SEXUAL SPORE RESULTS FROM SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION, WHICH CONSISTS OF THREE PHASES:

1. Plasmogamy. A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the

cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-).
2. Karyogamy. The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote
nucleus.
3. Meiosis. The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual
spores), some of which may be genetic recombinants.

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 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Importantly, the sexual reproduction is characterized by the strategical union of
two compatible nuclei ; and the entire phenomenon may be distinctly divided into
three phases, namely :
Phase I : The union of the gametangia (i.e., sex-organs) brings the nuclei into
close proximity within the same protoplast. It is also referred to as plasmogamy.
Phase II : It is known as karyogamy, which takes place with the fusion of two
nuclei. It has been duly observed that in the lower fungi the said two processes
may take place in immediate equence ; whereas, in the higher fungi they do occur
at two altogether different time periods in the course of their life-cycle.
Phase III : It is known as meiosis that essentially takes care of the nuclear fusion
whereby the actual number of the chromosomes is distinctly and significantly
reduced to its original haploid state.

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 FUNGAL DISEASE
Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections beneath the skin caused by saprophytic fungi that
live in soil and on vegetation. Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous infection acquired by
gardeners and farmers. Infection occurs by direct implantation of spores or mycelial fragments
into a puncture wound in the skin.
Fungi that infect only the epidermis, hair, and nails are called dermatophytes, and their
infections are called dermatomycoses or cutaneous mycoses.
Dermatophytes secrete keratinase, an enzyme that degrades keratin, a protein found in hair,
skin, and nails. Infection is transmitted from human to human or from animal to human by direct
contact or by contact with infected hairs and epidermal cells (as from barber shop clippers or
shower room floors).

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