MIKROBIOLOGI Dewi Chusniasih, M.Sc.

FARMASI
“FUNGI” 1
 FUN
GI
It has been duly observed and amply demonstrated that fungi invariably grow
as single cells, as in yeast, or as multicellular filamentous colonies, as in
molds and mushrooms. Interestingly, fungi do not contain chlorophyll (i.e.,
the nature’s organic green matter), hence they are saprophytic (i.e., they
obtian food from dead organic matter) or parasitic (i.e., they obtain
nourishment from the living organisms), and above all the body’s normal
flora categorically contains several fungi. However, most fungi are not
pathogenic in nature.

The kingdom of organisms that essentially includes yeast, molds,

and mushrooms, is termed as fungi.
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 FUN
Molds and Fleshy Fungi TheGI
thallus (body) of a mold or fleshy fungus
consists of long filaments of cells joined together; these filaments are
called hyphae (singular: hypha).
Hyphae can grow to immense proportions. Using DNA fingerprinting,
scientists mapped the hyphae of a single fungus in Oregon (a
mushroom) that extended over 4 square miles.
In most molds, the hyphae contain cross-walls called septa (singular:
septum), which divide them into distinct, uninucleate (one-nucleus)
cell-like units. These hyphae are called septate hyphae

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Dikutip dari
Tortora, 2016
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 FU
NGI
Importantly, the fungi that essentially cause disease belong to a
specific group known as fungi imperfecti. In immunocompetent
humans these fungi usually cause minor infections of the hair,
nails, mucous membranes, or skin. It is, however, pertinent to
mention here that in a person having a compromised immune
system due to AIDS or immunosuppressive drug therapy, fungi
critically serve as a source of the viable opportunistic infections
that may even cause death ultimately.

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Dikutip dari Hugo and Rusel’s, 2016
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 The portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients is
called the vegetative hypha; the portion
concerned with reproduction is the
reproductive or aerial hypha, so named because
it projects
above the surface of the medium on which the fungus
is growing. Aerial hyphae
often bear reproductive spores.
When Environmental Conditions Are
Suitable,
The Hyphae Grow To Form A Filamentous Mass
Called A Mycelium, Which Is Visible To The
Unaided Eye. 8
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 YEAST
(Khamir)
Yeasts are non filamentous, unicellular fungi that
are typically spherical or oval. Like molds,
yeasts are widely distributed in nature; they are
frequently found as a white powdery coating on
fruits and leaves. Budding yeasts, such as
Saccharomyces divide unevenly.
In budding, the parent cell forms a protuberance
(bud) on its outer surface. As the bud elongates,
the parent cell’s nucleus divides, and one nucleus
migrates into the bud. Cell wall material is then
laid down between the bud and parent cell, and the
bud eventually breaks away.

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Dikutip dari Ashutosh Kar, 2008 1
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 FU
NGI
In fact, fungi are considered to be mostly saprophytic, making use
of dead organic matter as a source of energy, vital natural
organic decomposers, and destroyers of food stuffs.
While a major segment of species happen to be facultative parasites that
specifically able to feed upon either live or dead organic matter, and a
relatively minor quantum of species may only survive on the living
protoplasms.
These fungi are designated as obligate parasites thereby overwhelmingly
causing disease of man, animals, and plants. They also prove to be of
reasonably great economic and medicaL importance.

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 REPRODUCTIO
N OF FUNGI
A large number of fungi invariably get reproduced both asexually
and sexually. Nevertheless, the ensuing morphology, and the cycle
of these reproductive structures is employed extensively in
carrying out their elaborated and logical classification.

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 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTIO
The most common procedure of asexual reproduction is usually
accomplished byN the help of spores. In common practice most of them are
found to be colourless (hyaline), while a few of them are duly pigmented as
green, yellow, red, orange, black or brown. In fact, their size may invariably
range from small to large and their shape from globose via oval, oblong,
needle-shaped to helical.
Virtually, the ensuing infintie variation in adequate spore appearance and
their arrangement prove to be of immense utility for proper identification.
Asexual reproduction may be borne particularly in a sac-like
structure termed as sporangium ; and the spores being referred to as
sporangiospores being called as conidia

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 ASEXUAL
SPORES
Asexual spores are produced by an individual fungus through mitosis and
subsequent cell division; there is no fusion of the nuclei of cells. Two types
of asexual spores are produced by fungi. One type is a conidiospore, or
conidium (plural: conidia), a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not
enclosed in a sac. Conidia are produced in a chain at the end of a
conidiophore. Such spores are produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus.

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 ASEXUAL
SPORES
Conidia formed by the fragmentation of a septate hypha into single,
slightly thickened cells are called arthroconidia. Another type of
conidium, blastoconidia, are formed from the buds of its parent cell. Such
spores are found in some yeasts, such as Candida albicans and
Cryptococcus.
The other type of asexual spore is a sporangiospore, formed within a
sporangium, or sac, at the end of an aerial hypha called a sporangiophore.
The sporangium can contain hundreds of sporangiospores. Such spores are
produced by Rhizopus.

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ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTIO
N

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 A FUNGAL SEXUAL SPORE RESULTS
FROM SEXUAL REPRODUCTION,
WHICH CONSISTS OF THREE PHASES:
1. Plasmogamy. A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the
cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-).
2. Karyogamy. The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid
zygote nucleus.
3. Meiosis. The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei
(sexual spores), some of which may be genetic recombinants.

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 SEXUAL
Importantly, the REPRODUCTION
sexual reproduction is characterized by the strategical union of
two compatible nuclei ; and the entire phenomenon may be distinctly divided
into three phases, namely :
Phase I : The union of the gametangia (i.e., sex-organs) brings the nuclei into
close proximity within the same protoplast. It is also referred to as
plasmogamy.
Phase II : It is known as karyogamy, which takes place with the fusion of two
nuclei. It has been duly observed that in the lower fungi the said two processes
may take place in immediate equence ; whereas, in the higher fungi they do
occur at two altogether different time periods in the course of their life-cycle.
Phase III : It is known as meiosis that essentially takes care of the nuclear
fusion whereby the actual number of the chromosomes is distinctly and
significantly reduced to its original haploid state.
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 FUNGAL
Subcutaneous mycoses areDISEASE
fungal infections beneath the skin caused by saprophytic fungi
that live in soil and on vegetation. Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous infection acquired by
gardeners and farmers. Infection occurs by direct implantation of spores or mycelial
fragments into a puncture wound in the skin.
Fungi that infect only the epidermis, hair, and nails are called dermatophytes, and their
infections are called dermatomycoses or cutaneous mycoses.
Dermatophytes secrete keratinase, an enzyme that degrades keratin, a protein found in hair,
skin, and nails. Infection is transmitted from human to human or from animal to human by
direct contact or by contact with infected hairs and epidermal cells (as from barber shop
clippers or shower room floors).

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