FUNGI

By
WELLA AFRIAN
1111012041

FUNGI
Cell wall made of Chitin
Heterotrophs and major Decomposers
Body is made of Long filaments of
hyphae which form a mycelium
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Asexually by spores
Sexually by mating of hyphae
filaments

CHARACTERISTICS OF
FUNGI
1. Yeasts
Unicellular fungi, nonfilamentous, typically oval
or spherical cells. Reproduce by mitosis:
Fission yeasts: Divide evenly to produce two new cells
(Schizosaccharomyces).
Budding yeasts: Divide unevenly by budding
(Saccharomyces).
Budding yeasts can form pseudohypha, a short chain of
undetached cells.
Candida albicans invade tissues through pseudohyphae.

Yeasts are facultative anaerobes, which allows

them to grow in a variety of environments.
When oxygen is available, they carry out aerobic respiration.
When oxygen is not available, they ferment carbohydrates to
produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

2. Molds and Fleshy Fungi

Multicellular, filamentous fungi.
Identified by physical appearance, colony
characteristics, and reproductive spores.
Thallus: Body of a mold or fleshy fungus. Consists of many
hyphae.
Hyphae (Sing: Hypha): Long filaments of cells joined
together.
Septate hyphae: Cells are divided by cross-walls (septa).
Coenocytic (Aseptate) hyphae: Long, continuous cells
that are not divided by septa.
Hyphae grow by elongating at the tips.
Each part of a hypha is capable of growth.
Vegetative Hypha: Portion that obtains nutrients.
Reproductive or Aerial Hypha: Portion connected with
reproduction.
Mycelium: Large, visible, filamentous mass made up of
many hyphae.

Characteristics of Fungal Hyphae:

Septate versus Coenocytic

Mycelium: Large, Visible Mass

of Hyphae

LIFE CYCLE OF FUNGI

Filamentous
fungi
can
reproduce
asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae.
Fungal spores are formed from aerial
hyphae and are
used for both sexual
and asexual reproduction.
1. Asexual spores: Formed by the aerial hyphae
of one organism. New organisms are identical to
parent.
Conidiospore:
Unicellular or multicellular
spore that is not enclosed in a sac.
Chlamydospore:
Thick-walled spore formed
within a hyphal segment.
Sporangiospore: Asexual spore formed within
a sac (sporangium).
2. Sexual spores: Formed by the fusion of nuclei
from two opposite mating strains of the same

Kingdom Fungi you must know 5 Major Phyla

1. Phylum Zygomycota = the Bread Molds
Rhizopus black bread mold
2. Oomycota = the Water Molds
Water mold, potato blight, mildew
3. Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi
Yeast, morels, truffles
4. Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi
Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts,
toadstools
5. Phylum Deuteromycota = the Fungi Imperfecti

Zygomycota (Rhizopus) the Common

Molds
-are primarily decomposers
-asexual spores may be produced in
sporangia
-sexual reproduction occurs between +
and strains forming a 2n zygote; a
zygospore develops and may lie dormant
for a long period of time; meiosis occurs
just
before
germination
-only
the zygote
is diploid; all hyphae
and asexual spores are haploid

Zygomycota common
molds

The fungal mass of

hyphae, known as the
MYCELIUM
penetrates the bread
and produces the
fruiting bodies on top
of the stalks
Mycelia = a mass of hyphae or
filaments

Rhizoids = root-like hyphae

The zhizoids meet underground and mating occurs between
hyphae of different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)

Lifecycle of a Zygomycete Fungi Asexual then Sexual

Yeast is an Ascomycete
Fungus

Truffles are round, warty, fungi that

are irregular in shape. They vary from
the size of a walnut to that of a man's
fist. Since the times of the Greeks and
Romans these fungi have been used in
Europe as delicacies, as aphrodisiacs,
and as medicines. They are among the
most expensive of the world's natural
foods, often commanding as much as
$250 to $450 per pound.

Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of female pigs or truffle dogs,
which are able to detect the strong smell of mature truffles underneath the
surface of the ground. The female pig becomes excited when she sniffs a
chemical that is similar to the male swine sex attractant. The use of dogs
to find truffles is also and option.

Ascomycota Cup Fungi Life Cycle

Basidiomycete or Club Fungi

Life Cycle of Basidiomycete

Fungi

Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)

-Regarded aas imperfect because they exhibit no sexual stage has been
observed in their life cycle

-Members are not closely related and are not necessarily similar in
structure or appearance; do not share a common ancestry,
polyphyletic = coming from many ancestors hmm weird

Deuteromycota the
Fungi Imperfecti
Resemble
Ascomycetes, but
their reproductive
cycle has never
been observed
Different from
Ascomycetes
because there is a
definite lack of
sexual
reproduction,
which is why they

Penicillium fungi

Up Close

Water Molds -- Oomycota

The water molds are better known as the

MILDEWS. Fish tank fuzz is an example.
Protist-like mold because share common
characteristics with plant-like protists, such
as the cell wall

LifeCycle of Oomycota

Fungal life cycles

The vegetative thallus predominates in
the life cycle of a fungus
The thallus may be haploid (1n),
dikaryotic (n+n) or diploid (2n) in
different groups of fungi
Ploidy of thallus is determined by the
timing of these events in the life cycle:
Plasmogamy (cell fusion)
Karyogamy (nuclear fusion)
Meiosis (reduction division)

Fungal life
cycles

mitosis

Life cycle is
predominantly
haploid (n)

2n
Meiosis

n
n+n
Plasmogamy

n+n
2n
Karyogamy

Fungal life
cycles

mitosis

Life cycle is
predominantly
dikaryotic (n + n)

n+n

Plasmogamy

n+n
2n
Karyogamy

2n
n
Meiosis

Fungal life
cycles

mitosis

Life cycle is
predominantly
diploid (2n)

n+n

2n
n
Meiosis

2n

Karyogamy

n
n+n
Plasmogamy

FUNGAL DISEASES
Mycosis:

Any fungal disease.

Tend to be chronic

because fungi grow slowly.

Mycoses are classified into the following categories:
I. Systemic mycoses: Fungal infections deep within the
body. Can affect a number if tissues and organs.
Usually caused by fungi that live in the soil and are

inhaled.

Not contagious.

Examples:

Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum): Initial infection in

lungs. Later spreads through blood to most organs.

Coccidiomycosis
tuberculosis.

(Coccidioides

immites):

Resembles

Systemic Mycosis:
Histoplasmosis

Disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum, lung infec

Source: Microbiology Perspectives, 1999.

II. Cutaneous mycoses:

hair, and nails.

Fungal infections of the skin,

Secrete keratinase, an enzyme that degrades keratin.

Infection is transmitted by direct contact or contact
with infected hair (hair salon) or cells (nail files,
shower floors).
Examples:

Ringworm (Tinea capitis and T. corporis)

Athletes foot (Tinea pedis)

Jock itch (Tinea cruris)

Cutaneous Mycosis

Ringworm skin infection: Tinea corporis

Source: Microbiology Perspectives, 1999

Cutaneous Mycosis

Candida albicans infection of the nails.

Source: Microbiology Perspectives, 1999.

III. Subcutaneous mycoses: Fungal infections

beneath the skin.
Caused by saprophytic fungi that live in soil
or on vegetation.
Infection occurs by implantation of spores
or mycelial fragments into a skin wound.
Can spread to lymph vessels.
IV. Superficial mycoses: Infections of hair
shafts and superficial epidermal cells.
Prevalent in tropical climates.

Opportunistic mycoses:
Caused by
organisms that are generally harmless
unless individual has weakened defenses:

AIDS and cancer patients

Individuals
antibiotics

treated

with

broad

spectrum

Very old or very young individuals (newborns).

Examples:
Aspergillosis: Inhalation of Aspergillus spores.
Yeast Infections or Candidiasis: Caused mainly
by Candida albicans. Part of normal mouth,
esophagus, and vaginal flora.