System Engineering

ECE 451

Professor Dr. Hanan Ahmed Kamal

Cairo University Faculty of Engineering
Elec. & Comm. Department.
email: Hanan.ak2612@gmail.com.
 Lec 3

Block Diagram Reduction

 Block Diagram Model

Single block diagram representation

Components of Linear Time Invariant Systems (LTIS)

 Block Diagram Components

Block diagram of a closed-loop system with a feedback element

 BLOCK DIAGRAM SIMPLIFICATIONS

1) Series Connections
2) Parallel Connections
3) Branch Point
Reduction techniques

3. Moving a summing point behind a block

G G
G
3. Moving a summing point ahead of a block

G G
1
G

4. Moving a pickoff point behind a block

G G
1
G

5. Moving a pickoff point ahead of a block

G G
G
6. Eliminating a feedback loop

G
G
1  GH
H

G
G
1 G

H 1

7. Swap with two neighboring summing points

A B B A
Block Diagram Reduction Rules
 Block Diagram Reduction Rules

Block Diagram Reduction (B.D.R) Steps:

 Block Diagram Reduction Examples

Example #1:

Example #2:
Example #3:
Example #4:
Example #5:
Example #6:
Example #7:

Answer
Example #8:
 Example-9

H2

R _ C
+_ + G1 + G2 G3
+

H1
 Example-9
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1 G2 G3
+

H1
 Example-9
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1
 Example-9
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1
 Example-9
H2
G1
R _ C
G1G2
+_ + G3
1  G1G2 H1
 Example-9
H2
G1
R _ C
G1G2G3
+_ +
1  G1G2 H1
 Example-9

R G1G2G3 C
+_ 1  G1G2 H1  G2G3 H 2
 Example-10
Find the transfer function of the following block diagrams

H4
R(s) Y (s)
G1 G2 G3 G4

H3

H2

H1
 Example-10
Solution:

1. Moving pickoff point A behind block G4

I
H4
R(s) Y (s)
A B
G1 G2 G3 G4
H3 1
H3 G4 G4
H2 1
H2
G4 G4
H1
 Example-10
2. Eliminate loop I and Simplify

R(s) II Y (s)
G2G3G4 B
G1
1  G3G4 H 4
H3
G4
H2
G4 III
H1

II feedback III Not feedback

G2G3G4 H 2  G4 H1
1  G3G4 H 4  G2G3 H 3 G4
 Example-10
3. Eliminate loop II & IIII

R(s) G1G2G3G4 Y (s)

1  G3G4 H 4  G2G3 H 3

H 2  G4 H1
G4

Y (s) G1G2G3G4

R( s ) 1  G2G3 H 3  G3G4 H 4  G1G2G3 H 2  G1G2G3G4 H1
 Liquid Level System

Find T.F
𝒒𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 (𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄).
𝒒𝒐 𝒕 = 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 (𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄).
𝒒𝟏 𝒕 = 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒔.
𝒉𝟏 𝒕 = 𝑳𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒔𝟏 (𝒎)
𝒉𝟐 𝒕 = 𝑳𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒔𝟐 (𝒎).
𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟐 (Cross section area of tank 1 ,2)
Ans:
𝑸𝒐 (𝒔)
∵ 𝑻. 𝑭 =
𝑸𝒊 (𝒔)
𝒅 𝑪𝟏 𝒉𝟏 𝒕
∵ 𝒒𝒊 𝒕 − 𝒒𝟏 𝒕 = = 𝑪𝟏 𝒉𝟏 (𝒕)
𝒅𝒕
∴ 𝑸𝒊 𝒔 − 𝑸𝟏 𝒔 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑺𝑯𝟏 (𝒔)
𝟏
∴ 𝑸𝒊 𝒔 − 𝑸𝟏 𝒔 = 𝑯𝟏 (𝒔) ..........(1)
𝑺𝑪𝟏

∵ 𝒒𝟏 𝒕 𝜶 𝒉𝟏 𝒕 − 𝒉𝟐 𝒕
𝟏
∴ 𝒒𝟏 𝒕 = 𝒉𝟏 𝒕 − 𝒉𝟐 𝒕
𝑹𝟏
𝟏
∴ 𝑸𝟏 𝒔 = 𝑯𝟏 𝒔 − 𝑯𝟐 𝒔 ................(2)
𝑹𝟏
For tank 2:

𝒅 𝑪𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝒕
∵ 𝒒𝟏 𝒕 − 𝒒𝒐 𝒕 = = 𝑪𝟐 𝒉𝟐 (𝒕)
𝒅𝒕

∴ 𝑸𝟏 𝒔 − 𝑸𝒐 𝒔 = 𝑪𝟐 𝑺𝑯𝟐 (𝒔)
𝟏
∴ 𝑸𝟏 𝒔 − 𝑸𝒐 𝒔 = 𝑯𝟐 (𝒔) ..........(3)
𝑺𝑪𝟐

∵ 𝒒𝒐 𝒕 𝜶 𝒉𝟐 𝒕 − 𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐
𝒉𝟐 𝒕
∴ 𝒒𝒐 𝒕 =
𝑹𝟐
𝑯𝟐 𝒔
∴ 𝑸𝒐 𝒔 = ................(4)
𝑹𝟐
Block diagram for the system

Block diagram Reduction