Channels:

AWGN

DVB-T System with AWGN channel

The simplest type of channel is the Gaussian channel. It is often referred to the additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Basically, it is the noise generated in the receiver
side if we assume that the transmitter is ideal and noiseless.

This type of noise is assumed to have a constant power spectral density over the whole
channel bandwidth and its amplitude probability density function (PDF) obeys the statistics
of a Gaussian distribution. The classical AWGN channel is always considered as the
starting point to develop basic systems performance. Also, according to central limit
theorem, even when there are a larger number of non-Gaussian independent noise sources,
the mobile channel noise may still be approximated with a Gaussian distribution.

Bernoulli data generator is the first process carried out in the physical layer after the data
packet is received from the higher layers.

Forward Error Correction is done on both the Uplink and the Downlink bursts and consists
of concatenation of Reed- Solomon Outer Code and a rate compatible convolution inner
code.

Convolution coders are used to correct the random error during the data transmission. The
block interleaver interleaves all encoded data bits with a block size corresponding to the
number of coded bits per OFDM symbol. The number of coded bits depends on the
modulation technique used in the Physical layer.

The function of the IQ mapper is to map the incoming bits of data from inter-leaver onto a
constellation. In the modulation phase the coded bits are mapped to the IQ constellation.

Now before transmitting this modulated data stream through the channel, it is given to the
OFDM modulator block which performs the multiplexing over the data in such a manner
that approximately 50% of the bandwidth can be saved because of the mechanism of
bifurcating the signal in in-phase and quadrature phase components. Basically OFDM
modulator and demodulator comprise of mainly IFFT and FFT blocks respectively for the
orthogonal component generation.

Finally the processed data from the transmitter block is transmitted through AWGN
channel which will give the different values of BER at various S/N level in the long
distance communication. At higher db values of the SNR, the realization of AWGN
channel gives the maximum accurate throughput about the signal variations because
through the modeling of AWGN channel, the point to point variation in BER can be found
out wrt SNR at longer distances.

System modeling using Rayleigh channel

In a mobile radio communication system, one of the most devastating phenomena is

fading.

Fading is the direct result of multi-path propagation where radio waves propagate along
different paths before arriving at the receiver antenna. These radio waves may arrive at
receiver after different delays, with different amplitudes, and with different phases.
Because there are so many different received signal components, constructive and
destructive interference results in fading. This sort of channel is called a multi-path fading
channel or Rayleigh channel. In urban areas where generally there is no line of sight
component present, the analysis of the mobile radio channel can be obtained by modeling
the Rayleigh channel rather than AWGN channel for mobile communication because the
multipath structure can completely predicated through the modeling of this.

System modeling using Rician channel

Rayleigh channel model is suitable for modeling urban areas that are characterized by
many obstructions where a line of sight path does not exist between the transmitter and
receiver. In suburban areas, a line of sight path may exist between the transmitter and
receiver and this will give rise to Rician fading.

Rician fading is characterized by a factor, which is expressed as the power ratio of the
specular (los or dominant path) component to the diffused component. This ratio, k,
defines how near to Rayleigh statistics the channel is. In fact when k=infinite, there is no
fading at all and when k=0, this means to have Rayleigh fading. The ratio is expressed
linearly, not in decibels. While the Average path gain vector parameter controls the overall
gain through the channel, the K-factor parameter controls the gain’s partition into lineof-
sight and diffuses components.

Simulation Results

Awag

It can be seen from the figure 5 that as the SNR of AWGN channel decreases, the
fluctuation of the OFDM symbols form the mean values are changing and hence BER of
system increases proportionally. It also shows that at very low SNR the symbols are very
difficult to recognize.

Real time signals are also transmitted through this model.

Rayleigh

In case of Rayleigh channel modeling the complete multipath structure of the transmitted
signal can be analyzed by means of the variation in the amount of Doppler shift as well as
path gain factor.

Rician

From the simulation results shown in figure 7, for the Rician channel modeling, it can be
observed that the BER totally depends upon the value of k-factor which gives the
relationship between the line of sight path and the multi paths. As k-factor increases the
error rate would decrease because communication is now tending towards the line of sight
communication.

Conclusion

Based on the simulation models of DVB-T presented in this paper and the tests carried out,
the comparative performance analysis of the three wireless channels i.e. AWGN, Rayleigh
and Rician can be described based on various parameters. For the long distance
communication, at the higher value of SNR, it is appropriate to model wireless channel as
AWGN channel because through this modeling we can analyze the variations in SNR
through which the BER can be calculated. While for the small scale propagation, under the
multi path environment, the modeling of wireless channel as a Rayleigh channel will give
the accurate analysis if no line of sight component is present. But if surrounding
atmosphere supports the single line of sight component along with the multipath structure
then the Rician channel realization will give the appropriate modeling scenario for the
modeling of any wireless system.

Future Work

To combat with the current demands of wireless technologies, still the performance of the
DVB-T system can be improved by reducing the BER at lower SNR with the
implementation of various antenna diversity techniques.