International Islamic University, Islamabad

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS-II LAB (EE101L)

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits

Name of Student: ………………………………………

Registration No.: ……………………………………….

Section: ……………………………………………………

Date of Experiment: ………………………………….

Marks Obtained: ………………………………………

Instructor’s Signature: ………………………………

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 53

 Passive Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter Circuits
Objectives

To comprehend the working principle of passive low pass and high pass RC, RL & RLC
circuits, and to observe the effects of low pass and high pass filtering on the magnitude of an
input signal appearing on filter’s output, at different frequencies.

Introduction

In circuit theory, a filter is an electrical network that alters the amplitude and/or phase
characteristics of a signal with respect to frequency. A low-pass filter passes low frequency
signals, and rejects signals at frequencies above the filter's cutoff frequency. A high-pass filter
passes higher frequency signals, and rejects signals at frequencies below filter's cutoff frequency.
A sinusoidal signal is applied to simple both types of filter circuits. The input and output voltage
are monitored on an Oscilloscope, and effects of changing the input frequency is investigated.

Passive Low-Pass Filter Circuits

Equipment Required

Function Generator
Oscilloscope
Resistors: R11 = 1 kΩ. R12,3 = 10 Ω.
Inductors: L1 = 0.1 mH
Capacitors: C1 = 0.01 µF

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 54

Procedure

1. Build the circuit of Fig. 9-1 on the breadboard.

2. Set the function generator to sine wave function and connect the output of the function
generator to the oscilloscope setting a sinusoidal input voltage Vs with amplitude of 5V
(or 10 Vp-p).

Fig. 9-1

3. Display the input voltage on channel 1 and the voltage over the capacitor on channel 2 of
the scope.

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 55

 4. Vary the frequency as shown in Table 9-1 and record the amplitude of the corresponding
output Vo (use the voltage measurement function of the scope). Record the output voltage
corresponding to the frequency in the record sheet.
5. Plot a graph of the output voltage (V o) against the frequency on a graph sheet and attach
the graph sheet with this experiment.
6. Repeat procedure steps 1 to 5 for low-pass filter circuits shown in Fig 9-2 and 9-3.

Fig. 9-2 Fig. 9-3

Record Sheet
Table 9-1
Frequency
Vo (Fig – 9-1) Vo (Fig – 9-2) Vo (Fig – 9-3)
(Hz)
peak rms peak rms peak rms
10
100
500
1k
2k
4k
6k
8k
10k
12k
14k

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 56

 16k
18k
20k
22k
24k
26k
28k
30k
35k
40k
80K
120K
200K
1M

Analysis:

1. Calculate the corner frequencies for Fig-9-1, Fig-9-2 & Fig-9-3. The cutoff frequencies
are given as:
ωc = 1/(RC) for Circuit 9.1
ωc = R / L for Circuit 9.2
ωc = 1/(LC)1/2 for Circuit 9.3

2. For the three circuits, at what frequencies do Vo/Vin becomes equal to (1/√2)?

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 57

 3. Compare the frequency readings (for mentioned circuits separately) calculated in analysis
step 2 with that at the corner frequency calculated in step 1. Is this the expected output at
this frequency? Why?

4. From the Table and frequency response what do you notice for low frequencies as
compared to high frequencies?

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 58

Passive High-Pass Filter Circuits
Equipment Required

Personal computer
OrCad Capture PSpice circuit simulation software.

Components:
Resistors: R11 = 1 kΩ. R12,3 = 10 Ω.
Inductors: L1 = 0.1 mH
Capacitors: C1 = 0.01 µF

Procedure: PSpice Simulation:

 Construct the circuits shown in Figures below using PSpice schematics. Use AC Sweep
to find the frequency response of the circuits. Set the Start Freq as 10 and End Freq as
40k or higher values upto 1M if necessary.
 For source use VAC.
 Run the simulation to get the frequency response.

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 59

 Fig 9-4.

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 60

 Fig. 9-5 Fig. 9-6

Record Sheet
Table 9-2
Frequency
Vo (Fig – 9-4) Vo (Fig – 9-5) Vo (Fig – 9-6)
(Hz)
peak rms peak rms peak rms
10

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 61

 100
500
1k
2k
4k
6k
8k
10k
12k
14k
16k
18k
20k
22k
24k
26k
28k
30k
35k
40k
80K
120K
200K
1M

Analysis:

1. Calculate the corner frequencies for fig 9-3, fig 9-4 & fig 9-5. The cutoff frequencies are
given as:
ωc = 1/(RC) for Circuit 9.3
ωc = R / L for Circuit 9.4
ωc = 1/(LC)1/2 for Circuit 9.5

2. For the three circuits, at what frequencies do Vo/Vin becomes equal to (1/√2)?

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 62

 3. Compare the frequency readings (for mentioned circuits separately) calculated in analysis
step 2 with that at the corner frequency calculated in step 1. Is this the expected output at
this frequency? Why?

4. From the Table and frequency response what do you notice for low frequencies as
compared to high frequencies?

Experiment No. 9: Passive Low-Pass & High-Pass Filter Circuits Page 63