Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Alka Mishra
M. Sc. Nursing 1st year
Content
• Definition
• Genetic disorders
• Disease burden
• Human genomic project
• Gene therapy
• Preventive and social measures in genetics
• Research in India
• Genetic services
DEFINITION
• Genetics is the study of gene, heredity,
and genetic variation in living organisms. It
is generally considered a field of biology,
but it intersects frequently with many of the
life sciences and is strongly linked with the
study of information systems.
HISTORY
• The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a
late 19th-century scientist . Mendel studied
'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits
were handed down from parents to
offspring. He observed that organisms
(pea plants) inherit traits by way of
discrete "units of inheritance". This term,
still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous
definition of what is referred to as a gene.
HISTORY
• Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance
mechanisms of genes are still a primary
principle of genetics in the 21st century,
but modern genetics has expanded
beyond inheritance to studying the
function and behaviour of genes.
HISTORY
• Gene structure and function, variation, and
distribution are studied within the context
of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance)
and within the context of a population.
Genetics has given rise to a number of
sub-fields including epigenetics and
population genetics
HISTORY
• Organisms studied within the broad field span
the domain of life, including bacteria, plants,
animals, and humans.
• Genetic processes work in combination with
an organism's environment and experiences
to influence development and behaviour,
often referred to as nature versus nurture.
The intra- or extra-cellular environment of a
cell or organism may switch gene
transcription on or off.
Burden Of Genetic Disorders
Congenital Hypothyroidism
5. 1: 2500 10,900
Duchenne muscular
6. 1: 10,000 2,700
dystrophy
7. 1: 10,000 2,700
Spinal muscular atrophy
Source : Centre of Medical Genetics, New Delhi,2011
BURDEN OF NCD IN INDIA
Disease Prevalence/ 1000 Cases in Deaths in
millions/ year millions / year
− Amniocentesis − Ultrasonography
− Chorionic villus − Maternal serum AFP
sampling (CVS) − Isolation of foetal cells
− Cordocentesis from maternal
− Preimplatation genetic circulation
diagnosis
− Fetoscopy
Process of Genetic Counselling
1) Benificeries: Individual or couple-
• Rehabilitation:
Early referral of
children with
genetic disorders
which are known
to cause physical
or mental
disability.
RESEARCH IN INDIA