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INTRODUCTION TO

BRIDGE ENGINEERING
Bridge

 A structure spanning physical


obstacles and providing
passage over body of water,
valley or road

 Typically made of:


1. Concrete
2. Steel
3. Wood
Parts of a Bridge

1. Superstructure
- Girders
- Diaphragms
- Deck slab

2. Substructure
- Coping
- Pier
- Abutment
- Foundation
Superstructure

CONCRETE
DECK
Superstructure

EXPANSION
JOINT
Superstructure

INTERIOR
DIAPHRAGM

MAIN
GIRDER
Shear Block

SHEAR BLOCK

PEDESTAL

COPING
Substructure

COPING

COLUMN
Substructure

COPING

SOLID SHAFT

FOOTING
Types of Bridges (Material Type)

I. CONCRETE

1. Flat slab Bridge

2. Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder Bridge (RCDG)

3. Pre-stressed Concrete Girder Bridge (PSCG)


Flat Slab Bridge

 Reinforced concrete slab


extending in two directions and
supported directly by concrete
columns

 Span lengths
- typically ranging from 4m - 12m
Concrete Beam Bridges

1. Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder


Bridge

2. Pre-stressed Concrete Girder Bridge

 GIRDER
- a horizontal main supporting
beam commonly used in bridge
construction
Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder

 Reinforced concrete girders used as


main support of the deck slab

 Span lengths
- typically ranging from 10m - 30m
Pre-stressed Concrete Girder

 Reinforced concrete girder with


pre-stressing tendons

 Span lengths
- up to 40m and
50m for modified
I-girders
Types of Bridges (Material Type)

II. STEEL

1. Steel Truss Bridge

2. Arch Bridge

3. Steel Plate Girder

4. Steel Box Girder


Steel Truss Bridge

 Span lengths
- typically ranging from 40m – 130m
 Structural behavior
Compression
Stress
Arch Bridge

A curved structural member


spanning an opening serving as a
support for the roadway loads

 Types of Arch Bridges


1. Through-arch
2. Tied-arch
Arch Bridge

 Structural behavior of an arch bridge

Load
Load

Compression stress
Compression
stress
Horizontal reaction Tension stress
Vertical reaction
Vertical reaction

THROUGH ARCH TIED ARCH


Types of Bridges
(According to System of Design)

1. Simple Spans

2. Continuous Spans

3. Cable-stayed Bridge – spans from 70m and over

4. Suspension Bridge - spans from 70m and over


Single Span Bridge
Three Span Bridge

 For LONG BRIDGES,


superstructure needs to
have more than a support
at each end

 Extra supports are called


PIERS
Cable-stayed Bridge

 Cables are suspended


diagonally from the tower to the
bridge girder

 Types of cable-stayed bridge:


1. Harp Design

2. Fan Design
Suspension Bridge

 Deck is hung below main


suspension cables by hanger
ropes

 Suspension cables are


suspended between towers and
have a group of parallel wires
bundled together to support the
stiffening girders/trusses
BRIDGE TYPE (STRUCTURAL)

CABLE STAYED SUSPENSION


STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR

Vertical load

Tension stress Tension stress Tension stress


Vertical load

Compression load

CABLE STAYED VS. SUSPENSION


ABUTMENT

Left Wingwall
Right Wingwall

Bridge Approach Expansion Joint

Girder

Backwall / Main structure

Bearing
Scour/Bank Protection
Foundation
Water Level
Water Level
Abutment

1. Abutment on spread 2. Abutment on piles


foundation
Types of Abutments
PIER

Expansion Joint

Bearing
Column Water Level

Scour Protection

Foundation
Classification of Pier

sTypes

NT
ENT
AD
N
LUMN
BENT
ENT
BENTBENT1. Pile
COLUMN
COLUMN
COLUMNBENT
BENT
COLUMN
BENT
COLUMN Bent
PILE BENT
PILE
COLUMN
BENT
PILE
BENT BENT
BENT
PILE
PILE
BENT
PILE BENT
BENT PILE
PILE
BENT
PILEBENT
BENT
PILEPILE
BENT
BENT
PILE BENT SOLID
BENT 2.
WALL
SOLID
SOLID
SOLID Solid
SOLID
WALL
SOLID SOLID
WALL
WALL
WALLWALL
SOLIDWall
WALL
SOLID WALL
SOLID
SOLID
WALL
SOLID WALL SINGLE
WALL
WALL SINGLE
COLUMN
SINGLE
SINGLE
SINGLE SINGLE
SINGLE COLU
SINGLE
COLUM
SINGLE
SINGLE
COLUMN SINGL
COLUMN
COLUM
SINGLE
COLUMN COLU
CO
Classification of Pier
Table 2.1
Table Comparative
Table
2.1
Table 2.1
Table Table
Comparative
Comparative
2.1 of Pier
2.1 Comparative
Table
Table
Comparative Table ofTypes
of Table
of Pier
Pier of Types
Types
Types
Pier Pier Types

LL
WALL
LL 3. Single
Pier
SINGLE
SINGLE
Pier
Type Column
Type
Pier
Pier
COLUMN
SINGLE
SINGLE
SINGLE
COLUMN Type
Pier
COLUMN
COLUMN
SINGLE COLUMN
Type
Pier Type
Type
COLUMN HAMMER
HAMMER HEAD
HEAD
HAMMER
HAMMERHAMMER
HEAD4.
HEAD
HAMMER HEAD Multi-Column
HEAD COLUMN
COLUMN
COLUMNBENT
BENT
COLUMN
COLUMN
BENT
BENT
COLUMN BENTBENT PIL
PI
PI

Profile
Profile
Profile
ProfileProfile
Profile
Bearings and Joints

 Ifthe superstructure is free to move at both ends, the whole


superstructure could fall off its bearings.
 To avoid this, usually one end of a span is fixed to the abutment or
pier and the other end is free to move
Expansion Joints

1. Steel plate / angles 2. Rubber


End of topic

THANK YOU!

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