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©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Importance of Materials in
Manufacturing
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Element Groupings
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Periodic Table
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Atomic Structure and the
Elements
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Simple Model of Atomic
Structure for Several Atoms
§ (a) Hydrogen, (b) helium, (c) fluorine, (d) neon, and
(e) sodium
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Bonding between Atoms and
Molecules
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Primary Bonds
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Ionic Bonding
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Covalent Bonding
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Two Examples of
Covalent Bonding
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Metallic Bonding
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Secondary Bonds
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
London Forces
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Hydrogen Bonding
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Macroscopic Structures of Matter
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Crystalline Structure
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Three Crystal Structures in
Metals
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Crystal Structures for Common
Metals
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Imperfections (Defects) in
Crystals
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Point Defects
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Edge Dislocation
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Screw Dislocation
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Surface Defects
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Elastic Strain
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Slip on a Macroscopic Scale
§ Slip occurs many times over throughout the metal when
subjected to a deforming load, thus causing it to exhibit
its macroscopic behavior in the stress-strain relationship
§ Dislocations are a good‑news‑bad‑news situation
§ Good news in manufacturing – the metal is easier to
form
§ Bad news in design – the metal is not as strong as
the designer would like
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Twinning
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Twinning
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Polycrystalline Nature of Metals
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Grains and Grain Boundaries
in Metals
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Noncrystalline (Amorphous)
Structures
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Features of Noncrystalline
Structures
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Crystalline versus Noncrystalline
Structures of Materials
§ Difference in structure between: (a) crystalline and (b)
noncrystalline materials
§ Crystal structure is regular, repeating; noncrystalline
structure is less tightly packed and random
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Volumetric Effects
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Summary: Characteristics of
Metals
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Summary: Characteristics of
Ceramics
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Summary: Characteristics of
Polymers
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing 5/e