CIVE 205

Introduction to Material Science

Spring 2017

Izmir University of Economics

Department of Civil Engineering

Acknowlegement: The slides are from Asst.Prof.Dr. Mert Yücel YARDIMCI’s work
and the book of Materials Science and Engineering by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 VISCOSITY
&
VISCOELASTICITY
 VISCOSITY
 Plastic deformation occurs by dislocation motions in
crystalline materials.
 For noncrystalline materials plastic deformations are
due to viscous flow.
 The characteristic property for viscous flow, viscosity,
is a measure of a noncrystalline material’s resistance to
deformation.
Plate A
F When a tangential force (F)
acts on the plate, the plate
L V moves with respect to the
bottom.
 VISCOSITY
 The velocity of the liquid particles in each layer is a
function of the distance L. Thus the rate at which the
particles change their position is the measure of the rate of
flow. dV dγ
=
velocity dL dt rate of
gradient flow
dV
 Newton expresses: F = η A
dL
Since τ = F / A η : coefficient of viscosity

dγ
1 τ = η dV & τ=η 2
dL dt
 VISCOSITY
 Unit of viscosity is Poise (P) and Pa.s (Pascal-seconds)
1P = 1dyne.s/cm2 1Pa.s=1N.s/m2
10P = 1 Pa.s
The liquids that follow equations (1) & (2) are termed as
Newtonian Liquids.

Non-Newtonian
Newtonian
liquids

Non-Newtonian Material Viscosity (P)

Air 10-4
Water 10-2
η Olive oil 1
Asphalt and 106 - 1012
plastics
Concrete and 1012 - 1020
glasses
 Viscosity also varies with temperature.
A: Constant
1 = A . e-E/RT
η E: Energy of activation
R: Gas constant (1.97 cal/mole)
T: Absolute temperature
 When solid particles are introduced into
Newtonian liquids, viscosity increases.
η0: Coefficient of
1) η = η0 (1+2.5 Ø) viscosity of the
parent liquid.
2) η = η0 (1+2.5 Ø + 14.1 Ø2) Ø: Volume
concentration of
suspended particles
 NON-NEWTONIAN MATERIALS
 In certain materials, τ-dγ/dt does not obey the
linearity described by Newton, i.e. Viscosity may
vary with the rate of shear strain.
Dilatant: η increases
with increasing dγ/dt or
τ (clay)
Newtonian: (all liquids)
Pseudoplastic: η
decreases with dγ/dt or
τ (most plastics)
 The relationship between dγ/dt & τ can be
described by the following general equation.

dγ
= τn . 1 If n=1 → Newtonian
dt η n > 1 → Pseudoplastic
n < 1 → Dilatant
 Fresh cement pastes & mortars, have highly
concentrated solid particles in the liquid
medium. Such a behaviour is described by
Bingham’s equation.

τ = τy + η dγ
dt
dγ τ
dt
or

τy
τy τ dγ
dt
(Upto τy there is no flow)
HARDNESS

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Hardness is a measure of material’s
resistance to localized plastic deformation.
Common way to measure/evaluate hardness:
a small indenter is forced into the surface of the
material, and an index number is determined on
the basis of the size or depth of the resulting
indentation.

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