CIVE 205

Introduction to Material Science

Spring 2017

Izmir University of Economics

Department of Civil Engineering

Acknowlegement: The slides are modified from Asst.Prof.Dr. Mert Yücel YARDIMCI’s work
 Class and Office Hours

 Instructor:
• Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali Sadi Turabi
Mechanical Engineering Department
Room: A-206
Email: ali.turabi@ieu.edu.tr
 Class Hours:
• Monday 11am – 14.50pm (M205/YB204)
• 2 hours theory and 2 hours lab sessions
 Office Hours:
• Tuesday 14.30pm – 16.30pm
• Wednesday 14.30pm – 16.30pm
 Book Recommendation

 Textbook:
• Erdogan T., Tokyay M., Yaman İ. Ö., Erdogan S. T.,
”Introduction to Materials Science,” Metu Press, 2010
• William D. Callister & David. G. Rethwisch, Materials
Science and Engineering: An Introduction, John & Wiley,
2008
 References:
• Groover M. P., “Principles of Modern Manufacturing," 4th Ed.,
John Wiley and sns Inc., 2011
• Douglas E. P., “Introduction to Materials Science and
Engineering,” Pearson, 2014
 Electronic
Media-Learning Tools

 Blackboard:
• PowerPoint slides
• Homework
• Lab documents
 Course Policies

 Grading:
• Laboratory Work 25%
• Quiz 20%
• Midterm 25%
• Final 30%
 Final Grades:
• Average ≥ 90 A-Range
≥ 80 B-Range
≥ 70 C-Range
≥ 60 D-Range
 Laboratory Works

• Students will be divided into small groups

• All group members should be ready to discuss the
experiment and their analysis with the instructor for getting
lab credits
• Please keep all related lab documentations with your
recorded data and analysis for the final evaluation by the
instructor
• Fake data or cheating is not acceptable and if proved by the
instructor, the students will receive zero grade for the lab
• The lab grades will be based on your data collection,
analysis and reporting as well as your answer to the
questions located at the end of the lab documentation
 Laboratory Works

• Lab reports (clearly typed using MS Word) should be

delivered to the instructor within a period of two weeks
after each lab with your name and student ID
• Lab reports should include the following: collected data,
analysis and plot (use Excel), your own comments and your
answers to the assigned questions
• Lab grading depends on many factors, a correct final is
only one factor. Data analysis and your own explanation,
comments and the way you present your results are
important parameters. Even if your results are good but
your analysis is missing or incomplete, you may lose points
 Course Outlines

• Week 1 : Nature and Structure of Materials: Introduction;

Atomic Structure
• Week 2 : Nature and Structure of Materials: Atomic
bonding; Atomic arrangement in molecular, amorphous,
and crystal structures
• Week 3 : Nature and Structure of Materials: Structural
imperfections; atom movement and diffusion
• Week 4 : Mechanical Properties of Materials: Introduction;
Concepts of Force, stress, deformation, and strain;
Elasticity
 Course Outlines

• Week 5 : Mechanical Properties of Materials: Plasticity and

flow; Stress-strain curves; Ductility and brittleness; Yield
point
• Week 6 : Mechanical Properties of Materials: Plasticity and
flow; Stress-strain curves; Ductility and brittleness; Yield
point
• Week 7 : Mechanical Properties of Materials: Viscosity,
Creep, Relaxation, Toughness and Resilience
• Week 8 : Review and Midterm
 Course Outlines

• Week 9 : Mechanical Properties of Materials: Fracture;

Fatigue; Resonant frequency and damping; Hardness
• Week 10 : Mechanical Properties of Materials: Allowable
stress and factor of safety; Ultimate stress
• Week 11 : Physical Properties of Materials: Volumetric and
melting properties; Thermal properties; Electrical properties
• Week 12 : Engineering Materials: Metals
 Course Outlines

• Week 13 : Engineering Materials: Polymers and composite

materials
• Week 14 : Engineering Materials: Ceramics
• Week 15 : Review
• Week 16 : Final
 Course Objectives

• Inform the students about chemical, physical and mechanical

properties of engineering materials such as metals, ceramics,
polymers and composites
• Learn the properties of materials.
• Learn the internal structure of materials
• Learn how the internal structure of a material affects its
properties
 Metals : Metallic bonding  ductility
 Ceramics : Ionic and covalent bonds  brittleness
 Plastics : Covalent and Van der Waals bonds  moisture resistance
 Course Outcomes

• Differentiate between different classes of engineering

materials
• Know how to select materials based on their engineering
properties, economic considerations and availability
• Understand the physical properties of materials and
correlate them with material behaviour
• Observe the relations between the chemical composition,
atomic bonding and the material properties
• Understand the principles of material behaviour under
compression, tensile, flexural, and shear forces
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

 What do Engineers do?

 Design and Build ....
For example Civil Engineers design and build civil
structures (residental buildings, hospitals, dams, roads,
towers, ...)

Materials Science and Engineering forms the bedrock

for the engineering disciplines because the structures,
components, and devices that engineers design and use
must be made out of something, and that is a material.
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

 The properties of the materials that are available define and

limit the capabilities that the device or structure can have,
and the techniques that can be used to fabricate it.

 Reinforced Concrete Bridges... ~5-10 m in span

 Prestressed Concrete Bridges... ~ 30-40 m in span
 Steel Bridges... ~ 60-70 m in span
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

 Selecting the best material is usually a difficult task,

requiring tradeoffs between different material properties
(including cost)

 Typical cost of a residential building:

 65-75% materials cost
 5% technical personel
 Rest is the labor cost
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

 Therefore,
 an appreciation of the important materials characteristics
 the connection between the behavior of the material and its
intended design setting
 the stuff or the object is made from (and how it is made)
are important to every engineer, even if they will never
create a new material but simply choose from standard and
widely available ones
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

 As civil engineers your job is to:

 To make sure that the structure is functional during its service life
(it should be strong)
 To make sure that the structure should withstand the environment
(it should be durable)
 To make sure that the structure is aesthetic and economic (it should
be feasible)
• You need to know the properties of constructional
materials.
 Physical, chemical and mechanical properties
 Manufacturing processes
 Its behavior in its final form
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

 The service life of a civil engineering structure does not

ONLY depend on
 How good its design is
 How good its labor is
 You have to consider other factors such as:
 How good the material that you pick is
 How good the quality control is
 How you maintain the structure!
 Think about the maintenance requirements of
 your car !
 your house !
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

 Why do we need to know materials?

 Every engineer, whether civil, mechanical, chemical or electrical,
will at some point deal with a design problem involving materials.
Examples might include the superstructure of a building, an oil
refinery component, a transmission gear, or an integrated circuit
chip.
 Materials Science: The study of the nature, behavior and
use of materials.
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Materials
 Mechanical
 Define the behavior of the materials under loads. (Strength, elasticity,
plasticity, ductility, hardness, etc.)
 Physical
 Density, porosity, moisture content, shape, surface texture, etc.
 Chemical
 Oxide or compound composition
 Physico-chemical
 Shrinkage, swelling
 Thermal
 Conductivity
 Acoustical
 Sound transmission or absorption
 Optical
 Color, opacity
Chapter 1 - Introduction
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

 Classification of Civil Engineering Materials

This classification can be done in so many different ways:
1. According to their state
2. According to their chemical composition and internal
structure
3. According to their intended use
4. According to their mechanical behavior
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

1. According to Their State

 Gases (CO2, O2)
 Liquids (Water, Chemical Admixtures)
 Solids (Concrete, Steel)

 Semi-solids (Fresh Pastes, Mortar, Concrete)

Fresh concrete Solid steel

 Chapter 1 - Introduction

2. According to Their Chemical Composition and Internal

Structure
 Metals → Metallic bond
• Ferrous (Iron, steel)
• Non-ferrous (Aluminum)
 Polymers → Long chain molecules
• Natural (rubber, resin, wood)
• Artificial (plastics)
 Ceramics → Alumino silicates
• Structural clay products
• Porcelains
 Composite Materials → Combination of several materials
• Concrete
• Cement sandstone
 Reinforced Composite Materials
• Reinforced concrete
• Fiber reinforced plastics
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

3. According to Their Intended Use

 Structural Materials (concrete, steel, wood)
 Architectural Detailing Materials (glass, paint, heat and
sound insulators)
 Preservatives (wall paint)

 But some materials fall into all of the above groups for
example wood.
 Load carrying member
 Architectural
 Coating of chipboard
 Chapter 1 - Introduction

4. According to Their Mechanical

Behavior
 Elastic Materials
They deform under some load and when the
load is removed they return back to their
original position
 Plastic Materials
They deform under some load, but when the
load is removed there will be some permanent
deformation
 Viscoelastic Materials
The load-deformation depends on the rate of
loading
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Metals are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum,
copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for
example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts

Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner, and in
comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense

These materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.e., capable of
large amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture,
which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Metallic materials have large numbers of non-localized electrons; that is, these
electrons are not bound to particular atoms.

Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For

example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat, and are
not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous
appearance.
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they

are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
Ceramic materials include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3) (grinding
applications), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2) (portland cement, sand), silicon
carbide (SiC) ( it is used for its hardness in abrasive machining processes such
as grinding, honing, water-jet cutting and sandblasting. Particles of silicon
carbide are laminated to paper to create sandpapers and the grip tape
on skateboards), silicon nitride (Si3N4) (ball bearings), and in addition, what
some refer to as the traditional ceramics—those composed of clay minerals
(i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and glass.
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff

and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the
metals.

Ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are extremely
brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture.

These materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and

electricity (i.e., have low electrical conductivities)
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Ceramics are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh

environments than metals and polymers. With regard to optical
characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque.
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are
organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other
nonmetallic elements (O,N, and Si)

Polymers have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that
have a backbone of carbon atoms
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and
silicone rubber
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Polymer materials typically have low densities, mechanical

characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic
materials—they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types.

However, on the basis of their low densities, many times their stiffnesses
and strengths on a per mass basis are comparable to the metals and
ceramics.
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e.,
plastic), which means they are easily formed into complex shapes. In
general, they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large
number of environments

One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or

decompose at modest temperatures, which, in some instances, limits their
use. Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities and are
nonmagnetic
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which

come from the metals, ceramics, and polymers.

The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties

that is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the
best characteristics of each of the component materials.
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Metallic or
Concrete
polymer fibers

Wood and bone are also

composite materials. The other
composties are called man-made
composites
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle), whereas
the polymer is ductile (but also weak and flexible). Thus, the resulting
fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, and ductile.

In addition, it has a low density.

 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

A large number of composite types exist that are represented by different

combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers.
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

One of the most common and familiar composites is glass fiber reinforced
concrete (GFRC), in which glass fiber textiles are embedded within a
very flowable cement slurry
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Heydar Aliyev Center

Baku/Azerbijan
Completed in 2013

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) and Glass Fiber Reinforced

Polyester (GFRP) cladding panels
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
General Properties of Main Materials
METALS CERAMICS POLYMERS COMPOSITES

Carbon fiber polymer Carbon fiber in textile

product form
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
COMPARISON OF SOME TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES OF MAIN TYPES OF MATERIALS
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
COMPARISON OF SOME TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES OF MAIN TYPES OF MATERIALS
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
COMPARISON OF SOME TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES OF MAIN TYPES OF MATERIALS
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
COMPARISON OF SOME TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES OF MAIN TYPES OF MATERIALS
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
COMPARISON OF SOME TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES OF MAIN TYPES OF MATERIALS