Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)

Week 1 – Introduction

Course Instructor:
Shehzaib Yousuf Khan
B.Engg, M.Engg in Mechanical Engineering from NEDUET.
M.P.E. in Mechanical Engineering from Sydney University.
Ph.D. (In Progress)
www.digiomnibus.pk
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Recommended Books
• Text book:
“Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction”
by William D. Callister and David G. Rethwisch, 9th
Edition.
• Reference book:
Principles of Material Sciences & Engineering by
William F. Smith, 3rd Edition.
• Online resources:
Lectures and resource material on Google classroom,
YouTube, Wikipedia.

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Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
• Introduction:
• Importance of Material Science and Engineering
• Classification of materials
• Material property charts
• Mechanical properties of materials:
• Deformation behaviour of materials under tensile and compressive loads
• Hardness testing
• Testing of materials under impact loading
• Fundamentals of fracture mechanics
• Importance of fracture mechanics
• Material characterization of fracture surfaces
• Stress distribution around a crack Course Syllabus Available @
• Fatigue testing, S-N curves https://med.neduet.edu.pk/node/398
• Creep deformation behaviour
• ASTM standards for all mechanical tests
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Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
• Crystallography:
• Types of crystal structures
• Atomic packing factor
• Miller indices of crystallographic planes and directions
• Imperfections in solids:
• Classification of defects
• Types of point defects and their effects on material properties
• Dislocations
• Kinetics of dislocations
• Dislocation interactions
• Significance of dislocations on material permanent deformation
• Diffusion in materials: Course Syllabus Available @
• Diffusion theory https://med.neduet.edu.pk/node/398
• Equilibrium and non-equilibrium diffusion mechanisms
• Effect of diffusion on material properties 4
Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
• Heat treatment and phase transformation in materials:
• Types of heat treatment processes
• Effects of heat treatment on material structure and properties
• Concepts of phases in solids
• Solubility limit in solid solutions
• Strengthening mechanisms (solid solution and precipitate strengthening)
• Binary phase diagrams
• Iron-iron carbide phase diagram
• Diffusional and non-diffusional phase transformation
• Kinetics of phase transformation

Course Syllabus Available @

https://med.neduet.edu.pk/node/398

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Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
• Polymers:
• Structure of Polymers
• Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Polymers
• Copolymers
• Polymer Crystals
• Defects in Polymers Characteristic
• Applications and Processing of Polymers:
• Mechanical Behavior
• Viscoelasticity
• Fracture
• Strengthening Mechanism
• Polymer Types Course Syllabus Available @
• Polymer Processing https://med.neduet.edu.pk/node/398

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Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
• Ceramics:
• Ceramic Structure Imperfections in ceramics
• Mechanical Properties
• Applications and Processing of Ceramics:
• Types and Applications
• Fabrication and Processing
• Composites:
• Introduction
• Particle Reinforced Composites
• Fiber Reinforced Composites
• Processing of Composites
• Sandwich Panels Course Syllabus Available @
https://med.neduet.edu.pk/node/398

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Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
• Environmental Degradation:
• Material degradation
• Corrosion
• Stress corrosion cracking
• Corrosion prevention
• Nanomaterials:
• Classifications of nanomaterials
• Nanomaterial properties
• Synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials
• Significance and application of nanomaterials
• Advanced high strength steels:
• Classification of AHSS Course Syllabus Available @
• Material and mechanical characterization of AHSS https://med.neduet.edu.pk/node/398
• Properties and applications of AHSS
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Course Learning Outcomes

No. CLO PLO

Discuss material crystallography and
1 materials mechanical properties. PLO-1
Chapter 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8
Analyze the phase diagram.
2 PLO-2
Chapter 9, 10 (partly)
Discuss the environmental degradation of
3 engineering materials, and advance materials PLO-1
(Chapter 15 (partly), 16, 17)
Observe the microstructural changes in the
4 PLO-4
heat-treated metal specimen (Lab CLO).
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CLO Assessment Mechanism

Assessment Module CLO-1 CLO-2 CLO-3 CLO-4

Presentation (5/40) (Non-CLO)
Assignment/Mini Project
✓
Sessional (10/40)
Evaluation MCQ based Test (5/40) ✓
Mid Term / Test (20/40) ✓ ✓
Lab ✓
Final Exam (60%) ✓ ✓ ✓

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Chapter 1 : Introduction
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
1. List six different property classifications of materials that determine their
applicability.
2. Cite the four components that are involved in the design, production, and utilization
of materials, and briefly describe the interrelationships between these components.
3. Cite three criteria that are important in the materials selection process.
4. (a) List the three primary classifications of solid materials, and then cite the
distinctive chemical feature of each.
(b) Note the four types of advanced materials and, for each, its distinctive feature(s).
5. (a) Briefly define smart material/system.
(b) Briefly explain the concept of nanotechnology as it applies to materials.
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Historical Perspective

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Material Science and Engineering
Material science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures
and properties of materials.

Materials engineering involves, on the basis of these structure–property correlations,

designing/engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of
properties.

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Material Science and Engineering

Processing Structure Properties Performance

• Heat treatment • Subatomic • Mechanical • Function of

• Forming • Microscopic • Electrical properties.
• Coating • Macroscopic • Thermal
•… • Magnetic
• Optical
• Deteriorative

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Material Science and Engineering
The ceramic material aluminum oxide, also known
as alumina, is completely transparent, translucent
or opaque – depending on the structure, and
therefore on the manufacturing process.

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Why Should we Learn Materials Science and Engineering?
Innovative design
• Clever use of materials….. e.g. Plastic paper pins, Ceramic coated turbine blades
• For more efficient machines/devices…. heat engines, sharper knives, bearing with
ultra low friction, efficient batteries etc.
• Meeting growing needs… for smarter systems and advance applications.

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Why Should we Learn Materials Science and Engineering?
To avoid engineering disasters
• Crack in aircraft structures, buckling of plastic spoons

Professional Engineering should know the material selection

• (more than 50,000 materials for engineers)

Understand properties of materials and their limitation

Order of magnitude of the properties of common material should be on tips.

(e.g. 10 apples/kg)
Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, food
production etc. ….effect nearly every segment of our everyday lives 18
Case Study
World War II Welded Merchant Ships Failure

Low fracture toughness of the steel – particularly of the welds 1-1 was too low
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Classification of Materials

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Classification of Materials
Metals
Advantages:
• High stiffness and strength
• Ductile
• High fracture toughness
• Good conductor of heat and
electricity
• Superior aesthetics
• Magnetic properties
Disadvantages:
• Relatively Dense
• Expensive
• Oxidation/corrosion
• Wider range of process
needed for manufacturing
Ceramic Polymer
Advantages: Advantages:
• Low coefficient of friction • Lightweight
• Extremely high melting point • Strong and durable
• Corrosion resistance • Cheap
• Low density • Easy to manufacture
• Extreme hardness • Wide range of material
• Inexpensive
• Easily available
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
• Dimensional tolerances • Can not biodegrade
difficult to control during • Cannot withstand very high
processing temperature
• Weak in tension • Made from oil, a non-
• Poor shock resistance renewable resource
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Composite Materials
“Composites are composed of at least two
different material types”.

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Composite Materials

Metals
metallic elements.

Ceramics
compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements.

Polymers
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and other
non-metallic elements. 23
Advanced Materials
Semiconductors
having electrical conductivities intermediate between
those of conductors and insulators.

Biomaterials
which must be compatible with body tissue.

Smart Materials
those that sense and respond to changes in their
environments in predetermined manners.

Nanomaterials
those that have structural features on the order of a
nanometer, some of which may be designed on the
atomic/molecular level.

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Semiconductor
Semiconductors have made possible the
advent of integrated circuitry that has
totally revolutionized the electronics and
computer industries.

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Biomaterials
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the
human body to replace diseased or damaged body parts.

These materials must not produce toxic substances and must

be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse
biological reactions).

Plasma coating developed to decrease bone

implant rejections.

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 Smart Materials

• Shape-memory alloys
• Piezoelectric ceramics (analogous to magnetostrictive materials)
• Electrorheological fluids
• Magnetorheological fluids

Materials/devices employed as sensors include optical fibers, piezoelectric materials (including some polymers),
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and microelectromechanical systems (MEMs).
 Nanomaterials
• Catalytic converters
• Nanocarbons
• Reinforced automobile tires
• Magnetic nanosize grains in HDD

The nano prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometre
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(10−9m)—as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (nm; equivalent to the diameter of approximately 500 atoms).