Pir Mehr Ali Shah

Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Office of the controller of Examinations
Mid Exam / Spring 2021 (Paper Duration 12 hours)
To be filled by Teacher

Course No.: ABG-702 Course Title: Population Genetics

Total Marks: 12 Date of Exam: 03.05.2021
Degree: M.Phil Animal Breeding and Genetics Semester: 1st Section: ………A………………………
Marks
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Obtained/
Total Marks
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Total Marks in Words:

Name of the teacher:

Who taught the course: Signature of teacher / Examiner:

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Registration No.:21-ARID-58 Name; NASIR ABBAS

Answer the following questions.

Q.No.1
Write a conceptual note on population and population size. Also define and discuss
panmixia. (Marks 01)
Answer: population is that totality of individuals in a specifics area and Individuals must be able to
mate with any other member of population to produce the offspring e.g.sahiwal groupe of cattle and
herds of buffalo ctc.
Population size is denoted by N;Population size is that knowing the number of individuals in the
groupe trying to study take to sample of the population .
Panmixia is define that random mating within in breeding population .where as breeding is like that
any two member in a population can mating each others. Random mating population occurs
proportion their genetics frequencies .
Q.No.2
Define and discuss Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in detail by quoting example of a
single gene with two alleles. (Marks 02)

Answer: In Hardy Weinberg equilibrium random mating population gene and gene frequencies
remain the same from parents to offspring in the absence of migration, mutation and selection .The
genotypic frequencies also measured the gene frequencies.
In hardy Weinberg equilibrium the gene frequencies is distributed into heterozygous, homozygous
dominant and recessive genotypes .In random mating population there is no inherent tendency from
generation to generation .
The natural selection is absent and no gene flow or migration from heredity
Example; p2 +2 pq + q2=1

Q.No.3.
Discuss factors affecting changes in gene and genotypic frequencies among populations
in the light of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. (Marks 03)
Answer: FACTORS, 1 MUTATION, 2.MIGRATION, 3. SELECTION
MUTATION; It is basically change in DNA copying mistakes or others disease infection.
According to hardy wein- berg the mutation is very slow and little changes in gene frequency.

The measurement of mutation rate is ranging between about 10−4 and 10−8 per generation
(one in ten thousand and one in a hundred million gamete)
MIGRATION; The migration is that changes of gene flow from one place to other it may be
individuals or groupe.It has two types of migration ( immigration and emigration )
IMMIGRATION; new individuals is entering in different populations
EMIGRATION; the individuals is leave one location and enter into new one region.
The migration is causes the change in gene frequency because when one animal change the location
From one place to others. During mating of new animals the gametes pair is change so the gene and
genotypic frequency is change . e. g .if our country breeds is enter to other country suppose that our
breeds is heat resistant rather than other country. The heat resistant gene is transfer to other , the
gene frequency is start changing from ( for to against the breeds ) .
SELECTION; in selection the gene and genotypic frequency is changing when we select a particular
gene .In selection if we have select only one gene suppose, large body size gene .In selection only
select large size animals and regect or culling the small animals .In large population selction is take
long time and small population selection is easily.

Q.No.4
Define and discuss genetic diversity and its significance in animal breeding.
(Marks 01)
Answer: Genetics diversity means variation,it is the presence of genetics different between animal
with species and population is called genetics diversity. In genetics have specifics characteristics is
determinded .In genetics diversity animals have different characters than population and select for
inbred. In Genetics diversity maximum changes take place when population size is large .
The genetics diversity in animal breeding permission to select the best performance breeding
animals .genetic diversity also a best line for breeding .

Q. No. 5.
Define and discuss in detail effective population size and rate of inbreeding using
numerical example of estimating each. Also describe factors affecting rate of inbreeding
in detail. What are the acceptable levels of rate of inbreeding among livestock
populations and how to manage it if it exceeds the acceptable limit.
(Marks 03)
Answer: Rate of inbreeding is that increase the inbtreeding values of papulation from one
generation to the next .The rate of inbreeding depends on population size
EXAMLE 1;Lets assume a population is 3000 animals large , only 20 males and 300 females animals
participate inbreeding .Each females gets 10 offspring .what is the rate of inbreeding in this
population?
ANSWER; the population is 3000 animals is large .only 320 animals is participation in the inbreeding,
20 males and 300 females .Filling the values into the formula results in predicted rate of inbreeding
of 1/(8*20)+1/8(8*300) =0.0067=0.67%
EXAMPLE2;
160 MALES AND 160 FEMALES ? putting the values into the formula of inbreeding
1/(8*160)+1/(8*160)=0.00156
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF INBREEDING .
Inbreeding depression is most like fertility and survivability .
It occurs due to the increased homozygosty in the offspring of related animals
The increasing risk of disorders.
RATE OF INBREEDING ACCEPTABLE LEVEL
The rate of inbreeding if increased it create problems because the level of homozygosity is also
increased in the next generation .According to FAO the rate of inbreeding less than 1% preferably
0.5%. The ratio of 1% inbreeding it indicated that increase homozygosity will be 1% per generation.
The rate of inbreeding 1% means 25 males and 25 females and 0.5% is that 50 males and 50
females .If the rate of inbreeding above 1% increase it indicate that population will not run long
time.
If limit exceed to reduce the limit of rate of inbreeding in small population .The number of
population is increase in inbreeding .

Q.No. 6.
There is a recessive autosomal gene in the Holstein breed of cattle, a population
considered to be in H-W Equilibrium, which causes dropsy in the new-born calf. The
frequency of this abnormality is 1 in 300. What would be the frequency of normal and
heterozygotes in the population with respect to that gene?
(Marks 02)

Answer: