10

lOA passive: be+ past participle
Present: am I is I are + p a st p a rticiple
[II Kevla r is used ro make bul let-proof vests.
G T ippex isn't used very much today.
[1] Are disposable nappies used all over the worl d?
Past: was I were + past p a r t iciple
[II T he d ishwashe r was invented by Jose ph ine Coch ra ne.
G Windsc reen wipers were n't in vented unt il 1903.
[1] When was t he wash ing mach ine inve nted?
• You can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the passive.
Josephine Cochrane in vented the dishwash er. (active)
The dishwasher was invented by josephine Cochrane. (passive)
4 38 >))
• In the active sentence, the foc us is more on Josephine
Coch ran e.
• In the passive sentence the foc us is more o n the dishwasher.
• You ca n also use th e passive when it isn't known or isn't
importa nt who does or d id the action.
My ca r was stolen last week.
Volvo cars are m ade in Sweden.
• Use by to say who d id the action.
T he Lord of the Rings was written by Tolkien.

lOB used to I didn't use to p used to or usually?

used to only exists in the past.
G W he n I wa a child, I used to play in t he st reet. 4 43 >)) For habits in the present, use usually+
My brothe r used to have very lo ng hair. present simple, NOT use-te
G C hi ld ren didn't use to watch much TV when my fat he r was young. I usually cook in the evenings.
NOT I use-to-eook in the evefliFJgs.
My daughter didn't use to like vegetables, but now she loves t hem.
[1] Did you use to wea r a unifo rm at school? Yes, I d id.
Did you use to like your teache rs? o, I did n't.

• Use used to I didn't use to+ verb to ta lk about thin gs that ha ppe ned
repeatedly or were true fo r a lo ng period o f time in t he past, but are
usually not true now, e.g. th ings th at ha ppened when you were a ch ild.
• used to I did11.'t use to is the sa me for all persons.
• Instead of used to you ca n use the past simple with a n adverb of freque ncy.
W hen / was a child, I often p layed itt the street.

lOC might I might not (possibility) p may I may not

You can also use may instead of might for
We might have a picn ic romorrow, but it depe nds o n the weathe r. 4 SO l)) possibility, e.g.
We may have a picnic tomorrow.
She might come with us. but she's not su re yet.
I may not go t o the party.
I might not go to the pa rry. I haven't decided yet.
You mig ht not sec hi m today. He's comin g ho me late.
• Use might I might not+ verb (infinitive without to) to say that perhaps
you wi ll or won't do something.
We m iBht have a picnic tomorrow.= Pe rhaps we w ill have a picnic tomo rrow.
• m iBht I might 110t is the sa me fo r all persons.
• miBht not is no t usually contracted.
 GRAMMAR BANK

lOA b Rew rite the sentences in the passive, beginning

w ith the highlighted word s.
a Complete w ith present o r past passive.
Shakespeare w rote Hamlet in 1603.
The E iffel Tower was comp leted in 1889. (complete) Hamlet was written by S hakespeare in 1603.
Many o f the things we use every d ay ____ by Jo natha n lve desig ned the iPod and the iPhone.
women . (i nvent) 2 Most Medi terranea n countries pro duce olive oil.
2 In the UK most child ren in state schools. (educate) 3 Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781.
3 Australia by Cap ta in Cook in 1770 . (discover) 4 Ba rry Sonnenfeld directed the M en ir1 B1ack
4 T his morning I u p by the neighbo ur 's dog. (wake) films.
5 Cricket in the summer in t he UK. (play) 5 D av id Hackney pain ted Mr and Mrs Cla rk and
6 T he songs o n this album last year. (record) Percy in 1970-1 97 1.
7 Nowadays a lot of toys in C hina. (make) 6 Elvis Presley didn't w rite Blue Suede Shoes.
8 Carols a re songs which at C hristmas. (sing) 7 JK Rawling w ro te the Harry Potter boo ks.
9 These birds in no rthern Eu rope. (no t usua lly see) 8 They m ake Daihatsu car s in Japan.
10 ' Ro me in a d ay.' {no t build)
-< p.76

lOB b M a ke sentences with used to, didn't use to, o r

did .. . use to?
a Look at how Jo hn has changed. Write five sentences abo ut Ill you I have lo ng hair
how he was IN THE PAST. Didyou use to have lonB hair?
I G my sister I hate maths, but she loves it now
2 Ill where I you I work
3 G I I like vegetables when I was a child
4 rn
what 1you 1do in the summer holidays when
you were young
5 G The Brit ish I drink a lot of coffee
He used to be slim. 6 G this b uildin g I be a cinema
1 _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ lo ng hair. 7 Ill your bro ther I teach here
2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ glasses. 8 G II be a Manchester United fan
3 _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a beard. 9 Ill Jeff I have a m oto rbike
4 football 10 G teleg ram s I be a way of sending important
5 a tie. messages

-< p.79
lOC b Complete the sen tences w ith miBht +a verb
phrase.
a Match the sentences.
be cold be ill be in a meet ing ge-te-t:Ae-eiRema
Take some sun cream . [QJ A You might fa ll. not have time not like it have fish and chips
Let's buy a l.o ttery ticket. 0 B lt may not be your size.
2 Phone the restaurant. 0 C We migh t get lost. I'm not sure w hat to do to n ight. I might go to
3 Do n't sta nd on the wa ll. 0 0 It 111ight be really suuny. the cinema.
4 Let's take a map. 0 E We may not have eno ugh money. 1 K im wasn't at school tod ay. She _ _ __
5 Try the shirt on. 0 F You might cut yourself. 2 His pho ne is t urned off. He _ __ _ __
6 Don't wait for me. 0 G It m ay be closed o n Sundays. 3 It's an unusual book. You _ __ __ __
7 Be ca reful w ith t hat k nife! 0 H We mi ght win . 4 I don't know if l'll finish it. ! _ _ __ _ _
8 Ask how much it costs. 0 I I may be late. 5 f'm not sure w hat to o rder. I _ __ _ _ _
6 Take a jacket. It - - - - -- - - - -
<Ill( p.BO