Arup - Structural Concept Design Guide 2017

Arup SSN UK SCDG
Issue 1 | 1 December 2017
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\\GLOBAL.ARUP.COM\LONDON\ARD\JOBS\STRUCTURES\SSN\DESIGN GUIDES\UK SCDG I1 2017-12-01.DOCX
Structural Concept Design Guide
For Internal Use Only
Contents
Page
1 Key Considerations 3
1.1 Clients Requirements 3
1.2 External Influences 4
1.3 Internal Considerations 5
1.4 Buildability 6
1.5 Building Form 7
2 Building Geometry and Anatomy 28

2.1 Typical Grid Dimensions 28
2.2 Horizontal Co-ordination 28
2.3 Vertical Co-ordination 28
2.4 Typical service zone requirements 29
2.5 Car parks 30
2.6 References 31
3 Loads 32
3.1 Dead Loading 32
3.2 Typical imposed loading 34
3.3 Imposed loads on barriers 35
3.4 Fire 36
3.5 Horizontal Loads 37
3.6 Snow Loads 39
3.7 Seismic Loads 41
3.8 References 44
4 Stability 45
4.1 Checklist 45
4.2 Load Paths 46
4.3 Horizontal Stability Systems 47
4.4 Vertical Stability 48
4.5 P∆ Sway effects 50
4.6 Braced and unbraced vertical stability systems 50
4.7 Shear Walls 51
4.8 Moment Frames 52
4.9 Stability serviceability performance criteria 52
4.10 References 53
5 Reinforced Concrete 54
5.1 Reinforced Concrete Beams 54
5.2 Concrete floor slabs 57

5.3 Columns 62
5.4 Reference 64
6 Prestressed Concrete 65
6.1 Advantages of prestressed concrete 65
6.2 Basics 65
6.3 Tendon parameters 68
6.4 Design considerations 70
6.5 References 72
7 Non-composite steelwork 73
7.1 Rules of thumb 73
7.2 Columns 78
7.3 Struts and ties 78
7.4 Portal frames 79
7.5 Element stiffness 82
7.6 Connections 83
7.7 Fire protection 83
7.8 Corrosion protection 84
7.9 References 85
8 Composite steel and concrete 86

8.2 Choice of beam system 87
8.3 References 89
9 Timber 90
9.2 Materials 90
9.3 Material Strengths 91
9.4 Timber Element Sizes (domestic) 92
9.5 References 93
10 Masonry 94
10.1 Joints 94
10.2 Vertical load resistance 95
10.3 Lateral loading 97
10.4 Stability 102
10.5 Internal Non-Loadbearing Masonry Walls 103
10.6 Reinforced masonry 104
10.7 References 104
11 Foundation design for structural engineers 106

11.1 Introduction 106

11.2 Foundation selection 106

11.3 Soil parameters 106
11.4 Spread footings 109
11.5 Piled foundations 111
11.6 Pile caps 116
11.7 Retaining Walls 118
11.8 Contamination 120
11.9 References 121
12 Water Resistant Basements 122

12.2 Establish client's requirements / expectations 123
12.3 Construction options 124
12.4 Waterproofing options (combined with options of
structure) 125
12.5 Critical points 126
12.6 Construction joints 127
12.7 Movement joints 127
12.8 References 128
Appendices
Appendix A
Useful Design Data
A1 Kingspan Multideck 50-V3
A2 Kingspan Mulideck 80-V2
A3 Bison – Precast Hollow Composite Concrete Floor
A4 Metsec Roof System - Z-section Sleeved Purlin
A5 Metsec Roof System– Z-section Butt Purlin
A6 Metsec Cladding System – C-section Sleeved Side Rail
A7 Metsec Cladding System – C-section Butt Side Rail
A8 Hilti Anchor Fastening
A9 Road Transport Limitations
A10 Safe load for 25 tonne capacity mobile crane
A11 Standard Durbar Plate


Introduction
This publication is intended to be used, as the title suggests, as a
structural concept design guide. It should be readily available both in and
out of the office environment.
This document is for distribution only within the Ove Arup
Partnership. It is not intended for and should not be relied upon
by any third party.
The term concept design represents a preliminary stage in the overall
design process whereby the basic principles, spatial and cost parameters
of the structural design can be understood by all parties involved. To
attain this level of design it is expected that the engineer will utilise
preliminary sizing, rules of thumb, informed judgement and appropriate
assumptions. The concept design will take account of an appropriate level
of risk, representing an adequate basis for the development of the design
and final construction detailing, from which the established basic principles,
spatial and cost parameters will be maintained within an appropriate and
acceptable margin of error.
This guide aims to gather useful facts, figures and hyperlinks for use in the
development of a sound structural concept design. It should be used in
this context and where necessary or appropriate supplemented with
additional reference material.
Given the nature of this guide there may be instances whereby the
information given is not appropriate for a particular application. The
engineer should always rely on their own skill and judgement when using any
guide for design. We intend that this guide continues to evolve to suit the
collective needs of the users and as such we ask that you feed back any
suggestions in relation to further editions. Please send any constructive
thoughts in relation to suggestions, corrections, or future content to
UKMEA-CDG@arup.com
- Chris Carroll
Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017 Page 2

1 Key Considerations
1.1 Clients Requirements
Level of detail How does the Clint

required perceive value?
What do we know
and what is unknown?
Are specialists How do we best

required? communicate our
ideas?
Client Who are we

producing this for?
Requirements
Are we being asked

the correct
questions?
What is the Clients
brief?
Financial constraints,
budget, fee?
What have we
agreed to do?
Key drivers?
3Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017 Page 3

1.2 External Influences
Do we need to deal
with external bodies? What are the ground
NR, LUL, Water conditions?
Authority etc.?
What is the
architect’s vision?
What are the party What are the

wall restrictions and physical site
implications? constraints?
Site services,
External adjacencies,
tunnels, existing
Influences basements and
foundations
What is the local

market? Will this
affect our design?
How do the other
disciplines impact on
our design?
What is the
programme? Does it
What is the affect our design on
performance how it is built?
requirements of the What can we
building? challenge?

1.3 Internal Considerations
Is there anything
special about the Have we done this
building? Is additional before?
research required?
Have we reviewed
the load paths
Can we simplify the horizontally and
concept design to vertically?
avoid unnecessary What are the
secondary effects risks and
on the structure? opportunities?
How can we improve
on previous
examples?
How can we
rationalise the
design?
How can we add

Internal innovation and
efficiencies?
Considerations
What options are

available?
What skills are

required?
What are the main

problems and how
are we going to
What are the
solve them?
alternatives to our What do we want to
preferred design? achieve?

1.4 Buildability
What are the key

sequencing issues we
Do we undermine or need to address?
load any adjacent
buildings?
What are the critical

How will the items?
materials / elements
be delivered to site
and erected?
How will it be
External built and
maintained?
Influences
Are there any areas

What elements are that require
contractor design? alternative methods
/ sequences to be
addressed?
Is there any
lead in items?
What temporary
works will be
required and how
practical is this?

1.5 Building Form
1.5.1 Material Selection

Form of Construction Advantages Disadvantages
Insitu Concrete Frame  Minimal lead in time  Slow speed of
 Economical frame construction
 Flexibility for  More complex site
accommodating operations
irregular column  Location of small holes
arrangement adjacent to columns is
 Future flexibility difficult
 Potential cast-in  Propping required
(integrated) services  Heavy
 Good thermal mass  Introduction of follow
and acoustic isolation on trades (e.g. for
between floors partitions) – therefore
 No additional potential for extension
corrosion protection to programme
 No additional fire  Acoustic detailing to
protection be considered
 Good adaptability for
fixing of cladding
Prestressed Concrete Relative to RC:

 Increased clear spans  Specialist contractor
 Thinner slabs leading  Market driven
to lighter structures  Vibration performance
 Reduced cracking and issues
deflection  Demolition issues
 Reduced storey height  Limits on future
 Rapid construction flexibility
 Water tightness  Tensioning
considerations
 Grid different if
efficiency is to be
maintained


Steel Frame with PC Floor  Ease of construction  Overall construction
 Future flexibility depth is quite deep
 Speed of construction  Downstand
construction restricts
 Cost efficient
services distribution
 Good BREEAM rating
 Fire protection
 Lightweight; possible requirements
smaller foundations
 Acoustic detailing
 Reduced requirement requirements
for wet trades
 Follow on trades for
walls
 Expensive cladding
fixings
 Difficult to modify
 Longer lead in time
 Flexibility for future
service penetrations is
limited
Steel Frame with Composite  Ease of construction  Construction depth
Floor  Future flexibility greater than insitu
concrete
 Speed on construction
 Downstand
 Cost efficient construction restricts
 Lightweight; possible services distribution
smaller foundations.
 Fire protection
 Easy to fix services to requirements
profiled slab soffit
 Acoustic detailing
 Decking avoids requirements
temporary formwork
 Vibration sensitive
 Can use slimdeck to
 Follow on trades for
reduce structural
walls
depth
 More expensive
 Easy to modify before
cladding fixings
construction
 Additional plant and
life cycle costs for
ventilation (minimal
thermal mass)
 Architectural planning
drawings may need to
be revised to suit
greater structural
depth


Load Bearing Masonry  Combined use of  Slow speed of
traditional facade construction
treatment and support  Mixing of trades
of floors during construction
 Modules (i.e. bricks  Acoustic detailing to
and blocks) easily be considered
adapted
 Follow on trades to
 Good thermal mass walls
 Fire and thermal  Limited future flexibility
properties
 High degree of site
works
 Complex detailing work
for disproportion
collapse
 Low tolerance of
movement
 International ‘standard
practice’ varies
substantially
Structural Timber  Natural timber finish  Low-tech (more

 Factory production traditional) systems
and highly workable can lead to slow
material - services can construction with high
be incorporated into degree of site works
walls and floors  Can require skilled
 Modules (frame labour
elements and panels)  Low thermal mass and
easily adapted thermal resistivity (u-
 Can be simple value)
 Lightweight  Poor acoustic
performance
 High-tech systems can
enable fast on-site  Limited future flexibility
construction  Complex detailing work
for disproportionate
collapse
 Limited overall building
height

1.5.2 Floor Selection

Floor Type,
Typical Uses Advantages Disadvantages
And Spans
Concrete flat slab  Minimum structural depth  Harder to adapt for
 Least obstruction to services changes once
 Offices  Reasonably adaptable for fixing constructed
 Residential of cladding  Poor flexibility for
 Hospitals  Minimum lead-in time service holes once
 No additional fire protection constructed
6m to 9m span required to structure  Location of even
 Flexible for accommodating small holes adjacent
irregular column arrangements to columns difficult
 Flat soffit makes it easy to  Heavy
provide head fixings to  Propping required
cladding/stud walls, services/  Slower construction
ceiling support systems can be than with steel
cast into soffit
 Highly adaptable throughout
design (until cast)
 Simplicity of reinforcement
fixing/marking with the adoption
of standard stock lengths
 Punching shear reinforcement
can be easily provided by shear
hoops/ladders
 Reasonably simple cantilever
construction adjacent to existing
structure

Floor Type,
And Spans
Ribbed floor  Medium structural depth  Harder to adapt for
 Relatively lightweight changes once constructed;
 Offices  Good flexibility for holes not flexible to penetration
 Retail between ribs through ribs
 Reasonably adaptable,  Propping required, (table
6m to 9m span within configuration of system with formers)
ribs, throughout design  Detail at top of partitions
(until cast) difficult
 Reasonably adaptable for  Slow reinforcement fixing
fixing of cladding  Difficult to provide larger
 No downstands make aid holes adjacent to columns
services distribution  Services cannot be secured
 No additional fire to ribbed soffits
protection required to  Cost of fire stopping/sound
structure insulation at wall heads
 Medium site lead – in  Complexity of cantilever
time construction adjacent to
existing building
 Slower reinforcement fixing
and formwork stripping

Floor Type,
And Spans
Coffered floor  Medium structural depth  Harder to adapt for
 Relatively lightweight changes once constructed
 Offices  Good flexibility for,  Propping required (table
holes within pots system with formers)
7m to 10m span  Reasonably adaptable  Slower reinforcement fixing
for changes prior to and formwork stripping
concreting  Larger number of
 Reasonably adaptable reinforcement bar works
for fixing of cladding  Difficult to provide holes
 No downstands for easy adjacent to columns
services distribution  Services cannot easily to
 No additional fire secured to rib soffits
protection required to  Cost of fire stopping/
structure sound insulation at wall
 Medium site lead-in time heads
 Reasonably simple
cantilever construction

Floor Type,
And Spans
Omnidec (lattice  Medium speed of  Harder to adapt for
plank) precast hybrid construction changes once
floor  Relatively lightweight constructed.
 Reasonable easy to  Propping required
 Car Parks modify for changes prior  Order (lead-in) period for
 Houses to concreting precast units
 Reasonably adaptable for  Slow reinforcement fixing
6m to 8m span fixing of cladding to spine beams
 No additional fire  Complicated formwork
protection required to along spine beams
structure  Difficult to provide larger
 Medium site lead-in time holes adjacent to columns
 Minimum formwork  Complexity of cantilever
 Can substitute insitu slab construction adjacent to
for precast units at existing building
service hole locations  Precast units require
 Flat soffit for easy placement by crane
services distribution  Variable soffit surface
quality

Floor Type,
And Spans
Hollow core precast  Medium speed of  Harder to adapt for
floor construction changes once constructed
 Lightweight  Propping required (at
 Car Parks  Reasonably adaptable for spine beams only)
fixing of cladding  Order (lead in) period for
6m to 8m span  Flat soffit for easy hollow core precast units
services distribution  Difficult to provide large
 No additional fire holes in beams adjacent to
protection required to columns
structure  Complexity of cantilever
 Medium site lead-in time construction adjacent to
 Minimum formwork existing buildings
 Can join with in-situ  Complicated reinforcement
topping or through- detailing in spine beams,
depth joints to form slow to fix
diaphragm  Complicated formwork
along spine beams
 Differential tolerance of
precamber
 Precast units require
placement by crane
 Variable soffit surface
quality

Floor Type,
And Spans
Precast planks and  Provides large column-  Deep structural zone
composite topping on free areas  May need to haunch
prestressed beams  Relatively quick to prestressed beams to
construct reduce overall structural
 Car Parks depth on grid lines
 Relatively heavy structure
14m to 16m span  Precambering may be
required
 Susceptible to vibration
 Susceptible to differential
load cases (common in car
parks)
placement by crane
 Low point-point resistance

Floor Type,
And Spans
Precast planks on  Lightweight (smaller  Downstand beams restrict
steelwork foundations) services distribution
 Fast construction  Longer lead-in
 Retail  Least requirement for  Most expensive for
 Schools ‘wet’ trades cladding fixings and
supports and least
4m to 9m span buildable
(Although precast  Greatest structural depth
planks become thicker  Flexibility for future
and heavier as the services penetrations not
span increases) good
 Difficult to modify before
and after construction
placement by crane

Floor Type,
And Spans
Composite slab  Lightweight (smaller  Downstand beams restrict
foundations) services distribution
 Offices  Easy to fix services to  Medium lead-in
 Retail slab soft  More expensive cladding
 Reasonable easy to fixings and supports with
modify before reduced buildability
Up to 12m span (with construction  Greater structural depth
secondary beams)  Decking can be part of (and greater height of
steelwork contract and cladding)
avoids temporary  Propping required
formwork  Fire protection require to
 Fast construction structure
 Could utilise slimdek  Susceptible to vibration
system to reduce  Complexity of Cantilever
structural depth construction adjacent to
building
 Steelwork requires
placement by crane

Floor Type,
And Spans
Composite slab with  Longer spans / larger  Large openings (in girders)
cellular plate girder column free areas may require stiffeners
 Reduced floor to floor  Deflection may become
 Car Parks height through critical at mid-spans (may
 Offices integration of structure need to consider
 Retail and services precambering)
 Cellular girders are not
10m to 20m span good for point loads
Typically secondary
beams spacing 2.4m
to 3m

Floor Type,
And Spans
Composite slab with  Taper (or haunch)  Increased fabrication
tapered or haunched provides zone for costs for haunched order
plate girder services in zone or  Greater midspan
minimum moment deflections to consider,
 Offices with longer  Larger column-free floor may require precambering
clear spans area
 Reduced overall floor to
10m to 20m span floor height through
Typical secondary integration of
spacing 2.4m to 3.0m structure/services

Floor Type,
And Spans
Precast Planks and Composite  Reduced overall  Increased
Topping on Steelwork with Ledger structural depth fabrication costs
Angles  Fast construction  Poor flexibility for
 Fewer ‘wet’ trades future services
 Retail penetrations
 Schools  Difficult to modify
 Car Parks before and after
construction
with composite topping 9m span
without topping 6m span

Floor Type,
And Spans
Slimflor system –  Minimum structural depth  Perceived as expensive
precast units and for steel  Tends to produce
structural topping heavier structural steel
tonnage
 Offices
Propped: 9m span
Unpropped: 7m span

Floor Type,
And Spans
Slimdek system –  Flat soffit  Heavier overall
Composite slab  Composite action without structure than
shear studs traditional decking
 Offices  Decking can be  Perceived to be
 Residential unpropped up to 5.5m expensive
 Hotels (dependent upon slab
weight
Propped: 9m span  Partial integration with
Unpropped: 5.5m span services can be achieved
using holes through
beams

Floor Type,
And Spans
Precast plank with  Better acoustic properties on  Limited number of
concrete topping beam line than standard ‘I’ standard sized beams.
on Deltabeam beam
 Offices
5m to 10m span

1.5.3 Appropriate Foundation solutions

Soil Conditions Appropriate Foundation Design Comments
Type and Location
Spread footings most

appropriate for
conventional foundation
needs.
A deep foundation such as

piles could be required if
uplift forces were to act
Spread footings most

appropriate solution in
many cases, depending on
settlement considerations.
A deep foundation such as

piles could be required if
uplift forces were to act
Spread footings would be

appropriate for low to
medium range of loads if
not installed too close to
soft clay. Take care to not
overstress the soft clay.
If settlements become
excessive deep foundation
might be required. Cyclic
loading may cause larger
settlements.
Spread footings may
settle excessively or
require use of low bearing
pressures. Any later
disturbance to the sand by
vibration, groundwater
changes or seismic loading
for example may cause
large settlements.
Consider mat (raft)
foundations or consider
compacting sand by
vibroflotation or other
method then use spread
footings.
Driven / CFA piles could be
used. Driven piles would
densify the sand.


Type and Location
Spread footings probably

not appropriate. Friction
piles or piers would be
satisfactory if some
settlement could be
tolerated. Long piles
would reduce settlement
problems. Also consider
mat or floating foundation.
Deep foundations – piles,

piers, caissons – bearing
directly on or in the rock.
Downdrag (negative skin
friction) may add to the
loads on the piles. The
weathering, infill etc. of
the rock may be critical in
the design of the socket.
For heavy loads, spread

footings in upper sand
layer would probably
experience large
settlement because of
underlying soft clay layer.
Consider straight shafted
piles or piles with bells in
the stiff clay layer. Bells
may be difficult to form in
some clay strata. If time is
available preloading might
make it possible to use
shallow foundations.
Deep foundations best,

continuous flight auger
piles suitable. Expanded
base pules into sand layer
not common. Bored piles
require water (if cases) or
bentonite (if not) to
balance water pressures.


Type and Location
Deep foundation types

extending into medium
dense sand, or preferable
into compact glacial till.
Strong possibility for
drilled pile bored under
bentonite. Also consider
cast-in-place and driven
concrete piles, steel piles,
CFA piles. (Cannot
underream in till). Negative
skin friction should be
considered,
Deep foundation
penetrating through fill are
appropriate. With piles or
piers consider stopping in
upper zone of sand layer to
limit consolidation of clay
layer. Also consider
replacing poor fill with new
imported, compacted, fill,
then use spread footings in
the new fill. Calculate
settlements due to
consolidation of clay under
complete load of new
structures.


Type and Location
If foundation loads are not

too heavy, consider using
piles or piers bearing the
upper zone of sand layer
and check settlement. If
foundation loads are heavy,
consider driven piles
(steel) or caissons to rock.
Also consider floating
foundation. Nature of rock
is very important. Driving
can induce positive pore
pressures and negative skin
friction
Foundations should bear

directly on the rock which
is relatively close to the
ground surface. If no
basement areas are
needed for the building,
consider piers. If basement
areas are useful, consider
full excavation to rock and
construction of two
basement levels

2 Building Geometry and Anatomy
2.1 Typical Grid Dimensions

Preferred dimensions:
Use Typical Grids
Offices & retail 6.0, 7.2, 9.0, 10.5, 12, 15m grids
Some retail outlets 5.5m or 11m grids (to suit shop units)
Car parks (7.5 or 7.2) x (15 to 16m) grids (see section 2.5)
2.2 Horizontal Co-ordination

Horizontal co-ordination is defined by zones required for vertical access,
safe evacuation in fire, and vertical service distribution.
An atrium may be incorporated to increase lighting to the occupied space
and to provide high value circulation areas at ground and intermediate
levels.
2.3 Vertical Co-ordination

Target floor to floor (concept stage)
Use Target floor to floor
Prestige Office 4.0 – 4.2m
Speculative Office 3.6 – 4.0m
Renovation Project 3.5 – 3.9m
Residntial 2.4m (floor to ceiling)
Typical floor depths for multi storey buildings
Flooring system Target floor depth (mm)
Composite beam construction 800 – 1200
Celluar beams (with service integration) 800 – 1200
Downstand beams with precast concrete floors 1200 – 1450
Shallow floor or integrated beams 600 – 800

2.4 Typical service zone requirements
A Specified by structural engineer

B 50mm deflection and tolerance
C Approx. 500mm HVAC duct or terminal device
D 50mm support and tolerance
E 50 - 150mm sprinkler zone
F 150mm lighting and ceiling zone
G Specified by Client / Architect
H Raised floor - data, telecoms, small power. (Specified by M&E: allow
for tolerance & precamber)

2.5 Car parks
2.5.1 Bay sizes (UK)

Bay width Turning circle diameter (m)
Bay
Car type Long Short Between Between
length General
stay stay kerbs walls
Standard car 4.75 2.30 2.40 2.50 13.0 14.0
Large car 5.65 2.60 2.75 2.90 15.0 -
Disabled 3.20
4.75 - - - -
persons (min.)
Approx.
Coaches 12.00 - 4.00 - -
13.5m
2.5.2 Angled parking (standard car)
Stall Aisle width (one way) Bin width

width
Parking angle parallel Preferred Preferred
to aisle Minimum (m) Minimum (m)
(m) (m)
(m)
90 2.40 6.00 6.00 15.50 15.50
80 2.45 5.25 5.25 15.4 15.4
70 2.60 4.50 4.70 15.1 15.3
60 2.80 3.75 4.20 14.4 14.8
50 3.2 3.50 3.80 13.9 14.2
45 3.4 3.50 3.60 13.6 13.7

2.5.3 Car geometry

Area swept for a large car
2.5.4 Ramp gradients: recommended maxima

Ramp Type Rise Gradient
Straight ramps 1.5m 1 in 7
>1.5m 1 in 10
Helical ramps 3.0m 1 in 10
>3.0m 1 in 12
If at the top of a ramp steeper than 1 in 10 the floor or roof is laid to a

fall of 1 in 60 or steeper away from the ramp, a transition length should be
provided. The transition length should be at least 3m and its gradient half
that of the ramp.
2.5.5 Headroom
 Recommended minimum height: 2.050m through the building.
 If motor caravans are to be used, allow approx. 2.300m.
 Check if there are any specific access requirements e.g. emergency
vehicles.
2.6 References
1. Ove Arup & Partners, Building Services Concept Design Guide
2. The Concrete Centre, Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual, 2010
3. Concept Design, SteelConstruction.info

http://www.steelconstruction.info/Concept_design#Floor_grids
http://www.steelconstruction.info/Engineering_students%E2%80%99_guide_to_multi-
storey_buildings
4. ISTRUCTE, Design Recommendations for Multi-Storey and Underground Car Parks (Fourth
edition), 2011

3 Loads
3.1 Dead Loading
3.1.1 General
In the absence of specific details, use the following:
Layer Typical Dead Load on plan uno (kN/m2)
Floor finish (screed) 75mm 1.8
Ceiling boards 0.4
False ceiling 0.25
Services:
Nominal 0.25
HVAC 0.4
Demountable lightweight partitions 1.0 on plan treated as imposed loads
Blockwork partitions 2.5 on plan treated as dead loads when

layout is fixed
External walling:
Curtain walling and glazing 0.5 on elevation
Cavity walls (lightweight block/brick) 3.5 to 5.5 on elevation
3.1.2 Specific dead loading
3.1.2.1 Composite construction
Layer Typical Thickness (mm) Typical Dead Load on plan

(kN/m2)
Screed Normal 50 1.2
Lightweight 0.9
Slab Normal 130 2.7 - 3.0 *
Lightweight 2.1 – 2.3 *
* The lower value is for a trapezoidal deck (Comflor 46), the higher value is for a re-entrant profile (Comflor 51).

3.1.2.2 Cladding
Cladding Arrangement Dead Load on Elevation (kN/m2)
Cladding sheeting and fixings 0.5
Steel wall framing only 0.25 - 0.4
Framing + brick panels and windows 2.4
Framing + steel sheeting 0.75
Windows, industrial type 0.25
Patent glazing: single 0.3
double 0.55
Doors: industrial wood 0.4
Lath + plaster + studding 0.5
Plate glass / 25mm thick 0.65
3.1.2.3 Walls
Wall type Composition Dead load on

elevation uno
(kN/m²)
Concrete 225 wall 5.4
walls 12mm plaster each face 0.2
Masonry wall 102.5 brick 2.25
(280 cavity) 100 lightweight block and plaster 1.15
Party wall Cavity wall two 102.5 brick leaves plastered both 5.0
sides
Internal wall 100mm lightweight block plastered both sides 1.4
102.5mm brick plastered both sides 2.75
225mm thick plastered both sides 4.4
Curtain wall Glazing + spandrel 1.0
Acoustic wall 265 brick and block 2.5
Partition Demountable 1.0 on plan
Stud with lath & plaster 0.76
3.1.3 Roofs
Description Dead load on plan (kN/m2)
(Assuming flat)
Bitumen roofing felts (3 layers
0.29
including chipping)
Ceiling tray/panels 0.25
Asphalt (19mm, 25mm) 0.41, 0.58
Tiles (clay laid to 100mm gauge) 0.62 to 0.70
Concrete tiles interlocking 0.48 to 0.55

3.2 Typical imposed loading

 Be generous at concept design stage
 Allow for change of use and flexibility of building
 Make no allowance for imposed load reductions during the concept
design except when assessing the load on foundations.
Category of Specific Use Intensity of Concentrated
loaded area distributed load (kN)
loading (kN/m2)
A – Areas for Domestic 1.5 2.0
domestic and
residential
Hotels, Motels, Hospitals 2.0 2.0
activities
B – Office Offices 2.5 2.7

areas
At or below ground floor level 3.0 2.7
C – Areas Areas with tables, etc. (Schools, cafes, restaurants, 2.0 to 3.0 3.0 to 4.0
where people receptions)
may
congregate Areas with fixed seats. (Churches, theatres or 3.0 to 4.0 2.5 to 7.0
(with the cinemas, lecture halls) (4.0)
exception of
areas defined Areas without obstacles for moving people 3.0 to 5.0 4.0 to 7.0
under (Museums, hotels, hospitals)
category A, B
Areas susceptible to large crowds (Concert halls, 5.0 to 7.5 3.5 to 4.5
and D)
sports halls Inc. stands)
Corridors & Hallways (residential / public institutions 3.0 / 4.0 / 5.0 4.5
& hotels / trolleys & wheeled vehicles)
Stairs & Landings (residential / institutions & hotels) 3.0 / 4.0 4.0
Walkways (600mm wide / regular two-way traffic / 3.0 / 5.0 / 7.5 2.0 / 3.6 / 4.5
high density including escape routes)
Museums and art galleries 4.0 4.5
Dance halls, gymnasia, stages / Drill halls (EC 5.0 / 7.5 3.6 / 4.5
category: Areas with possible physical activities)
D – Shopping Retail outlets and department stores 4.0 3.6

areas
E – Storage General storage – institutional and public buildings 2.0 1.8

and Industrial
areas Office storage (standard / dense) 5.0 / 7.5 4.5
Libraries 4.0 4.5

(E2 – Reading rooms with book stores 4.0 4.5
Industrial Use
– Refer to PD Mobile stacking 4.8 per metre 7.0
6688) height, minimum
9.6
Warehouses (dense mobile book stacking) 4.8 per metre 7.0

height, minimum
15.0
F – Garages Garages 2.5 10.0

and vehicle (Gross vehicle weight ≤ 30kN)
traffic areas
H – Roofs Not accessible except for normal maintenance and 0.6 0.9
repair

3.3 Imposed loads on barriers
3.3.1 Balustrade Loading

Category of loaded Specific Use Horizontal
area load (kN/m)
A – Areas for Domestic, not balconies or roof parapets 0.36
domestic and
residential activities Domestic balconies & roof parapets, apartment stairs 0.74
B – Office areas Offices (areas NOT susceptible to overcrowding) 0.74
C – Areas where Stairs, landings, balustrades, corridors and ramps 0.74

people may
congregate (with the External balconies and edges of roofs. Footways within building 0.74
exception of areas curtilage and adjacent to basements & sunken areas
defined under
Restaurants and cafes and Retail areas 1.5
category A, B and D)
Areas w/ fixed seating within 530mm of barrier 1.5
And Footways < 3m wide next to sunken areas 1.5
Footways >3m wide next to sunken areas 3.0
D – Shopping areas
Theatres, cinemas, bars, auditoria, shopping malls, studios etc. 3.0
Grandstands and stadia 3.0*
E – Storage and Industrial & storage buildings 0.74

Industrial areas
Light pedestrian routes, not designated escape routes 0.36
Gangways <600mm wide 0.22
F – Garages and Pedestrian areas in car parks 1.5

vehicle traffic areas
Vehicle impact See 3.3.2
*Check requirements with the appropriate certifying authority.
3.3.2 Vehicle Impact

The horizontal force F (in kN), normal to and uniformly distributed over any
length of 1.5m of a barrier for a car park, required to withstand the impact
of a vehicle is given by:
0.5𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹=
𝛿𝑐 + 𝛿𝑏
Where:
m Is the gross mass of the vehicle (in kg);
v is the velocity of the vehicle (in m/s) normal to the barrier;
δc is the deformation of the vehicle (in mm);
δb is the deflection of the barrier (in mm).
Variables Mass of vehicles <2500 kg Mass of vehicles >2500 kg

m 1500 kg mass of vehicles
v 4.5 m/s 4.5 m/s
δc 10 mm 100 mm
Note: where δb = 0 use F = 150 kN for mass of vehicle = 2500 kg.
The mass of 1500kg is taken as being more representative of the vehicle
population than the extreme value of 2500kg.

3.4 Fire
Minimum Periods of Fire Resistance
Purpose group of building Minimum periods (minutes) for elements of structure in a:
Basement storey Ground or upper storey
Depth (m) of a lowest Height (m) of top floor above ground, in a building or
basement separated part of a building
More than Not more Not more Not more Not more More than
10 than 10 than 5 than 18 than 30 30
1.Residential (Domestic)
a. Flats and maisonettes 90 60 30* 60**┼ 90** 120**
Not
b. and c. Dwelling houses Not relevant 30* 30* 60@ Not relevant
relevant
2.Residential
a. Institutional (oe) 90 60 30* 60 90 120#
b. Other residential 90 60 30* 60 90 120#
3.Office
Not
a. Not sprinklered 90 60 30* 60 90
permitted
b. Sprinklered (2) 60 60 30* 30* 60 120#
4.Shop and commercial

Not
a. Not sprinklered 90 60 60 60 90
permitted
b. Sprinklered 60 60 30* 60 60 120#
5. Assembly and recreation:

Not
permitted
b. Sprinklered (2) 60 60 30* 60 60 120#
6. Industrial:
Not
permitted
b. Sprinklered 90 60 30* 60 90 120#
7. Storage and other non-

residential:
a. Any building or part not

described elsewhere:
Not
Not Sprinklered 120 90 60 90 120
permitted
Sprinklered 90 60 30 60 90 120#
b. Car park for light vehicles:
Not Not
Open-sided car park 15*+(4) 15*+(4) 15* +(4) 60
applicable applicable
Any other car park 90 90 30** 60 90 120#
Single storey buildings are subject to the periods under the heading *not more than 5*. If they have basement
storeys are subject to the period appropriate to their depth
$ The floor over a basement (or is there is more than 1 basement, the floor over the topmost basement
should meet the provisions for the ground and upper storeys if that period is higher.
* Increase to a minimum of 60 minutes for compartment walls separating buildings.
** Reduced to 30 minutes to any floor within a maisonette, but not if the floor contributes to the
support of the building.
ce Multi-storey hospitals designed in accordance with the NHS Firecode document should have a minimum
60 minute standard.
# Reduced to 90 minutes for elements not forming part of the structural frame.
+ Increased to 30 minutes for elements protecting the means of escape
┼ Refer to paragraph 8.10 regarding the acceptability of 30 minutes in flat conversions from “The
building regulations 2000: Fire safety”
@ 30 minutes in the case of three-storey dwelling houses, increased to 60 minutes minimum for
compartment walls separating buildings.

3.5 Horizontal Loads
3.5.1 Wind Loads

BS EN 1991-1-4 gives methods for determining the ‘Peak Wind Pressure’
on buildings and their components. Wind loading relates to the size and
shape of a building, the size and shape of surrounding structures, along
with the altitude and proximity to the sea or open stretches of county.
Values in the table below are typical values.
Typical values are based on a 10m high building and do not account for
specific exposure, topographical, seasonal or directional conditions.
Vb,map (m/s) Approx. location (refer to map) Peak Velocity Pressure, qp (kPa)
21.5 Oxford 0.800
London, Bournemouth, Bristol, Birmingham,

22 0.840
Nottingham, Sheffield
Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Cardiff,

23 0.915
Plymouth
24 Newcastle, Carlisle, Swansea, Cornwall 1.000
25 Edinburgh, Isle of Man, Dublin 1.080
26 Aberdeen, Glasgow, Belfast 1.170
27 Inverness, Oban, Londonderry 1.260
28 Scottish Highlands 1.360
29 Orkney Islands 1.455
30 Outer Hebrides 1.555
31 Shetland Islands 1.660

The wind map taken from Figure NA.1 in NA to BE EN 1991-1-

4:2005+A1:2010:
NOTE 1 This map is intended for sites in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands only.
NOTE 2 The isopleths in the Irish Republic are shown for purposes of interpolation only.
3.5.2 Equivalent Horizontal Forces

Defined as geometric imperfections, this is the unfavourable effects of
possible deviations in the geometry of the structure.
Basic imperfection value:
θ0 = 1/200
This does not account for factors relating to the length / height and
number of vertical members contributing to the total effect.

3.6 Snow Loads

Snow loads are calculated in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-3.
The snow map taken from Figure NA.1 in NA to BE EN 1991-1-3:2003
Ground snow load indicated in the below map must be factored for site
locations above 100m and all ground snow loads must be factored by µ1
(shape coefficient) to account for type of roof (flat, monopitch, duopitch
etc.).
Zone Ground snow load at 100m a.m.s.l (kN/m2)

1 0.30
2 0.40
3 0.50
4 0.60
5 0.70
6.5 0.85
Shape Coefficient µ1
Angle of Pitch a 0o ≤ a ≤ 15o 15o ≤ a ≤ 30o 30o ≤ a ≤ 60o a ≥ 60o
Flat Roof 0.8
Monopitch 0.8 0.8(60 –a)/30 0
Duo-pitch 0.8 0.8 + 0.4(a – 15)/15 1.5(60 – a)/30 0
Cylindrical * 0 0.4 0.4 0
* For cylindrical roofs, µ2 and µ3 must also be considered

3.6.1 Snow Loading Watch-its

Snow drift must be considered for pitched roofs and obstacles such as
parapets and valleys. This could affect the design of individual elements.
Members spanning parallel to parapets and valleys (such as purlins) would
need to be increased in size or be placed at closer centres.

3.7 Seismic Loads
3.7.1 Good Practices

A robust seismic design concept should include consideration of the
following principles:
 Avoid unnecessary mass (heavy facades, partitions and floor finishes etc.)
and try to achieve a uniform distribution of mass.
 Preserve symmetry and avoid significant torsional effects. Check the

regularity requirements to determine whether the building is irregular (e.g.
BS EN 1998-1 cl 4.2.3 or ASCE 7-10 Tables 12.3-1 and 12.3-2).
 Choose simple structures with clear load paths, avoiding poor connectivity
between the diaphragm and lateral resisting system. For example, avoid
remote cores or large voids near walls.
 Tie structural components together and anchor non-structural components

to prevent falling hazards.
 Ensure that diaphragms remain elastic beyond yield of the vertical system.
 Provide redundancy. While not generally codified, it is strongly advisable

to provide robustness, e.g. via a minimum of two lines of stability in each
of X and Y directions (ideally more).
 Try to achieve a uniform distribution of stiffness and strength. Avoid non-

structural elements that may affect this. Avoid sudden changes in member
sizes or details. Avoid soft storeys caused by a taller bottom storey, or a
bottom storey which uses columns instead of walls to enable parking.
 Permit damage only in inherently non-critical elements (for Life Safety). For
example, damage in beams rather than columns.
 Flat slab construction is not permitted under Eurocode for Medium or

High hazard areas. This is because capacity principles are difficult to
justify, and there is a risk of brittle punching failure.
 Detail members so they perform in a ductile manner.
 Avoid pounding of adjacent structures, taking account of the displacement

of both structures.
3.7.2 Types of Lateral Systems

The table below lists common types of structural systems used to resist
seismic forces, or improve performance of a structure under earthquake
loading. It is important to note that within each type, there are often sub-
types with different levels of ductility linked to different design and
detailing requirements. For example, the IBC requirements for a Special
Steel Moment Frame are radically different than the requirements for an
Ordinary Steel Moment Frame system according to the US Standards.

Structural System Advantages Disadvantages

Moment Frames  Clear space uninterrupted by  Design is governed by
braces or walls  stiffness
 Highly ductile  Deeper beams and columns
 Relatively expensive
 Flexible, so non-structural
 elements will need to
accommodate large drifts
Concentric Braced Frames  Relatively cheap  Ductility through buckling of

 Moderately ductile with braces (US approach) or
appropriate detailing yielding of braces in tension
(Eurocode approach)
 The building will likely be
uneconomic to repair after a
design level event
Eccentric Braced Frames (EBF)  Relatively cheap  Not as cheap as concentric

 Reliable yield mechanism bracing
(relatively ductile)  Will require replacing after
 Eccentric bracing can better earthquake
accommodate doorways
Cantilever Shear Walls  Relatively cheap  Interfere with circulation

 Relatively ductile if  Large foundation forces
appropriately detailed  Concentrated forces on
diaphragms and foundations
 If ductile, significant damage
may be expected at base of
walls, which may not be
repairable
Coupled Shear Walls  Similar to cantilever walls, but  Large foundation forces
the yielding is controlled to  Ductile detailing required for
occur within coupling beams the coupling beams may have
linking the walls, rather than at constructability challenges
the base of the wall
Timber frame with sheathed panel  Very good performance,  Height limitations (generally
shear walls lightweight four stories or less)
 Relatively easy to construct
Reinforced Hollow Block  Similar to reinforced concrete  Height limitations

masonry (with secondary shear wall but easier to
construct
frames or as bearing wall)
 Can be a good option in
developing countries
Buckling-restrained braces (BRB)  Similar configuration to CBF  More expensive than

but uses a proprietary brace eccentrically braced frames
(in the USA and Japan) to
achieve better performance.
Has similar advantages to
eccentrically braced frames in
terms of a reliable yield
mechanism.
 Higher than Life Safety
performance may be possible
 Can be more easily replaced
after an event

Structural System Advantages Disadvantages

Base Isolation  Limits damage to structure and  Requires a basement or
to non-structural items as both undercroft to work. Requires a
drifts and accelerations are moat surrounding building and
reduced all services must be flexibly
 Higher than Life Safety detailed to cross the isolation
performance is possible plane.
 Can be combined with  It is more challenging to

supplemental damping devices provide effective isolation for
taller, more flexible structures.
Steel moment frame with Sliding  A Moment Frame, but uses  May give higher accelerations
Hinge Joints friction rather than steel thus not low damage for non-
yielding to dissipate energy. structural systems
Thus a low damage detail for
the structure
Supplemental Dampers  Not a lateral system, but may  Damping components need to
be used to enhance be designed to
performance displace/deform enough for
 Higher than Life Safety them to be effective
performance is possible  May not be effective for very
stiff structures (or use
geometric amplification
devices)
3.7.3 Foundations
3.7.3.1 General considerations

Foundation design can govern choice of lateral system for many sites. It is
good practice to follow capacity design principles for foundation design.
The Eurocode (BS EN 1998-1 clause 4.4.2.6) requires this whereas the
US codes allow the use of an overstrength factor, Ω to multiply the
superstructure loads back up for foundation design.
Soil-structural interaction (SSI) may need to be analysed directly for
certain types of structures. Refer to Arup Geoseismic Guide [9]. It may be
necessary to consider an envelope of possible soil properties (maximum
and minimum stiffnesses) as either scenario could give the worst case
results: a very stiff soil will result in a high building frequency (low period)
which results in maximum input forces; a low stiffness soil may result in
higher building drifts (deformations) and damage.

3.7.3.2 Other site related considerations

Other ground issues that may need to be considered and could affect
foundation design include:
 soil liquefaction
 lateral spreading
 slope stability
 site amplification of earthquake demands in soft soil basins or at the
top of ridges
 fault rupture.
The risk of active faults should be investigated. Active fault risks are
generally very difficult to fully mitigate and important buildings should be
relocated, if possible.
3.8 References
1. BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures – Part 1-1: General actions –
Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings, (2010)
2. NA to BS EN 1991-1-1:2002, UK National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures –

Part 1-1: General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings, (2005)
3. ISTRUCTE, Manual for the design of steelwork building structures to Eurocode 3 (2010)
4. ISTRUCTE, Manual for the design of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2 (2010)
5. Tata Steel Construction, Comflor Brochure, Composite floor decking February 2013
6. PD6688-1-1:2011 Published Document: Recommendations for the design of structures

to BS EN 1991-1-1 (2011)
7. SCI, Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 (Vol. 4) (1991)
8. The Building Regulations 2000: Fire safety
9. Geoseismic Guide http://networks.intranet.arup.com/seismic/technical/geo-seismic/geo-

seismic_home.cfm
10. Arup REDI guide.
11. PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research) Centre Report No 2010/05 “Guidelines
for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings”

4 Stability
The following information has been sourced from the IStructE, Stability of
Buildings series.
4.1 Checklist
Consideration Checked
Are minimum and maximum gravity load cases considered?
Actions – Are wind, soil, ground surcharge and hydrostatic lateral forces considered?
applied:
Are accidental and extreme actions including impact, fire and earthquakes
considered?
Will actions result from the restraint of arches, domes, catenaries, nets?
Wil actions result from initial imperfections?

Actions –
Induced: Will actions result from inelastic strains?
Will actions result from the restraint of post tensioning and other elastic
strains?
Second-order
Is the structure sway sensitive / do P∆ effects need to be considered?
P∆ effects:
Combination of Are all governing combinations for all elements / failure mechanisms
actions: evaluated?
Are movements understood and quantified?
Are any movement joints necessary and / or incorporated?

Are these accurately portrayed in the analysis?
Are significant movements resisted by the structure?
Accommodating Are corresponding forces (actions and reactions) allowed for throughout the
movement: load path?
Does the design acknowledge force redistribution resulting from creep or

ground movement?
Are all parts of the structure adequately served by load paths to ensure
stability, noting load paths and movement joints are irreconcilable?
How many independent structures exist; is each one stable?
How do forces acting on the façade transfer to the horizontal stability

structures? Where the façade spans onto beams, are they restrained or
being in their minor axis?
How do forces acting on the horizontal stability structures transfer to the

vertical stability structures?
How do forces transfer through the vertical stability structures?

Load paths: How are forces transferred from the superstructure into the substructure?
How are forces transferred from the substructure into the soil?
Are the interfaces of the above six line items each adequate?
Are there any aspects of the structure, small or large, that do not follow the
normal pattern? Do these have suitable load paths of resistance?
Are all eccentricities accounted for in the analysis?

Consideration Checked
Is the structure braced, unbraced, or a hybrid?
Braced or
unbraced Are effective lengths correctly determined, taking account of relative
stiffnesses and joint rotations where necessary?
Is the structure in static equilibrium: rotational and linear?
Design – Are all elements and connections adequate to transfer the design actions?
Stability,
strength, Are deflections, rotations and the natural frequency each within permissible
service and bounds?
robustness
Is the structure deemed robust in the event of failure to any of the stability
structures? Doe the design safeguard against progressive collapse?
Is the disposition of the stability system, and are all design assumptions
communicated to the contractor?
Are all parties clear and in agreement on their responsibility?
Construction Is the transfer of information understood by and compatible to all parties?

E.g. are actions characteristic or factored values?
Where existing structures are involved, is the stability of these understood

before demolition works start?
Are new and existing parts to be connected or isolated from one another?
Will the new structure provide support to, or act on existing structures?
Are ‘as-built’ records available for the existing structure?

Alterations and
maintenance Are these accurate to the structure and inclusive of any previous
modifications?
Can elements within the completed structure be maintained?
4.2 Load Paths

4.3 Horizontal Stability Systems

Horizontal stability systems are those in a horizontal or near horizontal
plane, typically associated with floor and roof planes. Horizontal stability
systems are required to transfer lateral forces to the vertical stability
elements.
Two types of horizontal systems:
 Diaphragms
 Triangulated bracing (wind girder)

4.4 Vertical Stability
4.4.1 Layout on Plan

Plan Layout Stability Service Redundancy
Resistance Torsional Slab free to Distributed Resistance Residual

in two resistance move systems in two torsional
orthogonal orthogonal resistance
axes axes
✓ X ⦰ ✓ ✓ X
Unstable Restrained Unstable
between
systems
✓ to ⦰ ✓ to ⦰ ✓ ✓ ⊠ ⊠
Depending on Depending on But slab No No
building plan building plan movement may redundancy redundancy
shape, shape, cause minor
dimensions dimensions axis bending
and scale and scale of the stability
system
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ to ⦰
But slab Depending on
movement may building plan
cause minor shape,
axis bending dimensions
of the stability and scale
system
✓ ✓ ⦰ ⊠ ✓ ⊠
Restrained Failure at a Failure at a
between corner would corner would
systems impact on impact on
two systems two systems
leaving only leaving only
two intact two intact
✓ to ⦰ ✓ to ⦰ ✓ ⊠ ⊠ ⊠
Depending on Depending on Single No No
building plan building plan concentrated redundancy. redundancy.
shape, shape, system The core is a The core is a
dimensions dimensions key element key element
and scale and scale
✓ ✓ to ⦰ ✓ ⊠ ⊠ ⊠
Depending on Single No No
building plan concentrated redundancy. redundancy.
shape, system The core is a The core is a
dimensions key element key element
and scale

Plan Layout Stability Service Redundancy
Resistance Torsional Slab free to Distributed Resistance Residual

in two resistance move systems in two torsional
orthogonal orthogonal resistance
axes axes
✓ ⦰ ✓ ⊠ ⊠ ⊠
Large lever Single No No
arm between concentrated redundancy. redundancy.
the centres of system The core is a The core is a
stiffness and key element key element
mass
✓ ✓ ⦰ ✓ ✓ ✓ to ⦰
Restrained Large lever
between arm between
systems the centres of
stiffness and
mass
✓ Denotes inherently good performance
Legend
⦰ Denotes unwelcome characteristics that may or may not be critical (depending on the plan
geometry) and may be alleviated via careful detailing
⊠ Denotes instability in the even that a single stability system fails. Design parameters for the
stability elements must be justified based on an assessment of risk.
X Denotes inadequate performance.
Compatible combinations of the layouts may be adopted to combine favourable

Note
characteristics.
4.4.2 Layout on elevation

Where possible try to eliminate the need to transfer accumulated shear

forces form the base of one system through a horizontal system, to further
vertical systems below.
4.5 P∆ Sway effects

It is widely accepted that P∆ effects may be ignored where it is proven
that the P∆ components are less than 10% of the coincident first order
actions (i.e. when αcr > 10).
4.6 Braced and unbraced vertical stability systems

Braced – Selected elements contribute resistance to overall lateral
stability of a structure, while other elements specifically do not.
Unbraced – The vertical and horizontal frame elements provide lateral
stability via rigid connections of sufficient stiffness to resist rotation.
Hybrid – Mix of vertical stability systems to best suit the building
requirements.

4.7 Shear Walls

Material and Construction Typical L / b ratios
Reinforced concrete – in situ 7 to 10
Reinforced concrete - precast 5 to 8
Masonry – unreinforced 1.5 to 2.5
Timber – cross laminated 3 to 4
Timber – sheathed panels 1 to 2
Steel plate diaphragms 7 to 10
Where:
L is the overall height of the wall
b is the overall length of the wall on plan
Notes
a) These are guide ratios only; they are not rules and design solutions may fall outside
the ranges given.
b) Ratios are derived for wall sections without dominant openings.
c) The performance of any specific structure at any nominated ratio will depend on the
loading which is usually a function of the tributary load area and / or building mass.
4.7.1 Concrete Shear Walls

Plain shear walls Wall thickness
L>H/6 t = H / 100
L<H/6 t = H / 75
Where:
H is the overall height of the wall
L is the overall length of the wall on plan
t is the thickness of the wall
See 5.3.3 for minimum thicknesses.

4.8 Moment Frames

Portal frames are covered in Section 7.4 on this document. The following
illustrates the stability of such structures in application.
Illustrated of a basic single-span duo-pitch shed with two dominant axes.
Column bases can be pinned or fixed. Pinned connections reduce the

extent to which the frame is dependent on the ground stiffness. Fixed
connections can increase the frame stiffness and lead to a more efficient
superstructure.
4.9 Stability serviceability performance criteria

The stiffness of stability systems may be governed by serviceability
deflection criteria, even though ‘stability’ is a ULS condition.
Each of a building’s material (including façade elements, partitions and
finishes), services equipment, operations and human comfort can dictate
limits on sway, inter-storey drift and torsional rotations.
The maximum allowable sway movement is as follows:
Transverse and Longitudinal sway < storey height/500
< height/500 total

4.10 References
1. ISTRUCTE, Stability of Buildings, Parts 1 and 2: General philosophy and framed bracing,
2014.
2. ISTRUCTE, Stability of Buildings, Parts 3: Shear Walls, 2015.
3. ISTRUCTE, Stability of Buildings, Part 4: Moment Frames, 2015.

5 Reinforced Concrete
5.1 Reinforced Concrete Beams
5.1.1 Rules of Thumb

Bending
MEd/bd2
< 3.5 MPa - section will be working comfortably in flexure
> 3.5 to < 5 MPa – section working reasonably hard in flexure
> 5 MPa – section inefficient
Shear
vmin ≈ 0.4 MPa, vmax ≈ 5 MPa
5.1.2 Simply supported beams and cantilever
Beam Type Typical Span Simply Supported Cantilevered

Rectangular Up to 10m Span/12 Cantilever/6
T Beams or L Beams Up to 15m Span/10 Cantilever/6
5.1.3 Span to overall depth: ‘L’ beam 300mm wide web

(multiple span)
50 kN/m
800
700
200 kN/m 100 kN/m
600
Beam depth, mm
25 kN/m
500
400
300
200
4 6 8 10 12
Span, m


(multiple span)
100 kN/m
800
700
400 kN/m
600
Beam depth, mm
500
200 kN/m
400
50 kN/m
300
200
4 6 8 10 12
Span, m
5.1.5 Span to overall depth: ‘T’ beam 1200mm wide web

(multiple span)
50 kN/m
800
100 kN/m
700
200 kN/m
Beam depth, mm
600
500
25 kN/m
400
300
200
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Span, m


(multiple span):
200 kN/m
800
700
600
Beam depth, mm
400 kN/m
500
100 kN/m
400
50 kN/m
300
200
6 8 10 12 14
Span, m

5.2 Concrete floor slabs
5.2.1 Typical economic span ranger

Longest Span, m 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
RC beams with ribbed or solid

one-way RC slabs
RC flat slabs
                       
RC troughed slabs
                        
RC band beams with solid or

ribbed one-way RC slabs
Two-way RC slabs with RC

beams
RC waffle slabs with, beyond

12m, RC beams
Precast: hollowcore slabs with

precast (or RC) beams
PT band beams with solid or

ribbed one-way PT slabs
PT flat slabs
Square panels, aspect ratio 1.0 RC = Reinforced concrete
Rectangular panels aspect ratio 1.5 PT = Post-tensioned concrete
Economic in some circumstances only
NOTE: All subject to market conditions and project specific requirements.

5.2.2 Simply Supported and Cantilevered Slabs

Slab Type Simply Supported Cantilevered
One-way spanning Span / 30 Cantilever / 7
Two-way spanning Span / 35 Cantilever / 7
Flat Slabs Span / 27 Cantilever / 7
5.2.3 Span to overall depth: one-way solid slab supported

on beams (multiple span)
600
550
500 5.0 kPa
450
Slab depth, mm
400 7.5 kPa
350 10.0 kPa

2.5 kPa
300
250
200
150
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Span, m
5.2.4 Span to overall depth: two-way solid slab supported

600
550
500
450
5.0 kPa
Slab depth, mm
400
7.5 kPa
350
10.0 kPa
300
250
200
2.5 kPa
150
100
4 6 8 10 12
Span, m

5.2.5 Span to overall depth: one-way ribbed slab supported

700
650
600
550 7.5 kPa

Slab depth, mm
500
10.0 kPa
450
2.5 kPa
400
350 5.0 kPa

300
250
200
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Span, m
5.2.6 Span to overall depth: flat slab supported on columns

(multiple span)
600
550
7.5 kPa
500
450
Slab depth, mm
10.0 kPa
400
350
5.0 kPa
300
250
2.5 kPa
200
150
100
4 6 8 10 12
Span, m

5.2.7 Punching Shear – effective slab depth
5.2.7.1 Column Ø300mm; 2% steel in slab
100
90
Total ultimate load (kPa)
80 600
70
500
60
400
50
300
40
30
20
250
10
200
0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Floor area (m²)
5.2.7.2 Column 300 x 300mm; 2% steel in slab
100
90
600
80
70
500
60
50 400
40
30
20
300
10
250 200
0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Floor area (m²)

5.2.7.3 Column Ø500mm; 2% steel in slab
100
600
80
500
60
400
40
300
20
250 200
0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Floor area (m²)
5.2.7.4 Column 500 x 500mm; 2% steel in slab
100
90
600
80
70
500
60
400
50
40
30
20
300
10
250 200
0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Floor area (m²)

5.3 Columns
Initial rule of thumb for columns to EC2 – assume they are slender and
design for the additional moments. As a guide, for columns with an
effective height of 12 times the minimum dimension, bending moment will
increase by 50% for an axial stress of 10MPa and by 100% for an axial
stress of 15MPa.
5.3.1 Column Sizing

Reinforcement (500MPa) Column Area (mm²)
percentage ρ C25/30 C30/37 C35/45
ρ = 1% N
/14 N
/17 N
/19
ρ = 2% N
/18 N
/20 N
/22
ρ = 3% N
/21 N
/23 N
/25
ρ = 4% N
/24 N
/27 N
/29
N is axial force in Newtons
Approximate method for allowing for moments, multiply the axial load from
the floor immediately above the column being considered) by:
 1.25 - interior columns
 1.50 - edge columns
 2.00 - corner columns
Note: keep the columns to constant size for the top two storeys.
5.3.2 Internal columns – square - % Reinforcement

800
700
Square columns size ( mm)
2.0%
600
0.20%
500 1.0%
3.0% 4.0%
400
300
200
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Ultimate axial load NEd (kN)
Assumptions: 60min fire rating, exposure class XC1, Concrete C30/37

fyk=500MPa

5.3.3 Walls
At least 200mm thick (usually 300mm) for normal loads; if less than
1000mm high then 150mm thick is usually allowable.
For sizing of walls with axial loading refer to the column sizing table
For sizing of walls for shear forces an approximate rule of thumb =
Internal walls: Thickness > Height / 15 (unrestrained at top)
Thickness > Height / 30 (restrained at top)
5.3.4 Fire resistance – possible element sizes [6]

Member Minimum dimension, Standard fire Resistance Integrity Insulation (REI)
mm
REI 60 REI 90 REI 120 REI 240
Column width bmin 250 (350) 350 (450) 350 (450)
Columns Main bar axis -
a 46 (40) 53 (40) 57 (51)
distance
Wall thickness t 140 170 220 350
Walls Main bar axis
10 25 35 60
distance
Min thickness bmin 120 (300) 150 (400) 200 (500) 280 (700)
Beams Main bar axis
a 40 (25) 55 (35) 65 (50) 90 (70)
distance
One-way Slab thickness hs 80 100 120 175

solid slab Main bar axis
(on beams) a 20 30 40 65
distance
Solid flat Slab thickness hs 180 200 200 200

slab Main bar axis
(no beams) a 15 25 35 50
distance
Slab thickness hs 80 100 120 175
One-way Main bar axis

a 35 (25) 45 (40) 60 (55) 90 (75)
ribbed slab distance
Width of ribs bmin 100 (120) 120 (160) 160 (190) 280 (350)
Assumptions: Columns assessed using Method A [6]. Table shows possible

combinations of thickness and axis distances. For columns and walls, a ratio
of 0.7 between the design axial load under fire conditions to the design
resistance at normal temperature. Columns exposed on more than one
side. Beams simply supported. Brackets indicate an alternative possible
combination.

5.3.5 Reinforcement Rates

Concrete Element Reinforcement Rate
Pile Caps 110 – 150 kg/m³
Pad Foundations 80 – 120 kg/m³
Tie Beams 100 – 150 kg/m³
Ground Beams 200 – 350 kg/m³
Strip Foundations 50 – 100 kg/m³
Rafts 60 – 115 kg/m³
1 Way Solid Slab 75 – 125 kg/m³
2 Way Solid Slab 75 – 125 kg/m³
Flat Slabs 150 – 200 kg/m³
Ribbed Slabs 100 – 175 kg/m³
Columns 100 – 450 kg/m³
Beams 90 – 330 kg/m³
Stairs 100 – 150 kg/m³
Walls 40 – 10 kg/m³
Composite Slabs 10 – 15 kg/m³
Retaining Walls 150 – 350 kg/m³
5.4 Reference
1. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocode 2: Design of
concrete structures: General rules and rules for buildings, 2004
2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. UK NA to BS EN 1992-1-1:2004
3. THE CONCRETE CENTRE, Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2, 2009
4. ISTRUCTE, Manual for design of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2, 2006
5. ISTRUCTE, Standard method of detailing structural concrete: a manual for best practice.
3rd edition, (2006)
6. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, BS EN 1992-1-2:2004 Eurocode 2: Design of

concrete structures: General rules structural fire design 2004
7. THE CONCRETE CENTRE, Concise Eurocode 2, 2006
8. THE CONCRETE CENTRE, Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual , 2010
9. CIRIA C660, Early-age thermal crack control in concrete. 2014 reprint (2007)
10. THE CONCRETE CENTRE, How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2, 2011.

6 Prestressed Concrete
6.1 Advantages of prestressed concrete

Advantages of using prestressed concrete
 Increased clear spans
 Thinner slabs
 Lighter structures
 Reduced cracking and deflections
 Reduced storey height
 Rapid construction
 Water tightness
Note: use of prestressed concrete does not significantly affect the
ultimate limit state (except by virtue of the use of a higher grade of steel).
6.2 Basics
6.2.1 Concrete class

Minimum concrete class for prestressed concrete is C30/37
Typical classes of concrete used in prestressed concrete system are:
 C30/37
 C35/45
 C40/50
6.2.2 Definitions
Prestressed concrete = compressive stresses are introduced into the
concrete member (in the absence of applied actions) either by pre-
tensioning or post-tensioning of high strength steel strands.
Pre-tensioning = the Strands are tensioned before the concrete is cast
around them. Once the concrete has cured the strand is released placing
the concrete into compression.
Post-tensioning = compressive stress is introduced into the concrete via
the tendon being stressed after the concrete is cast. The tendons can be
either bonded or unbonded
Bonded = the ducts containing unstressed strands are placed within the
slab, after the concrete is cast the strands are stressed and the duct is

grouted up. The strand is therefore bonded to the concrete over the full
length of the tendon.
Unbonded = the ducts containing unstressed strands are placed within the
slab, after the concrete is cast the strands are stressed and anchored.
The compressive stress applied to the tendon is transmitted to the
concrete via the anchorages only, the strands of unbonded tendons are
generally covered with grease and encased in a plastic sheath.
Strand = a strand consists of a series of wires wrapped together
Tendon = a single strand or a series of strands contained within a
duct/sheath including end anchorages.
Flat Tendon = tendon carrying typically up to 4 or 5 strands side by side.
Strands are stressed individually.
Multistrand tendon = tendon in a circular duct containing typically up to
37 strands. The strands are stressed together.
Sheath/Duct = casing for the strands typically used in the post-tensioning
condition.
Anchorage = the ends of the tendon that the compressive stress is
applied to (live end) and the end that is fixed to the structure with no load
applied (dead end).
Transfer = the time at which the stress is transmitted to the concrete.
Losses = the components that should be taken into consideration of the
design of prestressed slab system. These are split into short term (friction
losses, anchor draw-in, elastic shortening of the structure) and long term
(shrinkage of concrete, creep of concrete including the effect of the
prestress, relaxation of steel tendon).
Typically in the UK bonded post-tensioned tendons are used. Unbonded
post-tensioned tendons may be used in roof decks and car parks when
exposure class is XD1, XD2, XD3, XS1, XS2, and XS3.

6.2.3 Span to overall depth ratios

Typical span/total depth ratios for a variety of section types of multi-span
prestressed floors [1].
Section type Total imposed load Span/depth ratios

(kN/m) 6m ≤ L ≤ 13m (kN/m)
Slab Beam
1. Solid flat slab 2.5 40
5.0 36
10.0 30
2. Solid flat slab with drop panel

2.5 44
5.0 40
10.0 36
3. One-way slab with broad beam

2.5 45 25
5.0 40 22
10.0 36 18
4. One-way slab with narrow beam

2.5 42 18
5.0 38 16
10.0 34 13
Notes relating to the table:
Vibration – The following additional check should be made for normal office
conditions if no further vibration checks are carried out: either the floor
has at least four panels and is at least 250mm thick or the floor has at
least eight panels and is at least 200mm thick.
All panels assumed to be square.
Span/depth ratios not affected by column head.
The values of span/depth ratio can vary according to the width of the
beam.
For ribbed and coffered slab span to depth ratios refer to Table 1 of [1].

6.2.4 Selection level of slab prestress

Average Comment
Prestress
Below 1.4MPa Generally inadequate to resist cracking, and not an economical
solution, will need both sagging and hogging reinforcement
1.4-3.5MPa Accepted “proper” range for post tensioned slabs, optimum range
being 1.8 to 2.5MPa. Generally only hogging reinforcement
required, except in end spans where sagging reinforcement may be
required
Above 3.5MPa Slabs will undergo excessive shortening, implies that the section will
need to be deeper
Typical beam average prestress forces will be higher.
6.3 Tendon parameters
6.3.1 Typical stand properties – for flat ducts

Typical strand properties available in the UK. For further properties refer
to [1].
Strand Type Nominal Nominal Cross Characteristic Approximate ‘P’ to

tensile diameter sectional value of max be used in initial P/A
strength (mm) area (mm2) force (kN) calculations –
(MPa) [includes reduction
for losses] (kN)
12.9 Super 1860 12.9 100 186 100
15.7 Super 1770 15.7 150 265 150
15.7 Euro 1860 15.7 150 279 150
15.2 Drawn 1820 15.2 165 300 165

6.3.2 Typical strand multi-stand tendons

No. strands per 70% Internal Anchor sizes Jack
duct for 15.7mm UTS sheath
Length φ Stroke
‘super’ strand (kN) (mm) a b c
(mm) (mm) (mm)
1 186 25
7 1299 65 175 210 270 630 350 150
12 2226 75 200 245 300 750 390 250
15 2783 85 750 390 250
19 3525 95 250 315 375 900 510 250
27 5009 110 300 365 450 950 610 250
37 6864 130 375 450 525 1000 720 250
6.3.3 Tendon lengths

Maximum tendon lengths
 30m bonded stressed from one end
 60m bonded/unbonded stressed from both ends
Minimum tendon lengths
 8m stressed from one end.
6.3.4 Common flat duct sizes

Number of strands Width Depth
3-4 70mm 19-25mm
5 90mm 19-25mm

6.4 Design considerations
6.4.1 Calculation for prestress for bonded slab/beam
Determine span to overall Identify desired P/A value from

depth value for element, and section 6.2.4
calculate the desired depth (A sensible starting point is
using table in section 6.2.3 2MPa)
Determine the strand size to be

used in the element from
Determine the required 'Preq' section 6.3.1
value based on the assumed P/A
and section size. (Start with 12.9 'Super' -
Approximate Pstrand = 100kN)
Calculate the number of tendons

required in the element
Calculate the number of strands
= No. Strands/No. Strands per
required for the section =
tendon
Preq/Pstrand
(Typically No.Strands per
tendon is between 3 and 5)

6.4.2 Punching shear
a) Column size including head = 300mm
b) Column size including head = 500mm
These graphs have been reproduced from Technical Report 43, Concrete
Society.

6.5 References
1. CONCRETE SOCIETY, Technical Report 43, 2nd Edition, 2005.
2. PDC FREYSSINET, The ‘K’ Range
3. ARUP, 1991 NST 29
4. BRIDON ROPES, Ropes and Lifting Gear
5. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, BS 5896:1980 High tensile steel wire and strand for
the prestressing of concrete
6. ARUP, 1989 NST 18
7. PALLADIAN PUBLICATIONS, Handbook to BS 8110 (1987)

7 Non-composite steelwork
7.1 Rules of thumb
7.1.1 Choice of beam system

Element Typical Span/depth Typical Span (m)
Floor Beams (UKBs) including floor slab 15 – 18 up to 12m
Plate girder 10 – 12 -
Slimfloor (steel only) 25 – 28 6 – 9m
Castellated UKBs* 14 – 17 12 – 20m
Lattice girders (RSAs)+ 12 – 15 up to 35m
Lattice girders (Tubular) 15 – 18 up to 100m
Roof trusses (pitch>20O) 14 – 15 up to 17m
Space Frames 20 – 24 up to 60m
* avoid if high point loads; increase Irequired by 1.3

+
pre-camber by L/250
7.1.2 Initial scheming chart

One-or-two spans: read depth directly from chart
Multiple spans: deduct 50mm from depth estimated by chart


7.1.3 Effective length of beam compression flanges –

rotational restraint on plan
Beams with lateral restraints at their ends only
Conditions of restraint at Loading conditions

the ends of the beams k k
(normal) (destabilizing)
Compression Both flanges 0.7L 0.85L

flange fully restrained
laterally against rotation
restrained; on plan
beam fully
restrained Both flanges 0.85L 1.0L
against partially
torsion restrained
against rotation
on plan
Both flanges 1.0L 1.2L

free to rotate
on plan
Compression Restraint 1.0L 1.2L

flange against torsion + 2(beam + 2(beam
laterally provided only depth) depth)
unrestrained by positive
; both connection of
flanges free bottom flange
to rotate on to supports
plan
Restraint 1.2L 1.4L
against torsion + 1(beam + 2(beam
provided only depth) depth)
by dead
bearing of
bottom flange
on supports.

7.1.4 Effective length of cantilevers

Cantilevers
NOTE: If a bending moment is applied at the tip of the cantilever, the effective length
should then be increased by the greater of 30% or 0.3L
Restraint conditions Loading Conditions

At support At tip Normal Destabilizing
a) Continuous, with lateral restraint 1) Free 3.0L 7.5L
to top flange
2) Lateral restraint to top 2.7L 7.5L
flange
3) Torsional restraint 2.4L 4.5L
4) Lateral and torsional 2.1L 3.6L

restraint
b) Continuous, with 1) Free 2.0L 5.0L

partial torsional
restraint 2) Lateral restraint to top 1.8L 5.0L
flange

restraint
c) Continuous, with 1) Free 1.0L 2.5L

lateral and torsional
restraint
flange

restraint
d) Restrained laterally, 1) Free 0.8L 1.4L

torsionally and against
rotation on plan
flange

restraint
Source: [1]

7.1.5 Castellated and cellular beams
Secondary Beam Span (m)

6 9 12 15 18
Beam Size 356 x171 x 45 457 x 191 x 67 533 x 210 x 92 686 x 254 x 125 838 x 292 x 176
Diameter 300 350 450 550 650
Spacing 450 525 675 825 975
O/A Depth 482 605 728 916 1116
Main Beam Span (m)

6 9 12 15 18
Secondary
Beam Beam Size Beam Size Beam Size Beam Size Beam Size
Span O/A O/A O/A O/A O/A
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing Dia Spacing Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth
457 x 191 x67 610 x 229 x 125 762 x 267 x 173 914 x 305 x 201 914 x 305 x 253
6
400 600 627 500 750 828 700 1000 1078 700 1000 1219 700 1000 1235
610 x 229 x 101 762 x 267 x 147 914 x 305 x 201 914 x 305 x 289
9
500 750 819 500 750 970 700 1000 1219 700 1000 1243
610 x 229 x 113 838 x 292 x 194 914 x 305 x 289
12
500 750 824 700 1000 1157 700 1000 1243
686 x 254 x 125 914 x 305 x 253
15
550 750 934 700 1000 1235
762 x 267 x 173 914 x 305 x 289
18
700 1000 1078 700 1000 1243
Assumptions
1. Secondary beam spacing 3m
2. 150mm thick concrete slab of normal weight concrete
3. All beams grade S355
4. Beams laterally restrained by concrete slab

7.2 Columns
Preliminary design based on a concentric axial load.
For top storey:
Preliminary design axial load =
Total axial load + 4(difference in Y-Y axis load) + 2(difference in X-X axis load)
For intermediate storey:
Prelim. design axial load =
Total axial load + 2(difference in Y-Y axis load) + 1(difference in X-X axis load)
Typical maximum column sizes for braced frames:

- 203 UKC for buildings up to 3 storeys high.
- 356 UKC for buildings from 8 to 12 storeys high.
7.3 Struts and ties

Slenderness limits:
Note that these are not in-line with the Eurocode approach (non-
dimensional slenderness) but remain useful rules of thumb.
- members resisting load other than wind: λ  180
- members resisting self-weight and wind only: λ  250
- members normally acting as a tie but subject to load reversal due to
wind: λ  350
Minimum CHS sections which satisfy slenderness limits:
Slenderness Effective Length (m)

Limit 4 6 8 10 12
180 76.1 x 3.2 114.3 x 3.6 139.7 x 5.0 168.3 x 5.0 193.7 x 5.0
250 60.6 x 3.2 76.1 x 3.2 114.3 x 3.6 139.7 x 5.0 139.7 x 5.0
350 42.2 x 4.6 60.3 x 3.2 76.1 x 3.2 88.9 x 3.2 114.3 x 3.6

7.4 Portal frames

- Haunch length = span / 10
- Haunch depth = rafter depth (same section)
- Minimum rafter slope = 2.5O
- Rafter depth = span / 60 (approx.)
- Stanchion depth = span / 50 (approx., larger for high bay)
7.4.1 Portal frame sizing [2]

The following are simple charts for the sizing of pin-base portals. Note that
the method is not strictly reflected in Eurocode 3, but should generally
provide a good starting point for initial sizing.
Assumptions:
- wind loading does not control design
- hinges formed at the eaves (in the stanchion) and near the apex.
- moment at the end of the haunch is 0.87Mp
- stability of sections is not addressed
Load W = vertical load on rafter per meter
Horizontal base reaction H = HFR WL

Mp required for rafter: Mprafter = Mpr WL2
Mp required for stanchion: Mpstanchion = Mpl WL2


7.5 Element stiffness

Deflection limits under imposed load:
Element Limit
• Cantilever L/180
• Beam supporting plaster or brittle finish L/360
• Beams supporting masonry L/500
• Other beams L/200
• Crane beams L/500
• Columns (per storey) H/300
• Columns (per storey with movement-sensitive cladding) H/500
• Portal frames: lateral at eaves H/100 – H/300 *
• Portal frames: vertical at apex L/250 – L/500 *
* Depends on cladding system
Minimum I to satisfy deflection limit

Load case
L/200 L/360 L/500
1.27 WL2 2.29 WL2 3.18 WL2
2.03 PL2 3.66 PL2 5.08 PL2
1.73 PL2 3.12 PL2 4.33 PL2
For castellated beams, assume a 30% increase in deflection due to

presence of web openings.
L in metres
W and P in kN
I in cm4

7.6 Connections
7.6.1 Bolted
 Assume S275 fittings
 Simple connections – use grade 8.8, 20mm diameter bolts
o Fin plates, t = 8mm for UB’s < 457mm deep
Partial depth end plates , t = 10mm for UB’s > 457mm deep
Web cleats.
 Moment connections – use grade 8.8, 20mm or 24mm diameter.

Assume end plate thickness equal to bolt diameter (25mm thick with
M24)
 Holding down bolts – assume grade 4.6 where possible
o Standard sizes: M16 x 300
M20 x 450, 600
M24 x 450, 600
M30 x 450, 600
M36 x 450, 600, 750
7.7 Fire protection

Fire protection for steel is usually specified by the architect, however EC3
Part 1-2 can be used to determine the fire resistance of steel structures.
Typical methods of fire protection of steel are listed in the table below:
Type of protection Approximate thickness in mm for period of fire

resistance
60min 120min
Spray 20 35
Boarding 15 30
Intumescent coating (normally up to 1hr) 1-5 -
Reinforced concrete casing - loadbearing 50 50
Reinforced concrete casing (Min. Grade
25 25
20) - non-loadbearing

7.8 Corrosion protection

Notes:
Define the environment correctly.
The information given is typical. There are many alternatives depending on
the individual situations.
Avoid specifying too many schemes for any one job.
The table takes no account of fire resistance.
Environment
External Externally exposed steelwork (Where maintenance is difficult) E-1
Externally exposed steelwork (Default for external conditions –
E-2
urban, rural, industrial locations)
Internal Controlled (e.g. office) I-1
Controlled (e.g. office) with requirement for decorative finish I-2
Cavity and perimeter I-3
Uncontrolled (e.g. warehouses) I-4
Specials (e.g. swimming pools kitchens) I-5
External scheme E-1 External scheme 2

Preparation Blast clean to Sa 2.5 of ISO 8501-1 Blast clean to Sa 2.5 of ISO 8501-1
Primer Zinc rich epoxy 75µm (Shop) Epoxy Zinc Phosphate 75 µm (Shop)
Barrier Epoxy Micaceous Iron Oxide 125 µm Epoxy Micaceous Iron Oxide 125 µm
(Shop) (Shop)
Finish Polyurethane 75 µm (Site) Polyurethane 75 µm (Site)
Internal Internal Internal Internal Internal

scheme I-1 scheme I-2 scheme I-3 scheme I-4 scheme I-5
Preparation Blast clean to Sa 2.5 of ISO 8501-1

Corrosion protection not
Epoxy zinc Zinc Rich Epoxy Epoxy or Epoxy Zinc

Primer phosphate 75 µm (shop) polyaspartic Phosphate
75 µm (shop) 150 µm (Shop) 75 µm (Shop)
required
Epoxy MIO
Barrier - - -
125 µm (Shop)
Compatible finish Polyurethane

Finish as specified by - - 75 µm (Site)
Architect
Note:
All thicknesses quoted are nominal dry film thickness.

7.9 References
1. ISTRUCTE/ICE Manual for the design of steelwork building structures Aug 2008
2. ISTRUCTE Manual to EC3, 2010
3. COBB F., Structural Engineers Pocket Book 2nd edition, 2009
4. BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTION. BS EN 10025-2: 2004: Hot rolled products
of structural steels.
5. BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTION. UK National Annex to BS EN 1993-1-1:2005:
Design of steel structures.
6. Westok CELLBEAM, https://www.kloecknermetalsuk.com/westok/
7. TATA Steel
8. ‘The Blue Book’

8 Composite steel and concrete
8.1 Rules of thumb
8.1.1 Typical starting point

Overall concrete depth: 130mm (Grade C25/30)
Depth of profiled decking: 60mm
Size beam with Wel = (Wel for non-composite beam) x F where F = 1.6 -
2.0
8.1.2 Typical maximum slab spans [m]

Figures based on: TATA Comflor 60 [1], un-propped (calculated using
ComFlor v9)
Imposed load: 3kN/m2
Partitions allowance: 1kN/m2
Services allowance: 0.5kN/m2
Finishes allowance: 0.5kN/m2
Decking Slab Lightweight concrete C30/33) [19.5 kN/m3]
gauge depth Span [m]
[mm] Simply supported Double Continuous Continuous
bay (Internal) (End)
0.9 (A142 130 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.6
mesh) (with 10mm trough bars)
1.2 (A193 130 4.0 4.1 4.7 4.3
1.2 (A193 150 3.8 4.4 4.5 4.5
Normal weight concrete C30/37) [25 kN/m3]
Span [m]
Simply supported Double Continuous Continuous
bay (Internal) (End)
0.9 (A142 130 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.4
1.2 (A193 130 3.8 3.8 4.4 3.8
1.2 (A193 150 3.6 4.2 4.3 4.3
Design assumes 60 minutes of fire resistance, provided that the slab is

continuous (the decking need not be, but trough bars are required for
single spans)

8.2 Choice of beam system

Scheme Likely span range(m) Economic and Accommodation of Estimated unit
practical major services. cost index for
maximum Maximum x- fabricated and
As As ratios of span sectional area for erected
primary secondary to structural 15m span (m²) steelwork
beams beams depth
Simple 6-10.5 8-18 20 1.7 1.0
construction 28 - 1.3 with
with rolled reinforced
sections openings
Fabricated Above 12 Above 12 15 1.9 1.2

sections 25 0.9
Haunched Above 12 Above 12 25 (support) 5.3 1.3
Beams 32 (midspan) 3.6
Parallel Spans up Ribs up to 21 14 5.0 0.9

Beam to 10.5 15 30 18 2.8
approach
Castellated N/A up to 16 17 1.5 1.3
sections 20 1.3
Stub 10-15 N/A 13 3.0 1.4
girders 16 2.5
Composite Above 12 Above 12 12 1.5 1.5

trusses 16 1.0
Slimfloor - 4.5 to 9 20 -
Slimdek - 5 to 7 - -
8.2.1 Preferred beam layout

Inefficient Efficient For maximum
structural efficiency
𝐿𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 4
=
𝐿𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 3

8.2.2 Openings in beams (non-seismic applications)

Outline constraints are taken from SCI P355 [2]. Refer to the document
for further information.
8.2.3 Geometric Limitations:

D = depth of beam
- Limit unstiffened openings to 0.6D depth by 1.5D length
- Limit stiffened openings to 0.7D depth by 2.5D length
- Clear spacing between openings should be ≥ opening length, and not
less than D
- Ideally positioned between L/5 and L/3 from support for beams with UDL
- Clear distance from openings to point loads should be ≥ opening length,
and not less than D
- Position ≥ 2.5D (or L/10, whichever is greater) from support
- Openings should ideally be located mid-height of the steel beam section.
If this cannot be achieved, an upward eccentricity of the opening may be
ℎ
possible within the limits 1 ≤ ℎ𝑏 ≤ 2 where hb and ht are the heights of the
𝑡
upper and lower tees respectively. Downward eccentricity must be
justified by calculation
Guidance on circular openings can be found in SN 019.
Unreinforced circular openings may be located in the web of a beam
without further consideration of the effect of the openings on the section
properties, provided that:
- The member is class 1 or 2
- The openings are located within the middle third of the beam depth
- The openings are placed on the centre-line of the beam
- The openings are located within the middle half of the span of the beam
- The spacing centre-to-centre of adjacent openings measured parallel to
the axis of the member is not less than 2,5 times the diameter of the
larger opening
- The distance from the centreline of each opening to the nearest point
load is not less than the depth of the member
- The load on the member is substantially uniformly distributed
- The maximum shear in the member does not exceed 50% of the shear
capacity of the reduced cross-section

8.2.4 Shear connectors

Studs are generally 19mm 𝜙 and ≥ 76mm in height (≥ 95mm typical)
Steel beam flange thickness should be ≥ 0.4𝜙 unless studs are welded
directly over beam web
Steel beam flange width should be ≥ 125mm to allow butt jointing of
decking
Spacing of shear studs

Longitudinal Transverse
Minimum 5𝜙 Minimum 4𝜙
Maximum {6(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) | 800𝑚𝑚}𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟
Studs should also be placed so that there is not less than 20mm between
the edge of stud and the edge of the flange
Lateral restraint to the compression flange may normally be assumed to be
provided by decking which spans perpendicularly onto the top flange and is
fixed down (e.g. by through-deck welding of shear studs). In other cases,
the steel beams should be checked for lateral torsional buckling.
8.2.5 Bending strength during construction

Consider steel beam taking wet concrete weight, decking weight and a
construction load of 0.75kN/m². These are treated as variable actions and
should therefore be subject to a load factor of 1.5.
Lateral restraint to the compression flange may be assumed to be
provided by decking which spans perpendicularly onto the top flange and is
fixed down (e.g by through-deck welding of shear studs). In other cases,
the steel beams should be checked for lateral torsional buckling.
8.3 References
1. SCI/ TATA, Comflor Design Software v9.0
2. SCI, P355 Design of composite beams with large web openings, 2011
3. ISTRUCTE, Manual to Eurocode 3, 2010
4. BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTION, BS EN 1994: Design of composite steel and
concrete structures.

9 Timber
ALL THE INFORMATION IN THIS SECTION APPLIES TO SOFTWOOD IN DRY
LOCATIONS. THIS DESIGN GUIDE APPLIES TO STRUCTURES DESIGNED
TO EN 1995-1-1 [1]
9.1 Rules of thumb

Span to depth ratios:
Element Type Span / depth ratio
Principle members Up to 15
Load-sharing systems Up to 20
(e.g. floor/floor joists)
Rectangular trusses Up to 10
Triangular trusses Up to 8
Arches: Member thickness Span / 40
Rise Span / 7
Individual members of assemblies such as trusses should be set at roughly

half capacity on initial sizing, otherwise the connections (e.g. bolts) may be
overloaded.
9.2 Materials
Glue laminated timber (Glulam)
Widths up to 240mm, depths up to 2,400mm
Length – limited only by the question of transport to avoid connections
which are expensive and govern member size. It is common to transport
lengths up to 40m subject to local restrictions near the site.
There is a limited range of straight stock sizes. Most members
(straight/curved) are specially fabricated. Initial proportions of cross
section should be limited to less than 1:5 to prevent LTB.
Minimum economic radius is about 8m, down to 4m is possible but at
significant extra cost.

9.3 Material Strengths
9.3.1 Solid Timber

Characteristic strengths from BS EN 338.
Bending Tension Comp. Comp. Shear Modulus of Density
parallel parallel to parallel to perp. to parallel elasticity parallel to
to grain grain grain grain to grain grain
Mean 5th % Mean Min

2 2 2 2 2 2 3
(N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (kg/m )
fm,k ft,0,k fc,0,k fc,90,k fv,k E0,mean E0,05 ρmean ρk
C16 14 8.0 16 2.0 3.0 7000 4700 350 290
C24 24 14.0 21 2.5 4.0 11000 7400 420 350
9.3.2 Glulam
Two standardised glulam grades are available (see table below). Higher
grades are significantly more expensive.
Characteristic strengths from EN14080 [2].
Bending Tension Comp. Comp. Shear Modulus of elasticity Density

parallel to parallel to parallel perp. to parallel parallel to grain
grain grain to grain grain to grain
Mean 5th % Mean Min
2 2 2 2 2 2 3
(N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (kg/m )
fm,k ft,0,k fc,0,k fc,90,k fv,k E0,mean E0,05 ρmean ρk
GL
24 19.2 24 2.5 3.5 11500 9600 420 385
24h
GL
28 19.5 24 2.5 3.5 12500 10800 420 390
28c

9.4 Timber Element Sizes (domestic)
9.4.1 Joists
Size of joists Floors Flat Roofs
(mm)
(planed on 2 faces) LL = 1.5kN/m2 (inc. partitions) LL = 0.75kN/m2
DL = 0.5kN/m2 DL = 1.25kN/m2 DL = 0.75kN/m2 DL = 1.0kN/m2
Spacing of rafters (mm) Spacing of rafters (mm)
C24 450 600 450 600 450 600 450 600
47×122 2.55 2.29 2.27 2.01 2.55 2.43 2.43 2.30
47×147 3.06 2.78 2.75 2.50 3.21 3.04 3.04 2.87
47×170 3.54 3.21 3.18 2.88 3.81 3.54 3.61 3.36
47×195 4.05 3.68 3.64 3.30 4.44 4.05 4.22 3.85
47×220 4.55 4.14 4.10 3.72 5.00 4.56 4.76 4.33
75×122 2.97 2.71 2.68 2.43 3.08 2.93 2.93 2.77
75×147 3.57 3.25 3.22 2.93 3.84 3.57 3.64 3.40
75×170 4.11 3.75 3.71 3.38 4.50 4.11 4.29 3.92
75×195 4.69 4.29 4.25 3.86 5.14 4.70 4.90 4.48
75×220 5.11 4.78 4.74 4.35 5.77 5.28 5.50 5.04
9.4.2 Rafters
C16 C24
DL = 0.75kN/m2 DL = 1.0kN/m2 DL = 0.75kN/m2 DL = 1.0kN/m2

Size of sawn rafters LL = 0.75kN/m2 LL = 0.75kN/m2 LL = 0.75kN/m2 LL = 0.75kN/m2
(mm)
Spacing of rafters (mm) Spacing of rafters (mm)
450 600 450 600 450 600 450 600
38×100 1.96 1.82 1.82 1.68 2.24 2.03 2.12 1.93
38×125 2.66 2.44 2.46 2.25 2.79 2.53 2.65 2.4
38×150 3.21 2.92 3.04 2.72 3.34 3.04 3.17 2.88
47×100 2.28 2.1 2.12 1.95 2.4 2.18 2.27 2.07
47×125 2.88 2.62 2.73 2.48 2.99 2.72 2.84 2.58
47×150 3.44 3.13 3.27 2.97 3.58 3.26 3.4 3.09

9.4.3 Purlins
Maximum purlin spans for roof pitch between 22.5o and 30o.
C16 C24
Size of DL = 0.75kN/m2 DL = 0.75kN/m2

sawn LL = 0.75kN/m2 LL = 0.75kN/m2
rafters
(mm) Spacing of purlins (mm) Spacing of purlins (mm)
1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700
47×175 2.08 1.95 1.84 2.18 2.04 1.93 1.83
47x200 2.38 2.23 2.10 1.97 1.85 2.49 2.33 2.20 2.10 2.00
47×225 2.68 2.50 2.36 2.20 2.07 2.80 2.62 2.47 2.35 2.25
63×150 1.97 1.86 2.08 1.95 1.84
63×175 2.32 2.17 2.05 1.95 1.87 2.42 2.27 2.15 2.04 1.96
63×200 2.64 2.48 2.34 2.23 2.13 2.76 2.59 2.45 2.33 2.24
63x225 2.97 2.78 2.63 2.51 2.40 3.10 2.91 2.75 2.62 2.51
9.5 References
1. BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTION.BS EN 1995-1-1:2004 Eurocode 5: Design
of timber structures. General – Common rules and rules for buildings,2004
2. BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTION. EN 14080:2013 Timber structures - glued

laminated timber and glued solid timber - requirements (incorporating corrigendum
June 2014)
3. ISTRUCTE TRADA. Manual for the design of timber building structures to

Eurocode 5
4. European Technical Approval ETA-12/0114. SPAX self-tapping screws
5. TRADA (Peter Ross, Patrick Hislop, Hugh Mansfield-Williams and Adrian Young).
Concise illustrated guide to timber connections
6. ARUP 2015 SGN 08 Timber floor systems for commercial buildings: scheme
design.
7. ARUP 2015 SGN 09 Timber composite floors: Procedural guidance
8. ARUP 2015 SGN 10 Timber connection design: good practice guide

10 Masonry
Masonry is the generic term used to describe the matrix of clay, concrete,
stone or calcium silicate units (bricks or blocks) with cement or lime based
mortars.
Masonry construction is widely used throughout the world and extensively
used in the construction of low to medium rise buildings or for infill panels
to framed construction.
The following section provides guidance for the concept design of masonry
with the following limitations:
Masonry in existing structures is excluded. The strength / capacity of
existing masonry construction requires a knowledge / estimation of the
materials and geometry of the sections. The following values should not be
used for existing masonry construction.
Reinforced masonry is excluded. The vertical and lateral bending strength
of masonry can be improved using reinforcement within the mortar joints or
through the units. This requires more detailed calculations and is therefore
beyond the scope of this Concept Design Guide.
Geometric sections. Diaphragm, fin and other forms of buttressed wall
construction require specific calculations and are therefore excluded.
In the UK we are often asked to provide limited advice on non-load-bearing
masonry construction to our Architectural colleagues. Further guidance
including typical responsibilities is provided in 2015 NST 07 Masonry
Specification: advice to architects.
10.1 Joints
Movement joints can be considered for a number of reasons, all associated
with mitigating cracking. The following should be considered:
 Thermal loads
 Creep and shrinkage
 Over restraint
 Dimensional or support irregularities
Guidance is given in the national annex and PD6697, and some examples
are given in the table below. This varies from the previous guidance given in
BS 5628 (comparison values from BS 5628 are given in brackets).

Masonry Distance Comments

unit type between
vertical joints
Clay 15m (12m) This may be increased where bed joint reinforcement is used.
masonry Tables published with the BRC website suggest this may be
units increased to 18 or even 20m.
Aggregate 9m (6m) Applicable when L/H of panel is equal to or less than 3.
concrete Similar to clay units, the distance may be increased where bed
blockwork joint reinforcement is used. Tables published with the BRC
website suggest this may be increased to 12 or up to 15m.
The location of movement joints should be considered to ensure that

assumptions made in the design are reflected in the construction details.
As a general rule, horizontal joints should be spaced at maximum 9m or
every third storey (whichever is less). However they can be omitted if the
building is less than 12m high with 4 or fewer storeys. For joint widths,
allow 1mm per metre height of clay brickwork below any brick support
angle with a minimum joint width of 10mm.
10.2 Vertical load resistance

Vertical load resistance of wall per unit length: 𝑁𝑅𝐷 = Ф𝑡𝑓𝑑
Where:
Ф is a capacity reduction factor allowing for the effects of slenderness
and eccentricity of loading
t is the thickness of the wall
fd is the design compressive strength of the masonry
For detailed calculations, refer to BS EN 1996-1-1 section 6.1 and
Arup’s Masonry Pier Design spreadsheet (accessible via the SSN).
ULS capacities for walls and piers for a range of basic geometries are
given in the charts below, which assume:
Simply supported, with vertical load only
20N brickwork with M4 mortar, E = 1000fk, ρ = 1800kg/m3
7.3N blockwork with M4 mortar, E =1000fk, ρ = 1500kg/m3
Unit group 1, unit category I, class of execution control 2


10.3 Lateral loading

Where walls are subjected to lateral loading, the walls may be considered
as one-way or two-way spanning panels acting in flexure depending on their
edge support conditions.
The design value of the moment applied to the masonry wall: 𝑀𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑀𝑅𝑑
The design value of the lateral moment of resistance of a masonry wall is
given by: 𝑀𝑅𝑑 = 𝑓𝑥𝑑 𝑍

Where:
𝑓𝑥𝑑 is the design flexural strength appropriate to the plane of bending
Z is the thickness of the wall
fd is the design compressive strength of the masonry
For detailed calculations, refer to BS EN 1996-1-1 section 6.3 and Arup
spreadsheet Masonry panel design 16.
ULS capacities for walls and piers for a range of support conditions are
given in the charts below, which assume:
 Simply supported, with lateral load only
 Walls do not form part of the stability system, therefore γM = 2.4
 20N brickwork with M4 mortar, E = 1000fk, ρ = 1800kg/m3
 7.3N blockwork with M4 mortar, E =1000fk, ρ = 1500kg/m3
 Unit group 1, unit category I, class of execution control 2
NOTE: for cavity walls, if ties can transmit load then the capacity of the
separate leaves can be calculated and added together.
WATCH-IT: Figure 6 of BS 5628-3 limiting dimensions of walls for stability

has been used historically. This guidance can be easily misinterpreted
leading to unconservative design for most lateral design loads. It is
recommended that masonry is reviewed under applied lateral loads using
BS EN 1996-1-1 or Arup spreadsheet Masonry panel design available on
the SSN.




10.4 Stability
The stability system should resist loads in two orthogonal directions, as
well as any twisting forces due to asymmetry of applied loading or building
geometry.
In loadbearing masonry construction stability is provided by either:
 Cellular construction - low to medium rise construction where the
internal and external walls form stiff cellular boxes used to resist lateral
loads. The internal and external walls tend to be loadbearing and
provide the vertical and lateral resistance.
 Cross wall construction - long narrow building forms, such as terraced
housing, where strong lines of continuous construction are spaced at
regular centres.
 Spine wall construction - stiff masonry elements located at key
locations throughout a building. These may be location at lift or stair
cores, gable walls or specific internal walls which are continuous to
foundation level.
 Geometrical sections use stiff section shapes to created stable
structural elements; such as fin and diaphragm walls.
Figure 7 (a) – Figure 7 (b) – Figure 7 (c) – Figure 7 (d) –

Building type - Building type - Building type - Building type -
Cellular Cross wall Spine wall Geometric Sections
To prevent cracking, all forms of stability rely on the basic equation:

P/A +/- M/Z >0 …across the full extent of the masonry structure
To achieve stability often sufficient vertical load is required to overcome
the overturning forces; this should be considered when determining the
span direction of floor or roof elements as lightly loaded walls may not
offer much lateral resistance.
To transfer loads from the facades to the chosen lateral force resisting
system, floors and roofs must act as stiff diaphragms – details are critical
and need to be assessed.

Thickness of freestanding walls (Single leaf, unstiffened by piers)
Wind Zone Max. ratio of height (above later restraint): Max. ratio of height (above
actual thickness d.p.c.†): actual thickness
1 8.5 6.4
2 7.5 5.6
3 6.5 4.9
4 6.0 4.5
† Assume d.p.c. cannot resist flexure

Notes: 1. Unit compressive strength ≥ 3.5N/mm2, density ≥ 1400kg/m3.
2. Applicable only in areas with many windbreaks (cities, towns, woodland, etc.) –
elsewhere calculate wind forces and design as gravity wall or to BS 5628 Part 1.
3. Wind zones as BS 5628 Part 3 Figure 1.
10.5 Internal Non-Loadbearing Masonry Walls

For single-leaf wall of length L and height H, with adequate lateral restraint,
the minimum thickness required can be determined form the graph below:
Note: This graph only applied where significant internal wind pressure
cannot occur.
Graph has been reproduced from BS5628 Part 3, figure 6.

10.6 Reinforced masonry

Where unreinforced masonry is considered inadequate, the addition of
reinforcement can be considered. This is typically considered in situations
where additional lateral capacity is required, for example retaining walls,
and in seismic locations.
In principle it is similar to RC design, but with different cover requirements
and the compressive strength of masonry is determined using material
properties and material factors.
Singly reinforced sections include:
 Beams (simply supported or continuous)
 Grouted cavity walls
 Hollow blockwork walls
 Grouted pocket walls
 Quetta bond walls
 Deep beams
Its concept design cannot be covered by simplified rules and tables – for
further guidance, refer to Eurocode 6.
10.7 References
1. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1996-1-1:2005 Eurocode 6: Design
of masonry structures. General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry
structures.
2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1996-1-2:2005 Eurocode 6: Design

of masonry structures. General rules - Structural fire design.
3. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1996-2:2006 Eurocode 6: Design

of masonry structures. Design considerations, selection of materials and
execution of masonry.
4. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. NA to BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012
5. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. PD 6697:2010 Recommendations for the

design of masonry structures to BS EN 1996-1-1 and BS EN 1996-2.
6. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 771-1:2011 Specification for

masonry units. Clay masonry units.

masonry units. Calcium silicate masonry units.
masonry units. Aggregate concrete masonry units (dense and light-weight
aggregates).


masonry units. Autoclaved aerated masonry units.

masonry units. Manufactured stone masonry units.

masonry units. Natural stone masonry units.
12. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8298-1:2010 Code of

practice for the design and installation of natural stone cladding and lining.
General.
13. ISTRUCTE Manual for the design of plain masonry in building structures to
Eurocode 6, 2008.
14. ARUP. 2015 NST 07 Masonry Specification: advice to architects.
15. ARUP. Masonry pier design spreadsheet

16. ARUP. Masonry panel design spreadsheet

11 Foundation design for structural engineers
11.1 Introduction
This chapter is for the initial sizing of foundations and retaining walls.
Horizontal loads on foundations have not been expressly covered in this
Concept Design Guide. This chapter should only be treated as a starting
point.
You should not use this chapter if you are carrying out a detailed design.
Please contact one of our many geotechnical engineers for further
guidance and assistance, your local contact can be found here.
Within this chapter the allowable capacity of the footings and piles are
calculated and these should be compared back to the unfactored loads
unless noted otherwise.
11.2 Foundation selection

Idealised Idealised soil conditions
extremes
Firm uniform Firm stratum of Soft, uniform High water Soft stratum of
of soil in an soil overlying an soil in an table soil overlying an
structure infinitely thick infinitely thick infinitely thick and/or infinitely thick
stratum stratum of soft stratum made stratum of form
soil ground soil or rock
Light flexible Pad or strip Pad or strip Friction piles Piles or Bearing piles or
structure footings footings or surface surface raft piers
raft
Heavy rigid Pad or strip Buoyant raft or Buoyant raft Buoyant Bearing piles or
structure footings friction piles or friction raft or piers
piles friction
piles
Source: [1]
11.3 Soil parameters

There are three principal soil types: (a) rock; (b) cohesive materials (clays,
silts) and; (c) granular materials (gravel, sand). Gravel and sand are
described as being ‘coarse’ grained, with silt and clay being described as
‘fine’ grained.

11.3.1 Soil properties for granular soils

Soil type SPT ‘N’ Effective angle Bulk Density, Dry Density,
Blows of internal γ (kN/m²) γ (kN/m³)
friction Φ’ (º)
Very loose 0-4 26-28 <16 14
Loose 4-10 28-30 16-18 14-16
Medium dense 10-30 30-36 18-19 16-17
Dense 30-50 36-42 19-21 17-19
Very Dense >50 42-46 21 19
For further information on the characteristic weight density for soils refer
to BS 8004 [2]
11.3.2 Soil properties for cohesive soils

Description Field indicators Undrained Bulk Density,
shear strength γ (kN/m³)
Cu (kN/m²)
Very stiff or hard Brittle or very tough >150 19-22
Stiff Cannot be moulded in the fingers 100-150
17-20
Firm to stiff 75-100
Soft to firm Can be moulded in the fingers by 50-75
strong pressure
40-50
Soft Easily moulded in the fingers 20-40 16-19
Very soft Exudes between the fingers when <20

squeezed in the fist
For further information on the characteristic weight density for soils refer
to BS 8004 [2]
11.3.3 Allowable bearing pressure for strip foundations [1]

Values given in kN/m2
Category Type of Soil 1m wide 2m wide 4m wide

Cohesive soils Hard boulder clays, hard 800 600 400
fissure clays
Very stiff boulder clay or 400-800 300-500 150-250
hard clay
Stiff fissural clays 200-400 150-250 75-125
Firm clay 100-200 75-100 50-75
Soft clay and silt 50-100 25-50 Negligible

(Terzaghi and Peck) Source: [3]
The above table and charts should only be used up to scheme design; they
are not suitable for detailed design.
Table based on Table 1 of BS 8004 [2]
Factor of safety assumed to be 2.5
Width of footings to be ≥ 1m
Ground water level assumed to be below the base of foundation
Bearing pressures halved in the presence of groundwater
Strip footings susceptible to long term consolidation
Settlement limited to 25mm
Detailed calculations should be carried out to determine settlement

11.4 Spread footings

 Typically constructed at depths of less than two metres and above
shallow groundwater – health and safety will be critical for all
excavations.
 Do not require specialist construction skills.
 Strips are preferable to pads for controlling differential movement.
11.4.1 Simple formulae

The top of spread footings are assumed to be a minimum of 450mm below
ground level (for prevention against frost damage). Ground water is
assumed to be below spread footing.
qR,d = allowable bearing pressure to be compared back to unfactored
loads.
Spread footing on cohesive soil:
qR,d=2Cu
Spread footing on granular soil:
Pad = qR,d=10N;
Strip = qR,d=7N;
When the water table is within the footing founding level then:
Wet qR,d,wet= qR,d*0.5 (Note: Allowable bearing pressures reduce with high
water levels)
where N = ‘SPT’ blows
Cu = undrained shear strength
If N<10 design as clay. Cu=4.5N (Stroud and butler)

11.4.1.1 Pressure under pad footings
Where:
W = self-weight of the footing
N = applied axial load
M = applied axial load
H = applied horizontal load
R = resultant vertical reaction on soil
e = eccentricity from centre of footing to resultant reaction
x = distance from centre of footing to applied loads
B = width of footing
L = length of footing into the page
For overturning not to be critical the resultant force should be within the
middle third of the footing, i.e. , -B/6 ≤ e ≤ B/6.

11.5 Piled foundations

Pile Type Advantages Disadvantages Typical uses
Bored – Commonly used – Require assessment of – All types of piles
– Installed to large depths integrity (especially for piles installed on land
cast under bentonite) into soils and soft
– Can be installed in all
– Produce spoil which needs rocks
materials with appropriate
support of bore to be disposed of (important if
ground is contaminated)
– Can be base grouted in
sands or under reamed in
clays or shaft grouted
– Sizes from mini to large
Continuous – Common product – Require assessment of – All types of piles
flight – Sizes from mini to large integrity installed on land
auger – Maximum length 27m into soils and soft
(CFA) rocks
– Produce spoil which needs
to be disposed of (important if
ground is contaminated)
– Construction risk in very soft
soils
Driven – Should have high quality – Causes vibration – Industrial sites
(concrete assurance in fabrication – Noisy unless installed with – River and marine
pre-cast) process ‘silent’ hammer or piles jacked locations (small
– Installed through water in unsupported
and into ground with flowing – Limited section sizes lengths)
water – Bridge
– With rock shoe allowing abutments, piers
installation onto
rock/sloping rock
– Can be installed raked
Mini piles – High quality assurance in – Noisy unless installed with – Low head room
(steel, construction process ‘silent’ hammer or piles jacked locations,
driven) – Can be delivered in short in – Causes vibration when underpinning
lengths for low head-room driven locations with low
access load bearing
requirements
Screw Factory produced elements – Refusal on obstructions – Lightweight
piles (screws) – Developing design structures
– Can be installed raked methodology – Temporary
– No excavated soil structures
– Can be recovered and
reused
Source: [4]

11.5.1.1 Allowable pile base capacity
Qb Allowable base pile capacity (kN)

800
700
Allowable base pile capacity (kN)
600
500
300 dia
CuNcAb/γb
400 450 dia

600 dia
300
750 dia
200 900 dia
100
0
50 150 250
Undrained shear strength Cu (kN/m²)
11.5.1.2 Allowable pile loads for CFA piles in cohesive soil

Pile capacity (kN), L=length of pile in m in the cohesive layer.
Pile diameter (mm) Cu=50kN/m² Cu=100kN/m²

150 3L + 10 10L + 50
300 20L 40L + 40
450 10L - 300 20L + 50
600 22L - 10 29L + 55
750 17L + 60 32L + 160
900 20L + 100 40L + 200

11.5.1.3 Group action for piles in cohesive material

Group capacity: QR,d,group=Np*QR,d*Ef
Np = Number of Piles in Group
QR ,d = single bored pile allowable capacity
Ef = Group efficiency factor
Values for Ef for piles spaced at three times the diameter
Number Number of piles, n

of piles,
2 3 4 5 6
m
1 0.90 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83
2 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.73
3 - 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.69
4 - - 0.69 0.68 0.68
5 - - - 0.67 0.67
6 - - - - 0.66
For other pile configurations use 0.65. Source: [3]
11.5.1.4 Negative skin friction

Negative skin friction should be checked when a soft layer of soil is within
the soil layers the pile will pass through.
The below formula is an approximation for negative skin friction, for a more
detailed approach refer to Tomlinson’s Pile Design and Construction book.
𝐴.𝐻.𝛾
Approximate load per pile = 𝑁𝑝
A = Area of pile group i.e. m*n

H = Depth of soft layer
γ = Bulk density of soft soil
Np = number of piles

11.5.1.5 Allowable pile loads for CFA piles in granular soil

Pile capacity (kN), L=length of pile in m in the granular layer.
Pile diameter N=15 N=25

(mm) Φ = 30° Φ = 35°
150 2.5L + 25 32(L / 5 - 1)
300 10L (40L / 3) - 20
450 20L – 100 20L
600 80L / 3 35L - 50
750 40L 50L - 100
900 160L / 3 60L
11.5.2 Piles in rock

Rock socket
Shaft friction = α*(UCS)
UCS = unconfined compressive strength
α = 0.5*(UCS)-0.5
Unconfined compressive strength from BS5930
Note that with high rock strength the structural material may often govern
the design. Allowable load on pile limited to 0.2fck * Ab (Ab = cross
sectional area of pile)
Rock Strength Field definition Unconfined compressive

strength (kN/m²)
Very Weak Gravel size lumps can be crushed <1,250
between finger and thumb
Weak Gravel size lumps can be broken in half by 1,250 to 5,000
heavy hand pressure
Moderately weak Only thin slabs, corners or edges can be 500 to 12,500
broken off with heavy hand pressure
Moderately strong When held in the hand, rock can be 12,500 to 50,000
broken by hammer blows
Strong When resting on a solid surface, rock can 40,000 to 100,000
be broken by hammer blows
Very strong Rock chipped by heavy hammer blows 100,000 to 200,000
Extremely strong Rock rings on hammer blows, only broken >200,000
by sledge hammer

11.5.2.1 Approximate values for end bearing piles in rock

Values given in kN
Pile diameter (mm)

Rock type
150 300 450 600
Strong igneous and gneissic 250-350a 1000-1400a 2250-3000 a 4000-5500a
rocks in sound condition
Strong limestones and strong 100-150 400-550 1000-1250 1750-2250
sandstones
Schists and slates 75-100 300-400 700-950 1250-1750
Strong shales, strong 50-70 200-300 500-600 750-1000

mudstones and strong siltstones
a - The capacity of the concrete pile is likely to govern and a further check of the concrete is essential.
The values assume that the rock is not weathered, weak, or eroded
See CIRIA Report 181 [5] for further guidance on the design of piled foundations in weak
rock
11.5.2.2 Piles in chalk

Pile capacity: 𝑄𝑅,𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠 + 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 to be compared to unfactored loads
Pile shaft skin friction capacity (kN Pile base capacity (kN per m²)
SPT ‘N’ per m²)
Blows Unfactored Factor of Allowable qs Unfactored Factor of Allowable qb
safety γ safety γ
10 35 2 18 2500 5 500
15 70 2 35 3750 4 940
20 105 2 53 5000 3 1670
25 170 2 85 6250 3 2090
30 250 2 125 7500 3 2500
35 250 2 125 7750 3 2590
≥40 250 2 125 8000 3 2670
Source: [3]

11.5.3 Driven piles

Driven piles capacity are typically governed by the structural capacity of
the pile when driven to refusal. Allowable load on pile limited to 0.2fck * Ab
(Ab = cross sectional area of pile)
Pile size (mm) Safe allowable load (kN) Typical maximum

square compression load (kN)
275 1100 1480
300 1400 1890
350 1800 2430
400 2200 2970
Source: [6] page 7
11.6 Pile caps
11.6.1 General design principles:

 The spacing of piles should generally be three times the pile diameter
(centre to centre).
 Where possible, the piles should be grouped symmetrically under the
loads.
 The load carried by each pile is equal to N/(no. of piles). When a
moment is transmitted to the pile cap the loads on the piles should be
calculated to satisfy equilibrium.
 Pile caps should extend at least 150mm beyond the theoretical
circumference of the piles.
 Piles are typically installed to ±75mm tolerance. For pile caps
supported on one or two piles, a moment arising from a column
eccentricity of 75mm should be resisted either by ground beams or by
the piles.
 Determine the initial depth of the pile cap as equal to the horizontal
distance from the centreline of the column to the centreline of the pile
furthest away.
 Check the face shear at the column location, using factored loads, and
modify the depth if necessary.

11.6.2 Design Methods:
Strut and tie

Convenient for two, three and four-pile pilecaps only, see below for ULS
design to EC2:
Where:
P = load in the column
l = distance from column to pile
d = effective depth
Number of Tension force in reinforcement

piles
2 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑃𝑙/2𝑑
3 𝐹𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑙/9𝑑
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑃𝑙/4𝑑
4 Force in longitudinal and transverse
direction 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑃𝑙/2𝑑
Note: piles are usually at a minimum spacing of 3*diameter of pile. For larger pilecaps
bending theory should be used.
Pile Cap Depth

Pile
350 400 450 500 550 600 750
Diameter
Pile Cap
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1800
Depth
11.6.3 Pile Foundation Groups

Settlement of pile foundation groups is typically undertaken by
approximating the pile group as an ‘equivalent raft’ at 2/3 pile depth (see
below). The resulting foundation settlement may then be approximated as
per a shallow footing.

11.7 Retaining Walls
11.7.1 Retaining walls for idealised site and soil conditions

Idealised site Idealised soil types
conditions
Dry sand and gravel Saturated sand and Clay and silt
gravel
Working space Gravity or cantilever Dewatering during Gravity or cantilever
available* retaining wall. construction of gravity retaining wall
Reinforced soil, or cantilever retaining
gabion or crib wall wall
Limited working space King post or sheet Sheet pile wall and King post or sheet
pile as temporary dewatering pile as temporary
support. Secant piled wall support.
Contiguous piled wall Diaphragm wall Contiguous piled wall
Diaphragm wall Diaphragm wall
Soil nailing Soil nailing
Limited working space Contiguous piled wall Secant bored piled Contiguous piled wall
and special controls Diaphragm wall wall Diaphragm wall
on ground movements Diaphragm wall
* Working space available to allow the ground to be battered back during wall construction
Source: [1]

11.7.2 Retaining walls type and use

Wall Use Vertical Depth Pros Cons
type tolerance
Open External tank Temporary drainage
Cut Straightness/ Not always viable
verticality/ finish
quality
Sheet Temp 1:75 10 - 15m Quick install Noise
pile 12m retained hydraulic press Vibration
with single to limit vibration Waterproofing
prop Cheap if can be Not suited to
extracted & obstructions
reused
Not suitable with
adjacent buildings
King Temp 1:100 6 - 12m Quick Only in dry soil
post 12m retained Low intrusion above GW table
with single Only in stable soils
prop (not soft/loose)
4m cantilever
Contig Permanent 1:100 12 - 20m Quick Waterproofing

uous with 6 - 15m Low intrusion Don’t use CFA
Piles facing wall retained with with surcharged
props granular
Post fix slab
connections
Hard- Perm 1:125 12 - 20m Cheap when Durability of soft
soft 6 - 15m using CFA piles
secant retained with Waterproofing
props long term
Depth limited by
verticality
tolerance
Post fix slab
connections
Hard- Perm 1:125 15 - 30m Depth limited by
hard 10 - 20m verticality
secant retained with tolerance
props Post fix slab
connections
D-Wall Temp 1:125 15 - 30m Minimising Heavy plant
12 - 25m propping in the Disposal/treatmen
retained with excavation t of bentonite
props slurry
60m max with Expensive
cutter Joints critical to
water tightness
Post fix slab
connections

11.7.3 Rules of thumb
11.7.3.1 Rules of thumb for retaining structures
Note: For every 5kPa surcharge load, add an additional 250mm to H
11.7.3.2 Rules of thumb for embedded structures
11.7.4 Water Proofing

Water proofing requirements are set out in BS 8102 [7]. The various
grades of basement space, together with possible retaining wall solutions,
are summarised within the Basement and waterproofing section.
11.8 Contamination
Contaminated soil can affect the durability of foundations. Remedial and
protective measures include:
 Excavation and removal of the hazard
 Treatment or stabilisation of the contaminated soil

 Specification of materials that are resistant to the contaminants

 Provision of additional protection – e.g. sacrificial layers, surface
coating, wrapping in plastic membranes, galvanising metal or the use of
containment cut-off walls
Where material durability is of concern, specification of suitably resistant
materials is normally selected as the remedial measure. However, where
there are other risks, such as to human health, it is often necessary to
undertake excavation and removal, containment or treatment. This can
cause delays to the project schedule.
Source: [8]
11.9 References
1. COBB, F. Structural Engineer's Pocket Book. Elesevier Ltd, 2009
2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8004: 2015 Code of practice for

foundations, 2015
3. CONCETE CENTRE, Concrete buildings scheme design manual, 2009
4. ISTRUCTE, Manual for the geotechnical design of structures to Eurocode 7, 2013
5. CIRIA, Report 181, Piled foundations in weak rock, 1999
6. Australian Geomechanics Vol 41 No 3, 2007
7. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8102:2009 Code of practice for protection

of below ground structures against water from the ground, 2009
8. ENVIRONMENT AGENCY, Technical Report P331, Risks of Contaminated Land to Buildings,

Building Materials and Services
9. CONCRETE CENTRE, Concrete Basements, Guidance on the design and construction of in-
situ concrete basement structures
10. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1997-1:2004 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical

design Part 1 General Rules
11. TOMLINSON & WOODWARD, Pile design and construction practice, 5th Edition

12 Water Resistant Basements
12.1 Rules of thumb
12.1.1 Minimum thickness

Preferred minimum thickness of walls and slabs at concept: 300mm
(Must be thick enough for a full reinforcement mat of bars in both
directions in both faces of the concrete, and while this would in principle
allow walls down to 200mm thick a greater thickness to extend paths for
water penetration reduces leakage risk)
Where thicker walls are required, consider the surface zones of 200mm
measured from each face for reinforcement to control shrinkage/thermal
cracking in the surface zone.
12.1.2 Reinforcement
Typically for water resistant walls:
B16 @ 200 c/c in both faces and in both directions, or
B12 @ 150 c/c in both faces and in both directions
This is only a general guide to what might typically be expected and actual
reinforcement diameter and spacing will be based on limiting crack width
for thermal effects and flexure.
Generally bar spacing in the range of 100mm minimum to 200mm maximum
with bar diameters typically of 10 to 20 mm diameter. Smaller bars at
closer centres are generally better than larger bars at greater centres.
12.1.3 Standard cover

 Assumed concrete grade C30/37 (This should be a minimum)
 The use of a cement replacement mix is beneficial to control heat of
hydration and crack risk.
 Put the horizontal reinforcement furthest from the earth face.
Face Cover (mm)
Earth face of walls where shuttered 50
Earth face of walls (cast against earth) 75
External exposed faces of walls 40
Bottom and sides to base 75
Internal faces As superstructure, typically 25mm or greater
This should be checked against relevant local codes and standard

12.1.4 Joints / Waterstops

 Waterstops should always be provided in all construction joints in
watertight concrete.
 Avoid movement joints. These are hardly ever necessary in basement
concrete walls.
 Use proprietary hydrophilic waterstops with a minimum edge distance
of 100 to 150mm as manufacturers recommendations. Centre on
wall/slab if possible. Consider alternatives (grout tubes, other
waterstop forms etc.) at detailed design stage.
 Sometimes used in conjunction with grout tubes of other forms of
waterbar.
 Use two runs of hydrophilic strip in thick rafts, or for redundancy if
watertightness critical.
 Hydrophilic waterbars must be carefully supported/kept in place.
12.2 Establish client's requirements / expectations

These can vary even for the same type of space. Use BS 8102 [1]
Table 2 as starting point and refer also too ICE Client’s Guide [2] to
reducing the risk of leaking substructure.
Establish (for example):
a) Does a small amount of leaking (liquid) matter (for people and
contents) and how easily can repairs be undertaken?
b) Do stains matter? (aesthetics)
c) What level of (vapour) ingress is acceptable/tolerable (for people
and contents)?
Carry out a risk assessment.
Note. Ensure project responsibilities for waterproofing are clearly
established and understood and are communicated to the Client,
Architect, Contractor and other relevant stakeholders (see also ICE Client
Guide).
Some of the requirements for a particular performance will not be within
our control (heating, ventilation etc.). This should be highlighted to the
Client and to the design team.

12.3 Construction options

Note that the method of construction, ground conditions and
waterproofing solution are closely integrated. Seek further advice from
Geotechnics at an early stage.
Structural concrete when well-constructed, can prevent ingress of liquid
water, except at joints and cracks. It will not, generally, prevent the
passage of moisture vapour.
Steel sheet piling can prevent ingress of liquid water, except at joints
which should be welded.
Steel sheet piling will also reduce or eliminate the passage of moisture
vapour. Welded sheet piling – low carbon type should be used, generally
driven as pre-welded pairs so that only every other clutch requires site
welding.
Construction Advantages Disadvantages

option
Cut & cover  Allows easy application of membrane  Generally not an easy option for
external to the structure deep basements
 Enhanced quality of concrete  Requires more site space – may
elements not have necessary room on e.g.
 Continuous construction inner city sites
 Good finish  Probably requires temporary props
 Straightness of line of walls or berms
Sheet piling  Provides restraint to the ground  Provides restraint to concrete -
 Provides restraint to water flow increased risk of cracking
(both short and long term)  Difficult to install a membrane on
Post and  Can be used as a shutter for the external face of structure
panel concrete
 Sheet piles can provide the
permanent wall
Diaphragm  Provides restraint to the ground  Not possible to install a membrane
wall & Secant  Provides some restraint to water on external face of structure unless
piles flow there is an RC lining wall
 Integration of temporary and  Allows water through the joints (use
permanent works to construct deep drained cavity or lining wall?); note
basements** leakage can be reduced by remedial
 Allows top-down construction with grouting works to joints post-
potential programme advantage excavation)
 Effective connection with the slab
requires careful detailing and
construction
 Poor appearance (usually requires
inner facing wall or shotcrete lining)
 Expensive (but note advantage of
**)
Contiguous  Provides restraint to the ground  Little restraint to water flow
piles  Cheaper than Diaphragm wall or  Effective connection with the slab
secant piles are more complex
 Integration of temporary and  Difficult to install a membrane
permanent works to construct deep  Poor appearance
basements**  Expensive (but note advantage of
 Allows top-down construction with **)
potential programme advantage
Table 6.2 (from CIRIA report 139 [3]) gives examples of types of basement.

12.4 Waterproofing options (combined with options

of structure)
12.4.1 Tanking (Type A)

 Can be (and often is) the Architects design responsibility which is the
Arup preference. Architect often best placed to specify membrane
products (as for roofing etc.)
 Preformed membranes or liquid applied
 Fully bonded pre-applied membranes generally most effective
 Can prevent both liquid and vapour passage
 Appropriate for open cut construction
 Best installed external to construction (outside face of structural wall,
and below slab)
12.4.2 Structurally Integral Protection (Type B)

 Reinforced concrete may be used with design to BS EN 1992-3 [4]
for Class 1 environment
 Concrete design to BS EN 1992-3 may be acceptable for Class 2 and
possibly Class 3 but there is a greater risk and appropriate
environmental control would be essential
 If used, particularly for Class 2 and 3 basements, there must be careful
consideration of mix design and the workmanship required as well as a
strategy for dealing with leaks and treating joints.
 Steel sheet piling can be used as 6.3 above
 ‘Waterproof’ additives may be used but guidance must be followed –
see reference list for link to SSN additives guidance.
 Waterproof additives are of limited effectiveness, but may come with a
warranty, although this is likely to be limited to the value of the
additives. Well-constructed concrete can perform as well as concrete
with additives. Very workmanship dependant, particularly at joints.
Provides little or no redundancy of protection. Often requires some
remedial grouting after construction.
12.4.3 Drained cavity (Type C)

 Provide channels to falls to drainage system in the cavity to allow water
to drain
 Ventilate cavity inner wall into the basement to reduce vapour and
build-up of other gases
 Ventilate the basement to reduce vapour

 Automatic pump may be required in sump

 Design inner leaf as free-standing or restrained at top by slab (don’t
use ties to piles)
 Regular maintenance is required
 Wall cavity may be used in conjunction with a floor cavity (i.e. egg crate
and topping slab)
NOTE – TYPES A, B & C may be used in combination to provide
redundancy, improving integrity, reducing risk of subsequent water ingress,
but also increasing the cost.
12.4.4 Grades of waterproofing protection

Grade of Performance Level Example Use of Example Retaining
Water Structure Wall Solution
Proofing
Protection
1 Some seepage and damp areas Car parking, Sheet pile / secant
tolerable plant rooms pile wall
2 No water penetration acceptable, Plant rooms Sheet pile / secant
although some damp areas are and workshops pile wall with
tolerable additional liner wall
3 No water penetration acceptable. Ventilated Sheet pile / secant
Ventilation, dehumidification, or air residential and pile wall with
conditioning necessary, as commercial drained cavity
appropriate to the intended space
usage
The above table is a summary of Table 2 from BS 8102 [1]

For further guidance on basement design see Concrete Basements,
Guidance on the design and construction of in-situ concrete basement
structures [5].
12.5 Critical points

 Re-entrant corners – keep plan form simple
 Penetrations e.g. pipe services (group together / reduce number / use
puddle flanges or double rings of hydrophilic strip to seal)
 Pits & trenches (minimise, keep geometry simple)
 Wall/slab junctions - particularly for embedded retaining walls
(particularly at base slab to wall, at capping beams, at intermediate
slabs meeting basement walls)
 Changes in section/depth e.g. lift pits
 Pile/slab junctions
 “One column per pile” junctions, e.g. steel columns into top of pile.

12.6 Construction joints

 Need to control the effects of temperature and shrinkage
 The fewer, the better
 Arrange the sequence of castings to reduce restraint from adjacent
pours
 Recommended spacing of joints (principally to control workmanship, not
cracking):
Construction Max. area (m²) Max. dimension (m)
Watertight walls 25 5
Watertight slabs 100 10
Initial guide only - May be reviewed for particular cases and construction
method.
Larger pours possible with appropriate controls and methods.
 Thorough preparation of the joint is required prior to concreting.
 Where a membrane is used below slab ensure lap zones are properly
protected until slab is poured
12.7 Movement joints

 Avoid wherever possible.
 Rarely necessary below ground level (reinforce for restrained early age
thermal effects)
 Potential weak points. Only consider providing them if essential to
control movements between discreet structures e.g. between towers
and podiums, junctions to access tunnels etc.

12.8 References
1. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8102:2009 Code of practice for protection
of below ground structures against water from the ground, 2009
2. ICE, Reducing the Risk of a Leaking Substructure – A Client’s Guide, 2009
3. CIRIA, Report 139, Water-resisting basements
4. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1992-3:2006, Eurocode 2. Design of

concrete structures. Liquid retaining and containing structures, 2006
5. CONCRETE CENTRE, Concrete basements Guidance on the design and construction of in-
situ basement structures, 2012
6. ARUP, Introduction to Basement Design and Waterproofing (Arup University Training

Course) – John Read, Stuart Hardy, Sarah Kaethner
7. ISTRUCTE, Design and construction of deep basements including cut-and- cover

structures, 2004
8. http://networks.intranet.arup.com/materials/technical/concrete/waterproofing_admixtures/
9. SCI, Steel Intensive Basements
10. ICE. “Water, water everywhere “ICE Forensic Journal, November 2013
11. ARUP, 2015 SGN 06, Top down construction of deep basements: an introduction
12. ARUP, 1991 NST 12a, Waterproofing against ground-water

Appendix A
Useful Design Data
A1 Kingspan Multideck 50-V3

Information provided below is from Kingspan brochure as of 2017. For up to date and
more information refer to Kingspan website.
Multideck 50-V3 has the following attributes:

 50mm ‘Dovetail’ rib profile  Fire performance up to 2 hours
 Minimum slab depth of 100mm  Acoustic robust solution
 Spans upto 4m unpropped
Load/Span Tables
 Minimum 100mm bearing support
 Self-weight has been accounted for in the tables
 Concrete grade C25/30 (Cube 30N/mm2)
 Minimum reinforcement should meet / exceed 0.1% gross cross sectional area.
This should be increased if:
o Slab is propped during construction
o Required to control cracking
o There are moving loads
 Total applied load referred to in the table is a working load (live load, finishes,
ceilings, services, partitions). Ultimate load divided by 1.6. Self-weight already
accounted for so should not be included.
 Deflection
o At construction stage - limited to 30mm or span divided by 130,
whichever is smaller
o At composite stage – maximum ratio of slab span to slab depth is 35 for
NWC and 30 for LWC
 For propped construction, supports should be in place until concrete has
achieved 75% of its 28 day cub strength (often available after 7 days)
Normal Weight concrete. Unpropped Load/Span Tables (Steel 450N/mm2)
Span Type Slab Min Gauge – 1.00mm Gauge – 1.2mm
(Support Depth Mesh Total Applied Load (kN/m2) SLS Total Applied Load (kN/m2) SLS
Condition) (mm) Size 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Span (m)
SINGLE 100 A142 3.30 3.22 3.00 3.50 3.32 3.05 3.00
150 A142 2.94 3.00 3.12
200 A193 2.94
2.70 2.87
A252 2.94
2.70
2.53
250 2.69
2.94
2.70
2.53
MULTIPLE 100 A142 3.56 3.50 3.40 3.66 3.50 3.41
2.70
2.53
3.50
150 A142 3.39 3.78
2.53
3.39
200 A193 3.07 3.42
A252 3.39
3.07
250 2.8 3.13
3.39
3.07
Watch-it: Ensure span is not governed by fire rating.

3.07
Fire Resistance
 The composite slab is assumed to be continuous over one or more intermediate

supports
 The fire resistance load/span tables are for continuous spans only with no
propping.
 Minimum laps should be 300mm for A142 mesh and 400mm for A193 and A252
mesh.
 The mesh should be placed between 15mm and 40mm from the upper surface of
the slab (this range caters for lap areas).
 The tables take into account the reduction partial factor of 0.8 as permitted in
BS 5950: Part 8: 2003 for non-permanent imposed loads.
Normal Weight concrete. Load/Span Table – Unpropped Construction

Fire Slab Min Total Applied Load (kN/m2) SLS
Rating Depth Mesh 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
(hrs) (mm) Size Span (m)
sin 100 A142 3.50 3.43 3.17 2.96
150 A142 4.34 4.00 3.72 3.5
200 A193 4.93 4.58 4.30 4.06
250 A252 5.47 5.12 4.83 4.58
1.5 100 A142 -
150 A142 3.82 3.52 3.28 3.09
200 A193 4.39 4.07 3.82 3.61
250 A252 4.91 4.59 4.33 4.11
2.0 100 A142 -
150 A142 3.21 2.96 2.76 2.60
200 A193 3.79 3.52 3.30 3.12
250 A252 4.30 4.03 3.80 3.61
A2 Kingspan Mulideck 80-V2

Information provided below is from Kingspan brochure as of 2017. For up to date and
more information refer to Kingspan website.
Load/Span Tables
 Minimum 100mm bearing support
 Self-weight has been accounted for in the tables
 Concrete grade C25/30 (Cube 30N/mm2)
 Minimum reinforcement should meet / exceed 0.1% gross cross sectional area.
This should be increased if:
o Slab is propped during construction
o Required to control cracking
o There are moving loads
 Total applied load referred to in the table is a working load (live load, finishes,
ceilings, services, partitions). Ultimate load divided by 1.6. Self-weight already
accounted for so should not be included.
 Deflection
o At construction stage - limited to that stipulated in BS 5950: Part 4: 1994
o At composite stage – maximum ratio of slab span to slab depth is 35 for
NWC and 30 for LWC
 For propped construction, supports should be in place until concrete has
achieved 75% of its 28 day cub strength (often available after 7 days)
 Where ★ appears, the addition of props gives no further spanning benefit in these
cases
Normal Weight concrete. Load/Span Tables (Steel 350N/mm2) – Unpropped Construction

Span Type Slab Min Gauge – 1.00mm Gauge – 1.2mm
(Support Depth Mesh Total Applied Load (kN/m2) SLS Total Applied Load (kN/m2) SLS
Condition) (mm) Size 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Span (m)
SINGLE 130 A142 3.90 3.70 3.28 2.98 3.95 3.90 3.53 3.21
150 A142 3.84 3.66 3.32 4.02 3.95 3.59
200 A193 3.45 3.66
250 A252 3.16 3.37
MULTIPLE 100 A142 4.31 3.70 3.28 2.98 4.55 3.98 3.53 3.21
150 A142 4.26 4.13 3.66 3.32 4.81 4.45 3.95 3.59
200 A193 3.76 4.24
250 A252 3.40 3.84
Normal Weight concrete. Load/Span Tables (Steel 350N/mm2) – Propped Construction
MULTIPLE 100 A142 ★ ★
150 A142 ★ ★
200 A193 4.70 4.22 3.87 ★ 5.07 4.57 ★
Temporary Support
250 A252 5.16 4.68 4.31 4.02 5.58 5.07 4.67 4.35
Watch-it: Ensure span is not governed by fire rating.

Fire Resistance
 The composite slab is assumed to be continuous over one or more intermediate

supports
 The fire resistance load/span tables are for continuous spans only with no
propping.
 Minimum laps should be 300mm for A142 mesh and 400mm for A193 and A252
mesh.
 The mesh should be placed between 15mm and 40mm from the upper surface of
the slab (this range caters for lap areas).
 The tables take into account the reduction partial factor of 0.8 as permitted in
BS 5950: Part 8: 2003 for non-permanent imposed loads.
Normal Weight concrete. Load/Span Table – Unpropped Construction

Fire Slab Min Total Applied Load (kN/m2) SLS
Rating Depth Mesh 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
(hrs) (mm) Size Span (m)
1.0 140 A142 3.65 3.34 3.09 2.90
150 A142 3.85 3.52 3.27 3.07
200 A193 4.57 4.23 3.95 3.72
250 A252 5.13 4.78 4.49 4.26
1.5 140 A142 -
150 A142 3.23 2.96 2.75 2.58
200 A193 4.10 3.79 3.54 3.34
250 A252 4.64 4.32 4.06 3.85
A3 Bison – Precast Hollow Composite

Concrete Floor
Information provided below is from the Bison website as of 2017. For up to date
and more information refer to the Bison website.
 BS 8110:1997
 Up to 2 hour fire resistance
 Type ‘A’ Finished soffit
 Service Class 3 – limiting
crack width of 0.1mm
 Lifting hooks
 Increased speed of erection
Suitable Applications
 Hospitals  Car Parks
 Schools  Office buildings
 Retail  Leisure & Hotels
The table below is based upon 50 or 75mm structural topping of C30/37 concrete
(minimum grade).
Overall Characteristic service loads kN/m²
Self
structural Unit
Wt 0.75 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
depth depth
kN/m² Effective span in metres
mm
200 150 3.6 8.25 8.25 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.4 7.1 5.8 4.9
250 200 4.2 10.4 9.9 9.7 9.4 9.2 8.8 8.4 7.0 6.0
300 250 4.5 11.7 11.2 10.9 10.6 10.4 9.9 9.5 7.8 6.8
375 300 5.8 14.5 14.0 13.7 13.5 13.2 12.7 12.3 10.7 8.8
425 350 6.2 16.0 15.5 15.2 14.9 14.6 14.1 13.7 11.9 10.0
475 400 6.6 17.1 16.5 16.2 15.9 15.6 15.1 14.6 12.7 10.7
525 450 7.2 18.5 17.9 17.6 17.3 17.0 16.4 15.9 13.9 11.7
Note: Spans indicated in the table allow for characteristic service load (live load) plus self-weight plus 1.5 kN/m²
for finishes.
Composite Profiles
A4 Metsec Roof System - Z-section Sleeved

Purlin
Information provided below is from Metsec Purlin Technical Manual as of 2017. For up to
date and more information refer to the Metsec website.
 Roof purlins for buildings with 2 bays and

over, up to and including 25o pitch.
 Cladding or liner tray offers adequate lateral
support by virtue of its fixings
 In accordance with BS EN 1993-1-3:2006,
calibrated and proven by full scale tests
 All metsec Z-section products are
manufactured from pre hot dipped galvanised
steel
 Minimum yield strength 450N/mm2
 For purlins in valleys, spacing to be reduced
to account for snow drift
Purlin spacing 1000, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2000 and 2400mm.
The values provided in the table are a range for each span as a guidance to determine the
zone required. Refer to Metsec Technical Manual for more information.
Z-section Sleeved Purlin System
Span Section Range Weight Total Working Load Deflection Ultimate U.D.L. in kN/span
(m) (kg/m) SLS (kN) Span/360 Uplift based on no anti
sag rods (U.N.O.)
142.Z.13 to 2.84 to 7.81 to 3.84 to 8.25 to
5.0
202.Z.15 4.09 17.41 9.91 11.39
172.Z.13 to 3.25 to 8.85 to 4.33 to 7.33 to
6.0
232.Z.16 4.73 18.55 10.19 10.28
202.Z.15 to 4.09 to 10.80 to 5.26 to 7.03 to
7.0
262.Z.18 5.72 21.61 11.20 9.56
232.Z.14 to 4.15 to 10.67 to 5.17 to 16.84* to
8.0
262.Z.20 6.34 19.71 9.61 26.78*
232.Z.20 to 5.87 to 12.01 to 5.75 to 26.35** to
9.0
302.Z.25 9.77 33.08 16.11 56.23**
262.Z.18 to 5.72 to 11.67 to 5.55 to 23.04** to
10.0
302.Z.25 9.77 27.14 13.09 50.61**
302.Z.18 to 7.10 to 16.48 to 7.86 to 26.4* to
11.0
342.Z.27 11.37 32.18 15.48 49.31*
302.Z.18 to 7.10 to 13.91 to 6.54 to 24.51* to
12.0
342.Z.30 12.58 30.12 14.32 51.33*
302.Z.20 to 7.87 to 13.12 to 6.06 to 27.23* to
13.0
342.Z.30 12.58 25.75 12.07 47.50*
342.Z.20 to 8.49 to 15.04 to 6.94 to 28.51** to
14.0
342.Z.30 12.58 22.20 10.24 53.48**
342.Z.23 to 9.73 to 14.94 to 6.75 to 33.71** to
15.0
342.Z.30 12.58 19.26 8.71 49.91**
* Indicates minimum 1 anti sag rod required
** Indicates minimum 2 anti sag rods required

A5 Metsec Roof System– Z-section Butt

Purlin
 Roof purlins for buildings with 2 bays and

over, up to and including 25o pitch.
 Simple cleat connection, intended for
smaller buildings, short or uneven spans or
light loading conditions
 Cladding or liner tray offers adequate lateral
support by virtue of its fixings
 In accordance with
BS EN 1993-1-3:2006, calibrated and
proven by full scale tests
 All metsec Z-section products are
manufactured from pre hot dipped
galvanised steel
 Minimum yield strength 450N/mm2
 For purlins in valleys, spacing to be reduced
to account for snow drift
Purlin spacing 1000, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2000 and 2400mm.
Z-section Butt Purlin System
Span Section Range Weight Total Working Load Deflection Ultimate U.D.L. in kN/span
(m) (kg/m) SLS (kN) Span/360 Uplift based on no anti
sag rods (U.N.O.)
172.Z.13 to 3.25 to 6.93 ti 3.39 to 6.15 to
5.0
202.Z.16 4.35 12.40 6.09 9.23
202.Z.13 to 3.56 to 6.96 to 3.37 to 5.14 to
6.0
232.Z.18 5.30 13.29 6.49 9.22
232.Z.14 to 4.15 to 7.56 to 3.64 to 4.96 to
7.0
262.Z.20 6.34 14.34 6.95 9.04
262.Z.16 to 5.10 to 8.73 to 4.16 to 7.66* to
8.0
302.Z.20 7.87 18.89 9.14 27.43*
30.Z.18 to 7.10 to 13.29 to 6.33 to 17.79* to
9.0
302.Z.25 9.77 18.24 8.69 24.17*
302.Z.23 to 9.00 to 13.40 to 6.26 to 16.59* to
10.0
342.Z.27 11.37 21.28 6.78 21.74*
342.Z.20 to 8.49 to 12.95 to 6.01 to 12.43* to
11.0
342.Z.27 11.37 17.28 8.03 16.53*
342.Z.27 to 11.37 to 14.21 to 6.44 to 12.87* to
12.0
342.Z.30 12.58 15.71 7.12 14.22*
* Indicates minimum 1 anti sag rod required

A6 Metsec Cladding System – C-section

Sleeved Side Rail
 For buildings with 2 bays and over.

 In accordance with BS EN 1993-1-
3:2006, calibrated and proven by full
scale tests
 Cladding offers adequate support by
virtue of its fixing
 Information in table based on
o a cladding weight of
12.5kg/m2 on elevation
o deflection limit = span/150
Purlin spacing 1000, 1500, 1800 and 2000mm.
C-section Sleeved Side Rail System

Span Section Range Weight Total Working Load*
(m) (kg/m) SLS (kN)
142C13 to 2.84 to 9.54 to
5.0
172C16 3.98 17.15
142C13 to 2.84 to 6.86 to
6.0
202C16 4.35 16.84
142C14 to 3.05 to 5.95 to
7.0
232C16 4.73 16.97
202C14 to 3.82 to 9.78 to
8.0
262C18 5.73 20.17
202C14 to 3.82 to 7.90 to
9.0
262C23 7.26 22.44
232C15 to 4.44 to 9.43 to
10.0
302C20 7.86 24.92
262C16 to 5.11 to 11.02 to
11.0
302C25 9.76 28.41
262C16 to 5.11 to 9.42 to
12.0
342C25 10.55 31.85
*The uniform pressure values and uniform suction values are the same for the information
shown in the table and are represented by a single value.
A7 Metsec Cladding System – C-section Butt

Side Rail
 For buildings with single bays or more.

 In accordance with
BS EN 1993-1-3:2006, calibrated
and proven by full scale tests
 Cladding offers adequate support by
virtue of its fixing
 Information in table based on
o a cladding weight of
12.5kg/m2 on elevation
o deflection limit = span/150
Purlin spacing 1000, 1500, 1800 and 2000mm.
C-section Butt Side Rail System

Span Section Range Weight Total Working Load*
(m) (kg/m) SLS (kN)
142C13 to 2.84 to 5.19 to
5.0
202C15 4.09 13.86
172C13 to 3.25 to 5.91 to
6.0
232C18 5.30 13.90
172C13 to 3.25 to 4.34 to
7.0
232C18 5.30 11.99
232C15 to 4.44 to 7.70 to
8.0
262C20 6.34 13.58
232C15 to 4.44 to 6.08 to
9.0
302C32 9.01 21.16
262C16 to 5.11 to 7.01 to
10.0
342C25 10.55 10.55
302C20 to 7.86 to 12.39 to
11.0
342C30 12.58 24.55
302C25 to 9.76 to 12.89 to
12.0
342C27 11.37 18.66
*The uniform pressure values and uniform suction values are the same for the information
shown in the table and are represented by a single value.
A8 Hilti Anchor Fastening

Information provided below is from Hilti Anchor Fastening Technology Manual as of 2017.
For up to date and more information refer to the Hilti website.
A8.1 HSL-3 Heavy Duty Anchor

 Suitable for cracked concrete
C20/25 to C50/60
 Suitable for all dynamic loads:
Seismic C1 and C2, Shock and
Fatigue
 Easily removable for temporary
fastening or retrofit.
The recommended loads provided in the table below is based on the following assumptions:
 No edge distance and spacing influence
 Steel failure
 Minimum base material thickness
 Concrete C20/25, fck,cube = 25 N/mm2
Hilti HSL-3 Heavy Duty Anchor – Recommended Loads

Anchor Size M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Non-Cracked Concrete
Tension Nrec (kN) 11.2 14.1 17.2 24.1 33.6 44.2
Shear Vrec (kN) 17.9 28.2 34.4 48.1 67.2 88.4
Cracked Concrete
Tension Nrec (kN) 4.8 7.6 12.3 17.1 24.0 31.5
Shear Vrec (kN) 14.3 20.1 24.5 34.3 47.9 63.0
Hilti HSL-3 Heavy Duty Anchor – Setting Parameters

Anchor Size M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Minimum base hmin
120 140 160 200 250 300
material thickness (mm)
Effective hef
60 70 80 100 125 150
anchorage depth (mm)
smin
60 70 80 100 125 150
(mm)
Minimum spacing
For c ≥
100 100 160 240 300 300
(mm)
Cmin
60 70 80 100 150 150
Minimum edge (mm)
distance For s ≥
100 160 240 240 300 300
(mm)
A8.2 Hilti HIT-HY 200 with HIT-V 5.8 – Resin Anchor
 Suitable for strength classes

C20/25 to C50/60
 Reinforced or unreinforced
normal weight concrete
 High loading capacity, excellent
handling and fast curing
 Use category: dry or wet
concrete (not in flooded holes)
The recommended loads provided in the table below is based on the following assumptions:
 No edge distance and spacing influence
 Minimum base material thickness
 Steel failure
 Concrete C20/25, fck,cube = 25 N/mm2
Hilti HIT-HY 200 with HIT-V 5.8 Resin Anchor – Recommended Loads
Anchor Size M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30
Non-Cracked Concrete
Tension Nrec (kN) 8.6 13.8 20.0 33.6 53.3 73.2 89.4 106.7
Shear Vrec (kN) 5.1 8.6 12.0 22.3 34.9 50.3 65.7 80.0
Cracked Concrete
Tension Nrec (kN) 7.2 10.1 16.8 24.0 38.0 52.2 63.7 76.1
Shear Vrec (kN) 5.1 8.6 12.0 22.3 34.9 50.3 65.7 80.0
Hilti HIT-HY 200 with HIT-V 5.8 Resin Anchor – Setting Parameters
Anchor Size M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30
Nominal diameter
d0 10 12 14 18 22 28 30 35
of drill bit
Minimum base hmin hef + 30
hef + 2 x d0
material thickness (mm) ≥ 100 mm
Effective hef 60 to 60 to 70 to 80 to 90 to 96 to 108 to 120 to
embedment depth (mm) 160 200 240 320 400 480 540 600
smin
Minimum spacing 40 50 60 75 90 115 120 140
(mm)
Minimum edge Cmin
40 45 45 50 55 60 75 80
distance (mm)
A9 Road Transport Limitations

Simplified limitations for use in the UK only.
*Additional regulations for ‘rigid’ loads or vehicles up to and over 30m in

length
A10 Safe load for 25 tonne capacity mobile

crane
Main boom capacities (tonnes) – through full 360 circle slew – with outriggers fully extended
Boom length
Radius 10.07m
10.07m to 12.50m to 15.00m to 17.50m to 20.00m to 22.50m to
in fully
12.50m 15.00m 17.50m 20.00m 22.50m 24.57m
meters retracted
3.0 25.40 20.70 20.10 20.10
3.5 22.00 20.00 19.00 18.80 16.00
4.0 19.50 18.00 17.80 17.60 15.50
4.5 17.00 16.80 16.70 16.50 14.90 12.70
5.0 15.30 15.30 15.30 15.00 13.90 12.30 10.40
6.0 13.00 12.80 12.40 12.40 12.20 11.60 9.80
7.0 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 9.40
8.0 8.30 8.30 8.30 8.30 8.30 8.30
10.0 5.35 5.35 5.35 5.35 5.35 5.35
12.0 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85
14.0 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
16.0 2.15 2.15 2.15
18.0 1.70 1.70
20.0 1.30 1.30
22.0 0.90
A11 Standard Durbar Plate

Standard Sizes Mass per square metre of durbar
plates
Width Thickness range on plain Thickness on plain
Kg/m2
mm mm mm*
1000 4.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.5 4.5 36.9

1250 4.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.5 6.0 48.7
1500 4.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.5 8.0 64.4
1750 4.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.5 10.0 80.1
1830 - 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.5 12.5 99.7
Consideration will be given to requirements other Depth of pattern ranging from 1.9 mm to
than standard sizes where they represent a 2.4 mm.
reasonable tonnage per size, i.e. in one length and *Thickness as measured through body of
one width. Lengths up to 10 meters can be supplied the plate.
for plate 6mm & over.
Ultimate load capacity (kN/m2) for plates simply supported on two sides, stressed to
275 N/mm2
Thickness on Span (mm)
plain
mm 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
4.5 20.48 11.62 7.45 5.17 3.80 2.95 2.28 1.87

6.0 36.77 20.68 13.28 9.20 6.73 5.20 4.07 3.30
8.0 65.40 36.87 23.48 16.38 11.97 9.23 7.23 5.93
10.0 102.03 57.42 36.67 25.55 18.70 14.45 11.30 9.25
12.5 159.70 89.85 57.40 39.98 29.27 22.62 17.68 14.50
Stiffeners should be used for spans in excess of 1100mm to avoid excessive
deflections

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Arup SSN UK SCDG

Issue 1 | 1 December 2017

This document is copyright and is published for distribution only

Job title Structural Concept Design Guide Job number

Document title File reference

Document ref Arup SSN UK SCDG

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Prepared by Checked by Approved by

Prepared by Checked by Approved by

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Issue Document Verification with Document 

Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017

For Internal Use Only

2 Building Geometry and Anatomy 28

Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017

For Internal Use Only

8 Composite steel and concrete 86

11 Foundation design for structural engineers 106

Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017

For Internal Use Only

11.2 Foundation selection 106

12 Water Resistant Basements 122

A1 Kingspan Multideck 50-V3

A2 Kingspan Mulideck 80-V2

A3 Bison – Precast Hollow Composite Concrete Floor

A4 Metsec Roof System - Z-section Sleeved Purlin

A5 Metsec Roof System– Z-section Butt Purlin

A6 Metsec Cladding System – C-section Sleeved Side Rail

A7 Metsec Cladding System – C-section Butt Side Rail

A8 Hilti Anchor Fastening

A9 Road Transport Limitations

A10 Safe load for 25 tonne capacity mobile crane

A11 Standard Durbar Plate

Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017

For Internal Use Only

Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017

For Internal Use Only

Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017 Page 2

For Internal Use Only

1.1 Clients Requirements

Level of detail How does the Clint

Are specialists How do we best

Client Who are we

Are we being asked

3Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017 Page 3

For Internal Use Only

1.2 External Influences

What are the party What are the

What is the local

4Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017 Page 4

For Internal Use Only

1.3 Internal Considerations

How can we add

What options are

What skills are

What are the main

5Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017 Page 5

For Internal Use Only

What are the key

What are the critical

Are there any areas

6Arup SSN UK SCDG | Issue 1 | 1 December 2017 Page 6

For Internal Use Only

1.5 Building Form